Abstract
In the last few years, we have gained a deeper understanding about sexuality among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Greater interest in this subject and improvements in the empirical study of ASD populations are driving this enlightenment. The data is dispelling antiquated notions that ASD individuals are asexual, sexually unknowledgeable and inexperienced, and/or disinterested in relationships. We still have a ways to go in examining paraphilic or deviant arousal sexual behaviors among ASD individuals. This manuscript provides an update on sexuality research in ASD in the last few years. This is accompanied by a discussion of the paraphilic type sexual behaviors observed among some ASD individuals.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III). Washington: APA; 1980.
Haracopos D, Pedersen L. Sexuality and autism: the Danish report. 1992. http://www.autismuk.com/?page_id=1293. Accessed 22 Oct 2014.
Bourgondien V et al. Sexual behavior in adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1997;27:113–25.
Ruble L, Dalrymple N. Social/sexual awareness of persons with autism: a parental perspective. Arch Sex Behav. 1993;22:229–40.
Realmuto GM, Ruble LA. Sexual behaviors in autism: problems of definition and management. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999;29(2):121–7.
Konstantareas M, Lunsky Y. Sociosexual knowledge, experience, attitudes, and interests of individuals with autistic disorder and developmental delay. J Autism Dev Disord. 1997;27:397–413.
Ousley OY, Mesibov GB. Sexual attitudes and knowledge of high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1991;21(4):471–81.
Koller R. Sexuality and adolescents with autism. Sex Disabil. 2000;18(2):125–35.
Chesterman P, Rutter SC. Case report: Asperger’s syndrome and sexual offending. J Forensic Psychiatry. 1993;4(3):555–62.
Williams PG, Allard AM, Sears L. Case study: cross-gender preoccupations with two male children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1996;26:635–42.
Cooper S, Mohamed WN, Collacott RA. Possible Asperger’s syndrome in a mentally handicapped transvestite offender. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1993;37:189–94.
Kohn Y, Tarek F, Ratzoni G, Apter A. Aggression and sexual offense in Asperger’s syndrome. Israel J Psychiatr Relat Sci. 1998;35:293–9.
Despert JL. Reflections on early infantile autism. J Autism Childhood Schizophr. 1971;1(4):363–7.
Dewey M, Everard M. The near-normal autistic adolescent. J Autism Childhood Schizophr. 1974;4(4):347–56.
Torisky D, Torisky C. Sex education and sexual awareness building for autistic children and youth: some viewpoints and considerations. J Autism Dev Disord. 1985;15(2):213–27.
DeMyer M. Parents and children in autism. New York: Wiley; 1979.
Hellemans H, Colson K, Verbraeken C, Vermeiren R, Deboutte D. Sexual behavior in high functioning male adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:260–9.
Sperry LA, Mesibov GB. Perceptions of social challenges of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2005;9(4):362–76.
Howlin P. Outcome in adult life for more able individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism. 2000;4:63.
Hénault I, Attwood T. The sexual profile of adults with Asperger’s syndrome: the need for support and intervention. In: Hénault I, editor. Asperger’s syndrome and sexuality: from adolescence through adulthood. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2006. p. 183–92.
Dewinter J, Vermeiren R. Sexuality in adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorder: self-reported behaviours and attitudes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2014; Sep 12 published online. This study demonstrated no significant differences in sexual experiences and interests between high functioning ASD adolescents and controls. Importantly, he directly surveyed adolescents as opposed to relying on other informants for the data.
Byers ES, Nichols S, Voyer S. Challenging stereotypes: sexual functioning of single adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:2617–27. Comparison of ASD adults by gender comported with known differences between males and females in terms of sexual arousability, solitary desire, and interest.
Brown-Lavoie S, Viecili M, Weiss J. Sexual knowledge and victimization in adults with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:2185–96. This study revealed that as much as 75 % of ASD individuals have been sexually coerced and/or abused by others and this was partly associated with having less sexual knowledge.
Mehzabin P, Stokes M. Self-assessed sexuality in young adults with high-functioning autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011;5:614–21.
Lai MC et al. A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20835.
Gilmour L, Schalomon PM, Smith V. Sexuality in a community based sample of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2012;6:313–8. There were no significant differences in sexual experience and knowledge when comparing ASD to neurotypical adults.
