Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cognitive, Emotional, Temperament, and Personality Trait Correlates of Suicidal Behavior

  • Mood Disorders (MA Oquendo and MF Grunebaum, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Psychiatry Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Suicide is one of the leading causes of violent death in many countries and its prevention is included in worldwide health objectives. Currently, the DSM-5 considers suicidal behavior as an entity that requires further study. Among the three validators required for considering a psychiatric disorder, there is one based on psychological correlates, biological markers, and patterns of comorbidity. This review includes the most important and recent studies on psychological factors: cognitive, emotional, temperament, and personality correlates (unrelated to diagnostic criteria). We included classic factors related to suicidal behavior such as cognitive, inflexibility, problem-solving, coping, rumination, thought suppression, decision-making, autobiographical memory, working memory, language fluency, burdensomeness, belongingness, fearless, pain insensitivity, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, and hopelessness. The personality correlates reported are mainly based on the personality theories of Cloninger, Costa and McCrae, and Eysenck. Moreover, it explores conceptual links to other new pathways in psychological factors, emptiness, and psychological pain as a possible origin and common end path for a portion of suicidal behaviors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. World Health Organization. Preventing suicide: a global imperative. Geneva: WHO Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Suicide. Facts at a Glance 2015. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/suicide-datasheet-a.pdf Accessed 5 Apr?2016; 2015.

  3. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;932:132–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gunnell D, Lewis G. Studying suicide from the life course perspective: implications for prevention. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187:206–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Owens D, House A. General hospital services for deliberate self-harm. Haphazard clinical provision, little research, no central strategy. J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1994;28(4):370–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Oquendo MA, Baca-Garcia E. Suicidal behavior disorder as a diagnostic entity in the DSM-5 classification system: advantages outweigh limitations. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(2):128–30. doi:10.1002/wps.20116.

  7. American Psychiatric Association. Conditions for further study. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Associa­tion; 2013. p. 783–806.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Kendler K, Kupfer DJ, Narrow W, Phillips K, Fawcett J. Guidelines for making changes to DSM-V. Available at http://www.dsm5.org/ProgressReports/Documents/Guidelines-for-Making-Changes-to-DSM_1.pdf (visited March?16th 2015). 2009.

  9. Robins E, Guze SB. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1970;126(7):983–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.126.7.983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Richard-Devantoy S, Berlim MT, Jollant F. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological markers of vulnerability to suicidal behavior in mood disorders. Psychol Med. 2014;44(8):1663–73. doi:10.1017/S0033291713002304. Neurocognitive alterations related to suicidal to behavior are reviewed in this meta-analysis, showing which neuropsychological impairments are more strongly associated with a history of suicidal act.

  11. Levenson M, Neuringer C. Problem-solving behavior in suicidal adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1971;37(3):433–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Neuringer C. Rigid thinking in suicidal individuals. J Consult Psychol. 1964;28:54–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Miranda R, Valderrama J, Tsypes A, Gadol E, Gallagher M. Cognitive inflexibility and suicidal ideation: mediating role of brooding and hopelessness. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(1):174–81. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. McGirr A, Dombrovski AY, Butters MA, Clark L, Szanto K. Deterministic learning and attempted suicide among older depressed individuals: cognitive assessment using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(2):226–32. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Turecki G. Dissecting the suicide phenotype: the role of impulsive-aggressive behaviours. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005;30(6):398–408.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Marzuk PM, Hartwell N, Leon AC, Portera L. Executive functioning in depressed patients with suicidal ideation. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;112(4):294–301. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00585.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rickelman BL, Houfek JF. Toward an interactional model of suicidal behaviors: cognitive rigidity, attributional style, stress, hopelessness, and depression. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1995;9(3):158–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Miranda R, Gallagher M, Bauchner B, Vaysman R, Marroquin B. Cognitive inflexibility as a prospective predictor of suicidal ideation among young adults with a suicide attempt history. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(3):180–6. doi:10.1002/da.20915.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ellis TE, Berg RA, Franzen MD. Neuropsychological performance and suicidal behavior in adult psychiatric inpatients. Percept Mot Skills. 1992;75(2):639–47. doi:10.2466/pms.1992.75.2.639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Keilp JG, Gorlyn M, Russell M, Oquendo MA, Burke AK, Harkavy-Friedman J, et al. Neuropsychological function and suicidal behavior: attention control, memory and executive dysfunction in suicide attempt. Psychol Med. 2013;43(3):539–51. doi:10.1017/S0033291712001419.

  21. Westheide J, Quednow BB, Kuhn KU, Hoppe C, Cooper-Mahkorn D, Hawellek B, et al. Executive performance of depressed suicide attempters: the role of suicidal ideation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;258(7):414–21. doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0811-1.

  22. Perrah M, Wichman H. Cognitive rigidity in suicide attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1987;17(3):251–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schotte DE, Clum GA. Suicide ideation in a college population: a test of a model. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50(5):690–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Linda WP, Marroquin B, Miranda R. Active and passive problem solving as moderators of the relation between negative life event stress and suicidal ideation among suicide attempters and non-attempters. Arch Suicide Res. 2012;16(3):183–97. doi:10.1080/13811118.2012.695233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pollock LR, Williams JM. Problem-solving in suicide attempters. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):163–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Abdollahi A, Talib MA, Yaacob SN, Ismail Z. Problem-solving skills appraisal mediates hardiness and suicidal ideation among Malaysian undergraduate students. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122222. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122222.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Speckens AE, Hawton K. Social problem solving in adolescents with suicidal behavior: a systematic review. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2005;35(4):365–87. doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gibbs LM, Dombrovski AY, Morse J, Siegle GJ, Houck PR, Szanto K. When the solution is part of the problem: problem solving in elderly suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(12):1396–404. doi:10.1002/gps.2276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kirkham JG, Choi N, Seitz DP. Meta-analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(5):526–35. doi:10.1002/gps.4358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Choi NG, Marti CN, Conwell Y. Effect of problem-solving therapy on depressed low-income homebound older adults’ death/suicidal ideation and hopelessness. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2015. doi:10.1111/sltb.12195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. O’Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):73–85. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6. Review of personality, cognitive, social, and negative life events in suicidal behavior and an update in psychological model and treatment of suicide.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Morrison R, O’Connor RC. A systematic review of the relationship between rumination and suicidality. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008;38(5):523–38. doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.5.523.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Surrence K, Miranda R, Marroquin BM, Chan S. Brooding and reflective rumination among suicide attempters: cognitive vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(9):803–8. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Miranda R, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Brooding and reflection: rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(12):3088–95. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.015.

  35. Crane C, Barnhofer T, Williams JM. Reflection, brooding, and suicidality: a preliminary study of different types of rumination in individuals with a history of major depression. Br J Clin Psychol. 2007;46(Pt 4):497–504. doi:10.1348/014466507X230895.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lam D, Schuck N, Smith N, Farmer A, Checkley S. Response style, interpersonal difficulties and social functioning in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2003;75(3):279–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2008;3(5):400–24. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x.

  38. Barch DM, Braver TS, Carter CS, Poldrack RA, Robbins TW. CNTRICS final task selection: executive control. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(1):115–35. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Abramowitz JS, Tolin DF, Street GP. Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: a meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21(5):683–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Najmi S, Wegner DM, Nock MK. Thought suppression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(8):1957–65. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Pettit JW, Temple SR, Norton PJ, Yaroslavsky I, Grover KE, Morgan ST, et al. Thought suppression and suicidal ideation: preliminary evidence in support of a robust association. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(8):758–63. doi:10.1002/da.20512.

  42. Cukrowicz KC, Ekblad AG, Cheavens JS, Rosenthal MZ, Lynch TR. Coping and thought suppression as predictors of suicidal ideation in depressed older adults with personality disorders. Aging Ment Health. 2008;12(1):149–57. doi:10.1080/13607860801936714.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Richard-Devantoy S, Szanto K, Butters MA, Kalkus J, Dombrovski AY. Cognitive inhibition in older high-lethality suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(3):274–83. doi:10.1002/gps.4138.

  44. Ackerman JP, McBee-Strayer SM, Mendoza K, Stevens J, Sheftall AH, Campo JV, et al. Risk-sensitive decision-making deficit in adolescent suicide attempters. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(2):109–13. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0041.

  45. Bridge JA, McBee-Strayer SM, Cannon EA, Sheftall AH, Reynolds B, Campo JV, et al. Impaired decision making in adolescent suicide attempters. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(4):394–403. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.01.002.