Cridland E, Jones S, Caputi P, Magee C. Being a girl in a boys’ world: investigating the experiences of girls with autism spectrum disorders during adolescence. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44:1261–74.
Gantman A, Kapp S, Orenski K, Laugeson E. Social skills training for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:1094–103.
Holmes L, Himle M. Brief report: parent–child sexuality communication and autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(11):2964–70. This study revealed differences in how/whether parents choses to provide sexual education to their ASD children. Parents generally tended to omit information regarding socio-sexual relationship building and diversity of sexual behaviors.
Ballan M. Parental perspectives of communication about sexuality in families of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:676–84. Parents still find it challenging to know when their ASD child is ready for sexual education.
Gougeon NA. Sexuality and autism: a critical review of selected literature using a social-relational model of disability. Am J Sex Educ. 2010;5:328–61.
Dewinter J, Vermeiren R, Vanwesenbeeck I, van Nieuwenhuizen C. Autism and normative sexual development: a narrative review. J Clin Nurs. 2013;22:3467–83. This study presents a thorough review of literature on sexuality in ASD.
Wing L. Asperger’s syndrome: a clinical account. Psychol Med. 1981;11:115–29.
Edmonson S, McCombs KF, Wish B. What retarded adults believe about sex. Am J Ment Defic. 1979;84:11–8.
Ludlow B. Contemporary issues in sexuality and mental retardation. Adv Mental Retard Dev Disabil. 1991;4:1–26.
Stokes M, Kaur A. High-functioning autism and sexuality: a parental perspective. Autism. 2005;9(3):266–89.
Trotter E, Alderson K. University students’ definitions of having sex, sexual partners, and virginity loss: the influence of participant gender, sexual experience, and contextual factors. Can J Hum Sex. 2007;16(1–2):11–29.
Bejerot S, Eriksson JM. Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case control study. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e87961.
Chan LG, Saluja B. Sexual offending and improvement in autistic characteristics after acquired brain injury: a case report. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45:902–3.
Coskun M, Mukaddes NM. Mirtazapine treatment in a subject with autistic disorder and fetishism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18:206–9.
Dozier CL, Iwata BA, Worsdell AS. Assessment and treatment of foot–shoe fetish displayed by a man with autism. J Appl Behav Anal. 2011;44:133–7.
Early MC, Erickson CA, Wink LK, McDougle CJ, Scott EL. Case report: 16-year-old male with autistic disorder with preoccupation with female feet. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:1133–7.
Milton J, Duggan C, Latham A, Egan V, Tantam D. Case history of co-morbid Asperger’s syndrome and paraphilic behaviour. Med Sci Law. 2002;42:237–44.
Müller J. Are sadomasochism and hypersexuality in autism linked to amygdalohippocampal lesion? J Sex Med. 2011;8:3241–9.
Murrie DC, Warren JI, Kristiansson M, Dietz PE. Asperger’s syndrome in forensic settings. Int J Forensic Mental Health. 2002;1(1):59–70.
Ray F, Marks C, Bray-Garretson H. Challenges to treating adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome who are sexually abusive. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2004;11:265–85.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition text revision (DSM-5). Washington: APA; 2013.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington: APA; 2000.
Onitz EM, Ritvo ER. Neuropsychological mechanisms underlying perceptual inconstancy in autistic and schizophrenic children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1968;19:22–7.
Ornitz EM. Disorders of perception common to infantile autism and schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 1969;10:259–74.
Singh G, Coffey B. Sexual obsessions, compulsions, suicidality and homicidality in and adolescent diagnosed with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, obsessive-compulsive disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and mild mental retardation. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(3):250–3.
Hingsburger D, Griffiths D, Quinsey, V. Detecting counterfeit deviance: differentiating sexual deviance from sexual inappropriateness. Habilitative Mental Healthc Newsl. 1991:51–54.
Griffiths D, Hingsburger D, Hoath J, Ioannou S. ‘Counterfeit deviance’ revisited. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2013;26:471–80.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
Conflict of Interest
Denise C. Kellaher declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by the author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Sexual Disorders
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kellaher, D.C. Sexual Behavior and Autism Spectrum Disorders: an Update and Discussion. Curr Psychiatry Rep 17, 25 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0562-4
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0562-4