  46. Jollant F, Bellivier F, Leboyer M, Astruc B, Torres S, Verdier R, et al. Impaired decision making in suicide attempters. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):304–10. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.304.

  47. Clark L, Dombrovski AY, Siegle GJ, Butters MA, Shollenberger CL, Sahakian BJ, et al. Impairment in risk-sensitive decision-making in older suicide attempters with depression. Psychol Aging. 2011;26(2):321–30. doi:10.1037/a0021646.

  48. Richard-Devantoy S, Olie E, Guillaume S, Courtet P. Decision-making in unipolar or bipolar suicide attempters. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:128–36. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.001.

  49. Wyart M, Jaussent I, Ritchie K, Abbar M, Jollant F, Courtet P. Iowa Gambling task performance in elderly persons with a lifetime history of suicidal acts. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(5):399–406. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.12.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jollant F, Lawrence NS, Olie E, O’Daly O, Malafosse A, Courtet P, et al. Decreased activation of lateral orbitofrontal cortex during risky choices under uncertainty is associated with disadvantageous decision-making and suicidal behavior. NeuroImage. 2010;51(3):1275–81. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.027.

  51. Hoehne A, Richard-Devantoy S, Ding Y, Turecki G, Jollant F. First-degree relatives of suicide completers may have impaired decision-making but functional cognitive control. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;68:192–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.004.

  52. Jollant F, Lawrence NL, Olie E, Guillaume S, Courtet P. The suicidal mind and brain: a review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011;12(5):319–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Caceda R, Durand D, Cortes E, Prendes-Alvarez S, Moskovciak T, Harvey PD, et al. Impulsive choice and psychological pain in acutely suicidal depressed patients. Psychosom Med. 2014;76(6):445–51. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000075.

  54. Williams JM, Broadbent K. Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95(2):144–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Evans J, Williams JM, O’Loughlin S, Howells K. Autobiographical memory and problem-solving strategies of parasuicide patients. Psychol Med. 1992;22(2):399–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pollock LR, Williams JM. Effective problem solving in suicide attempters depends on specific autobiographical recall. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2001;31(4):386–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rohrer RR, Mackinger HF, Fartacek RR, Leibetseder MM. Suicide attempts: patients with and without an affective disorder show impaired autobiographical memory specificity. Cognit Emot. 2006;20(3–4):516–26. doi:10.1080/02699930500342449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Maurex L, Lekander M, Nilsonne A, Andersson EE, Asberg M, Ohman A. Social problem solving, autobiographical memory, trauma, and depression in women with borderline personality disorder and a history of suicide attempts. Br J Clin Psychol. 2010;49(Pt 3):327–42. doi:10.1348/014466509X454831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Arie M, Apter A, Orbach I, Yefet Y, Zalsman G. Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(1):22–9. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ricarte JJ, Latorre JM, Ros L, Navarro B, Aguilar MJ, Serrano JP. Overgeneral autobiographical memory effect in older depressed adults. Aging Ment Health. 2011;15(8):1028–37. doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.573468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Pettersen K, Rydningen NN, Christensen TB, Walby FA. Autobiographical memory and suicide attempts in schizophrenia. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2010;40(4):369–75. doi:10.1521/suli.2010.40.4.369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Taylor PJ, Gooding PA, Wood AM, Tarrier N. Memory specificity as a risk factor for suicidality in non-affective psychosis: the ability to recall specific autobiographical memories is related to greater suicidality. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(10):1047–52. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Jollant F, Guillaume S, Jaussent I, Bechara A, Courtet P. When knowing what to do is not sufficient to make good decisions: deficient use of explicit understanding in remitted patients with histories of suicidal acts. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(2):485–90. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olie JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006.

  65. Nangle JM, Clarke S, Morris DW, Schwaiger S, McGhee KA, Kenny N, et al. Neurocognition and suicidal behaviour in an Irish population with major psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res. 2006;85(1–3):196–200. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.035.

  66. Raust A, Slama F, Mathieu F, Roy I, Chenu A, Koncke D, et al. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in patients with suicidal behavior. Psychol Med. 2007;37(3):411–9. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009111.

  67. Delaney C, McGrane J, Cummings E, Morris DW, Tropea D, Gill M, et al. Preserved cognitive function is associated with suicidal ideation and single suicide attempts in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2012;140(1–3):232–6. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.017.

  68. Keilp JG, Sackeim HA, Brodsky BS, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Mann JJ. Neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(5):735–41. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.735.

  69. Bartfai A, Winborg IM, Nordstrom P, Asberg M. Suicidal behavior and cognitive flexibility: design and verbal fluency after attempted suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1990;20(3):254–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Yokoyama K, Matsumura H, Yamada S, et al. Suicidal ideation is associated with reduced prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2015;181:9–17. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.010.

  71. Olie E, Seyller M, Beziat S, Loftus J, Bellivier F, Bougerol T, et al. Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of euthymic bipolar patients having a history of severe suicide attempt. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;131(2):129–38. doi:10.1111/acps.12326.

  72. Mann JJ, Waternaux C, Haas GL, Malone KM. Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(2):181–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Borges G, Nock MK, Haro Abad JM, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Alonso J, et al. Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JClin Psychiatry. 2010;71(12):1617–28.

  74. Lopez-Castroman J, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Courtet P, Baca-Garcia E, Oquendo MA. Are we studying the right populations to understand suicide? World Psychiatry. 2015;14(3):368–9. doi:10.1002/wps.20261.

  75. Baca-Garcia E, Oquendo MA, Saiz-Ruiz J, Mann JJ, De Leon J. A pilot study on differences in aggression in New York City and Madrid, Spain, and their possible impact on suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(3):375–80.

  76. Jylha PJ, Rosenstrom T, Mantere O, Suominen K, Melartin TK, Vuorilehto MS, et al. Temperament, character, and suicide attempts in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(2):252–60. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09472.

  77. Hawton K, Casanas ICC, Haw C, Saunders K. Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2013;147(1–3):17–28. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Isometsa E. Suicidal behaviour in mood disorders—who, when, and why? Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59(3):120–30.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Perroud N, Baud P, Mouthon D, Courtet P, Malafosse A. Impulsivity, aggression and suicidal behavior in unipolar and bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1–3):112–8. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Keilp JG, Gorlyn M, Oquendo MA, Brodsky B, Ellis SP, Stanley B, et al. Aggressiveness, not impulsiveness or hostility, distinguishes suicide attempters with major depression. Psychol Med. 2006;36(12):1779–88. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008725.

  81. Soloff PH, Lynch KG, Kelly TM, Malone KM, Mann JJ. Characteristics of suicide attempts of patients with major depressive episode and borderline personality disorder: a comparative study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):601–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Brent DA, Melhem N. Familial transmission of suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):157–77. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. McGirr A, Alda M, Seguin M, Cabot S, Lesage A, Turecki G. Familial aggregation of suicide explained by cluster B traits: a three-group family study of suicide controlling for major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(10):1124–34. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08111744.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Bornovalova MA, Lejuez CW, Daughters SB, Zachary Rosenthal M, Lynch TR. Impulsivity as a common process across borderline personality and substance use disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25(6):790–812. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.005.

  85. Denson TF, Pedersen WC, Friese M, Hahm A, Roberts L. Understanding impulsive aggression: angry rumination and reduced self-control capacity are mechanisms underlying the provocation-aggression relationship. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2011;37(6):850–62. doi:10.1177/0146167211401420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Brodsky BS, Groves SA, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ, Stanley B. Interpersonal precipitants and suicide attempts in borderline personality disorder. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36(3):313–22. doi:10.1521/suli.2006.36.3.313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Menon V, Sarkar S, Kattimani S, Mathan K. Do Personality Traits Such as Impulsivity and Hostility-Aggressiveness Predict Severity of Intent in Attempted Suicide? Findings From a Record Based Study in South India. Indian journal of psychological medicine. 2015;37(4):393–8. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.168563.

  88. Sansone RA, Elliott K, Wiederman MW. Suicide attempts among men and women with partner violence according to borderline personality status. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2015;12(1–2):10–1.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Baus N, Fischer-Kern M, Naderer A, Klein J, Doering S, Pastner B, et al. Personality organization in borderline patients with a history of suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1–2):129–33. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.048. Patients showing affective dysregulation might be more likely to display self-aggression (i.?e., suicide attempts) when facing negative emotions such as guilt, anger, or self-hatred.

  90. Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, Morey LC, Bender DS, Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(2):284–90.

  91. Mangnall J, Yurkovich E. A literature review of deliberate self-harm. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2008;44(3):175–84. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00172.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Zouk H, Tousignant M, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Characterization of impulsivity in suicide completers: clinical, behavioral and psychosocial dimensions. J Affect Disord. 2006;92(2–3):195–204. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. McGirr A, Paris J, Lesage A, Renaud J, Turecki G. Risk factors for suicide completion in borderline personality disorder: a case-control study of cluster B comorbidity and impulsive aggression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(5):721–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Turnbull DL, Cox BJ, Oleski J, Katz LY. The effects of borderline personality disorder and panic disorder on suicide attempts and the associated influence of affective dysregulation in the general population. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(2):130–5. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827f6449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Ansell EB, Wright AG, Markowitz JC, Sanislow CA, Hopwood CJ, Zanarini MC, et al. Personality disorder risk factors for suicide attempts over 10 years of follow-up. Pers Disord. 2015;6(2):161–7. doi:10.1037/per0000089.

  96. Bolton JM, Robinson J. Population-attributable fractions of Axis I and Axis II mental disorders for suicide attempts: findings from a representative sample of the adult, noninstitutionalized US population. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(12):2473–80. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.192252.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Jimenez-Trevino L, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Braquehais MD, Ceverino-Dominguez A, Baca-Garcia E. Endophenotypes and suicide behaviour. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2011;39(1):61–9.

  98. Ogrodniczuk JS, Piper WE, Joyce AS, Steinberg PI, Duggal S. Interpersonal problems associated with narcissism among psychi- atric outpatients. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(9):837–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.12.005.

  99. Blasco-Fontecilla H, Jaussent I, Olié E, S. B, S. G, Artieda-Urrutia P et al. A cross-sectional study of major repeaters: a distinct phenotype of suicidal behavior. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16 (0):at press. doi:10.4088/PCC.14m01633.

  100. Blasco-Fontecilla H, de Leon-Martinez V, Delgado-Gomez D, Giner L, Guillaume S, Courtet P. Emptiness and suicidal behavior: an exploratory review. Suicidology Online. 2013;4:21–32.

  101. Bryan CJ, Morrow CE, Etienne N, Ray-Sannerud B. Guilt, shame, and suicidal ideation in a military outpatient clinical sample. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(1):55–60. doi:10.1002/da.22002.

  102. Schoenleber M, Berenbaum H, Motl R. Shame-related functions of and motivations for self-injurious behavior. Pers Disord. 2014;5(2):204–11. doi:10.1037/per0000035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Beck AT, Steer RA, Kovacs M, Garrison B. Hopelessness and eventual suicide: a 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(5):559–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Brown GK, Beck AT, Steer RA, Grisham JR. Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: a 20-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(3):371–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Berk MS, Jeglic E, Brown GK, Henriques GR, Beck AT. Characteristics of recent suicide attempters with and without borderline personality disorder. Arch Suicide Res. 2007;11(1):91–104. doi:10.1080/13811110600992951.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Hawton K, Houston K, Haw C, Townsend E, Harriss L. Comorbidity of axis I and axis II disorders in patients who attempted suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1494–500. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Stringer B, van Meijel B, Eikelenboom M, Koekkoek B, Licht CM, Kerkhof AJ, et al. Recurrent suicide attempts in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders: the role of borderline personality traits. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(1):23–30. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.038.

  108. Blasco-Fontecilla H, Baca-García E, Courtet P, García Nieto R, de Leon J. Horror Vacui: emptiness might distinguish between major suicide repeaters and nonmajor suicide repeaters: a pilot study. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(2):117–9. Relieving emptiness was a more relevant pathway than BPD was to major repetition of suicide attempts.

  109. Delgado-Gomez D, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Alegria AA, Legido-Gil T, Artes-Rodriguez A, Baca-Garcia E. Improving the accuracy of suicide attempter classification. Artif Intell Med. 2011;52(3):165–8. doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2011.05.004.

  110. Blasco-Fontecilla H. The addictive hypothesis of suicidal behavior. Med Hypotheses. 2012;78(2):350. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.005.

  111. Blasco-Fontecilla H, Delgado-Gomez D, Ruiz-Hernandez D, Aguado D, Baca-Garcia E, Lopez-Castroman J. Combining scales to assess suicide risk. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(10):1272–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.06.013.

  112. Blasco-Fontecilla H, Fernandez-Fernandez R, Colino L, Fajardo L, Perteguer-Barrio R, de Leon J. The addictive model of self-harming (non-suicidal and suicidal) behavior. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:8. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00008.

  113. Giner L, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez M, Garcia-Nieto R, Giner J, Guija JA, et al. Personality disorders and health problems distinguish suicide attempters from completers in a direct comparison. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(2):474–83. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.029.

  114. Calati R, Giegling I, Balestri M, Antypa N, Friedl M, Konte B, et al. Influence of differentially expressed genes from suicide post-mortem study on personality traits as endophenotypes on healthy subjects and suicide attempters. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(5):423–32. doi:10.1007/s00406-013-0469-1. The utility of personality traits as endophenotypes in the study of Suicidal Behavior and genetics.

  115. Rujescu D, Giegling I. Intermediate phenotypes in suicidal behavior focus on personality. In: Dwivedi Y, editor. The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide. Frontiers in Neuroscience. Boca Raton (FL) 2012.

  116. Laget J, Plancherel B, Stephan P, Bolognini M, Corcos M, Jeammet P, et al. Personality and repeated suicide attempts in dependent adolescents and young adults. Crisis. 2006;27(4):164–71.

  117. Useda JD, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Conwell Y. Personality and attempted suicide in depressed adults 50 years of age and older: a facet level analysis. Compr Psychiatry. 2004;45(5):353–61. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.06.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Useda JD, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Beckman A, Franus N, Tu X, et al. Personality differences in attempted suicide versus suicide in adults 50 years of age or older. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(1):126–33. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.126.

  119. Cloninger C, Przybeck T, Svrakic D, Wetzel R. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): a guide to ITS development and use center for psychobiology of personality. St. Louis: Washington University; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Costa P, McCrae R. Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five factor inventory professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Eysenck H, Eysenck S. Manual of the Eysenck personality inventory. London: University Press; 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Zuckerman M, Cloninger CR. Relationships between Cloninger’s, Zuckerman’s, and Eysenck’s dimensions of personality. Personal Individ Differ. 1996;21(2):283–5. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00042-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Costa Jr PT, McCrae RR. Primary traits of Eysenck’s P-E-N system: three- and five-factor solutions. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;69(2):308–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Zuckerman M, Kuhlman D, Joireman J, Teta P, Kraft M. A comparison of three structural models for personality: the big three, the big five, and the alternative five. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993;65(4):757–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44(6):573–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Fruyt FD, Wiele LVD, Heeringen CV. Cloninger’s psychobiological model of temperament and character and the five-factor model of personality. Personal Individ Differ. 2000;29(3):441–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Ponnudurai R, Jeyakar J, Saraswathy M. Attempted suicides in Madras. Indian J Psychiatry. 1986;28(1):59–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Rozanov VA, Mid’ko AA. Personality patterns of suicide attempters: gender differences in Ukraine. Span J Psychol. 2011;14(2):693–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kumar PN, Rajmohan V, Sushil K. An exploratory analysis of personality factors contributed to suicide attempts. Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(4):378–84. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.122231.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Wiktorsson S, Berg AI, Billstedt E, Duberstein PR, Marlow T, Skoog I, et al. Neuroticism and extroversion in suicide attempters aged 75 and above and a general population comparison group. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(4):479–88. doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.749835.

  131. Calati R, Giegling I, Rujescu D, Hartmann AM, Moller HJ, De Ronchi D, et al. Temperament and character of suicide attempters. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42(11):938–45. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.006.

  132. Ghanem M, Gamaluddin H, Mansour M, Samiee AA, Shaker NM, El Rafei H. Role of impulsivity and other personality dimensions in attempted suicide with self-poisoning among children and adolescents. Arch Suicide Res. 2013;17(3):262–74. doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.805645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Becerra B, Paez F, Robles-Garcia R, Vela GE. Temperament and character profile of persons with suicide attempt. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2005;33(2):117–22.

  134. Giegling I, Olgiati P, Hartmann AM, Calati R, Moller HJ, Rujescu D, et al. Personality and attempted suicide. Analysis of anger, aggression and impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(16):1262–71. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.04.013.

  135. Perroud N, Baud P, Ardu S, Krejci I, Mouthon D, Vessaz M, et al. Temperament personality profiles in suicidal behaviour: an investigation of associated demographic, clinical and genetic factors. J Affect Disord. 2013;146(2):246–53. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.012.

  136. Bulik CM, Sullivan PF, Joyce PR. Temperament, character and suicide attempts in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and major depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;100(1):27–32.

  137. Favaro A, Santonastaso P, Monteleone P, Bellodi L, Mauri M, Rotondo A, et al. Self-injurious behavior and attempted suicide in purging bulimia nervosa: associations with psychiatric comorbidity. J Affect Disord. 2008;105(1–3):285–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.010.

  138. Engstrom C, Brandstrom S, Sigvardsson S, Cloninger CR, Nylander PO. Bipolar disorder. III: harm avoidance a risk factor for suicide attempts. Bipolar Disord. 2004;6(2):130–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sayin A, Kuruoglu AC, Yazici Gulec M, Aslan S. Relation of temperament and character properties with clinical presentation of bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(5):446–51. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.04.004.

  140. Albayrak Y, Ekinci O, Caykoylu A. Temperament and character personality profile in relation to suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(8):1130–6. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.04.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Evren C, Evren B. The relationship of suicide attempt history with childhood abuse and neglect, alexithymia and temperament and character dimensions of personality in substance dependents. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(4):263–9. doi:10.1080/08039480600790051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Conrad R, Walz F, Geiser F, Imbierowicz K, Liedtke R, Wegener I. Temperament and character personality profile in relation to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 2009;170(2–3):212–7. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Pisetsky EM, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Peterson CB, Mitchell JE, Engel SG, et al. Depression and personality traits associated with emotion dysregulation: correlates of suicide attempts in women with Bulimia Nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015;23(6):537–44. doi:10.1002/erv.2401.

  144. Khan AA, Jacobson KC, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Personality and comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:190–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.3.190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Brandes M, Bienvenu OJ. Personality and anxiety disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8(4):263–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Klein DN, Kotov R, Bufferd SJ. Personality and depression: explanatory models and review of the evidence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:269–95. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104540.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Pompili M, Iliceto P, Innamorati M, Rihmer Z, Lester D, Akiskal HS, et al. Suicide risk and personality traits in physically and/or sexually abused acute psychiatric inpatients: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep. 2009;105(2):554–68. doi:10.2466/PR0.105.2.554-568.

  148. Draper B, Kolves K, De Leo D, Snowdon J. A controlled study of suicide in middle-aged and older people: personality traits, age, and psychiatric disorders. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2014;44(2):130–8. doi:10.1111/sltb.12053.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Tyrer P, Alexander J. Personality assessment schedule. In: Tyrer P, editor. Personality disorders. London: Wright; 1988. p. 43–62.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):155–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Hirvikoski T, Jokinen J. Personality traits in attempted and completed suicide. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(7):536–41. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.04.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. McCann SJ. Suicide, big five personality factors, and depression at the American state level. Arch Suicide Res. 2010;14(4):368–74. doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.524070.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Voracek M. Big five personality factors and suicide rates in the United States: a state-level analysis. Percept Mot Skills. 2009;109(1):208–12. doi:10.2466/PMS.109.1.208-212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Tanji F, Kakizaki M, Sugawara Y, Watanabe I, Nakaya N, Minami Y, et al. Personality and suicide risk: the impact of economic crisis in Japan. Psychol Med. 2015;45(3):559–73. doi:10.1017/S0033291714001688.

  155. Linehan MM. Suicidal people. One population or two? Ann NY Acad Sci. 1986;487:16–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Beautrais AL. Child and young adolescent suicide in New Zealand. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2001;35(5):647–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Giner L, Jaussent I, Olie E, Beziat S, Guillaume S, Baca-Garcia E, et al. Violent and serious suicide attempters: one step closer to suicide? J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(3):e191–7. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08524.

  158. Tuckman J, Youngman WF. Suicide risk among persons attempting suicide. Public Health Rep. 1963;78:585–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Fushimi M, Sugawara J, Saito S. Comparison of completed and attempted suicide in Akita, Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60(3):289–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):407–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Murray H. Death to the world: the passions of Herman Melville. In: Shneidman E, editor. Essays in self-destruction. New York: Science House; 1967. p. 3–29.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Baumeister RF. Suicide as escape from self. Psychol Rev. 1990;97(1):90–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Shneidman ES. Suicide as psychache. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181(3):145–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Chester DS, DeWall CN, Pond Jr RS. The push of social pain: does rejection’s sting motivate subsequent social reconnection? Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2016. doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0412-9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Fertuck EA, Karan E, Stanley B. The specificity of mental pain in borderline personality disorder compared to depressive disorders and healthy controls. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2016;3:2. doi:10.1186/s40479-016-0036-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Orbach I, Mikulincer M, Sirota P, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Mental pain: a multidimensional operationalization and definition. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2003;33(3):219–30.

  167. Campos RC, Holden RR. Testing models relating rejection, depression, interpersonal needs, and psychache to suicide risk in nonclinical individuals. J Clin Psychol. 2015;71(10):994–1003. doi:10.1002/jclp.22196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Patterson AA, Holden RR. Psychache and suicide ideation among men who are homeless: a test of Shneidman’s model. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2012;42(2):147–56. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2011.00078.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Olie E, Guillaume S, Jaussent I, Courtet P, Jollant F. Higher psychological pain during a major depressive episode may be a factor of vulnerability to suicidal ideation and act. J Affect Disord. 2010;120(1–3):226–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Joiner TE. Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2005.

  171. Durkheim E. Suicide: a study in Sociology. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1897.

  172. Hatcher S, Stubbersfield O. Sense of belonging and suicide: a systematic review. Can J Psychiatr Rev Can Psychiatr. 2013;58(7):432–6.

  173. Van Orden KA, Wiktorsson S, Duberstein P, Berg AI, Fassberg MM, Waern M. Reasons for attempted suicide in later life. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2015;23(5):536–44. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.07.003.

  174. Kross E, Berman MG, Mischel W, Smith EE, Wager TD. Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(15):6270–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102693108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Papini MR, Fuchs PN, Torres C. Behavioral neuroscience of psychological pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;48:53–69. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Achterberg M, van Duijvenvoorde AC, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Crone EA. Control your anger! The neural basis of aggression regulation in response to negative social feedback. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11(5):712–20. doi:10.1093/scan/nsv154.

  177. Bungert M, Koppe G, Niedtfeld I, Vollstadt-Klein S, Schmahl C, Lis S, et al. Pain processing after social exclusion and its relation to rejection sensitivity in borderline personality disorder. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0133693. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133693.

  178. Courtet P, Giner L, Seneque M, Guillaume S, Olie E, Ducasse D. Neuroinflammation in suicide: toward a comprehensive model. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. 2015:1–23. doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1054879. A review of neuroinflammation and suicidal behavior and its possible relation to mental pain. This model may help to identify new targets in characterization and prevention.

  179. Murrough JW, Soleimani L, DeWilde KE, Collins KA, Lapidus KA, Iacoviello BM, et al. Ketamine for rapid reduction of suicidal ideation: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2015;45(16):3571–80. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001506.

  180. Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Georgiou P, Fischell J, Elmer GI, et al. NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites. Nature. 2016. doi:10.1038/nature17998.

  181. Kurdi MS, Theerth KA, Deva RS. Ketamine: current applications in anesthesia, pain, and critical care. Anesth Essays Res. 2014;8(3):283–90. doi:10.4103/0259-1162.143110.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Sánchez-Pizjuán s/n, Seville, 41009, Spain

    Lucas Giner

  2. Department of Psychiatry, IDIPHIM-Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain

    Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla

  3. Unidad de Salud Mental Comunitaria de Sevilla. Area Sanitaria Hospital Virgen Macarena, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, Spain

    Diego De La Vega

  4. CHRU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM unit 1061, Montpellier, France

    Philippe Courtet

  5. Fondamental Foundation, Créteil, France

    Philippe Courtet

Authors
  1. Lucas Giner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diego De La Vega
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Philippe Courtet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lucas Giner.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Lucas Giner and Diego De La Vega declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, AB-Biotics, and Shire.

Philippe Courtet has received personal fees from Servier, Otsuka, Janssen, and Astra Zeneca.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Mood Disorders

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Giner, L., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., De La Vega, D. et al. Cognitive, Emotional, Temperament, and Personality Trait Correlates of Suicidal Behavior. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18, 102 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0742-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0742-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation