Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Cortisol Awakening Response and Health Outcomes among Law Enforcement Officers

  • Published:
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

ABSTRACT

As first responders who are frequently exposed to job-related trauma, police officers are at an elevated risk of adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence-based approaches to stress reduction are sorely needed to address the complex variety of problems that police officers face. In this pilot study we examined the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention designed to address police officer stress. A total of 43 police officers completed an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Resilience Training (MBRT) program, which was designed to improve mindfulness, resilience, stress, health outcomes, and emotional functioning. Using multilevel models we found significant improvement in self-reported mindfulness, resilience, police and perceived stress, burnout, emotional intelligence, difficulties with emotion regulation, mental health, physical health, anger, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Although there were no significant pre-to-post-MBRT changes in cortisol awakening response (CAR), while controlling for pre-MBRT increase area under the curve (AUCI), change in mental health was a significant predictor of post-AUCI. Implications of these findings and areas for future research are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Adam EK, Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Kendall AD, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Adam EK (2014) Prospective associations between the cortisol awakening response and first onsets of anxiety disorders over a six-year follow-up. Psychoneuroendocrinology 44:47–59. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.014

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert G, Rojek J (2011). Frontline police officer assessments of risk and decision making during encounters with offenders (Briefing paper issue 5). Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security

  • Akinola M, Mendes WB (2012) Stress-induced cortisol facilitates threatrelated decision making among police officers. Behav Neurosci 126:164–174. doi:10.1037/a0026657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GS, Litzenberger R, Plecas D (2002) Physical evidence of police officer stress. Polic Int J Polic Strateg Manag 25:399–420. doi:10.1108/1363951021042943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anshel MH (2000) A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in police work. Crim Justice Behav 27:375–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnetz BB, Nevedal DC, Lumley MA, Backman L, Lublin A (2009) Trauma resilience training for police: psychophysiological and performance effects. J Polic Crim Psychol 24:1–9. doi:10.1007/s11896-008-9030-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer RA, Carmody J, Hunsinger M (2012) Weekly change in mindfulness and perceived stress in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. J Clin Psychol 68(7):755–765

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L (2006) Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment 13(1):27–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer RA, Smith GT, Lykins E, Button D, Krietemeyer J, Sauer S, Walsh E, Duggan D, Williams JMG (2008) Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment 15(3):329–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berking M, Meier C, Wupperman P (2010) Enhancing emotionregulation skills in police officers: results of a pilot controlled study. Behav Ther 41:329–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlmeijer E, Peter M, Fledderus M, Veehof M, Baer R (2011) Psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in depressed adults and development of a short form. Assessment 308–320

  • Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Naranjo JR, Schmidt S (2012) Influence of mindfulness practice on cortisol and sleep in long-term and shortterm meditators. Neuropsychobiology 3:109–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RJ (1994) Stressful events, work-family conflict, coping, psychological burnout, and well being among police officers. Psychol Rep 75:787–800

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RJ (1998) Work and non-work stressors and well-being among police officers: the role of coping. Anxiety Stress Coping 11:345–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlan PE, Nored LS (2008) An examination of officer stress: should police departments implement mandatory counseling? J Crim Psychol 23:8–15. doi:10.1007/s11896-008-9015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson LE, Garland SN (2005) Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. Int J Behav Med 12(4):278–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cella D, Yount S, Rothrock N, Gershon R, Cook K, Reeve B, Rose M (2007) The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(PROMIS): progress of anNIH Roadmap cooperative group during its first two years. Med Care 45(5 Suppl 1):S3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesa A, Serretti A (2009) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 15(5):593–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopko BA, Palmari PA, Adams RE (2013) Associations between police stress and alcohol use: implications for practice. J Loss Trauma 18:482–497. doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.719340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopko BA, Schwartz RC (2009) The relation between mindfulness and posttraumatic growth: a study of first responders to trauma-inducing incidents. J Ment Health Couns 31:363–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopko BA, Schwartz RC (2013) The relation between mindfulness and posttraumatic stress symptoms among police officers. J Loss Trauma Int Perspect Stress Coping 18:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Christopher MS, Neuser NJ, Michael PG, Baitmangalkar A (2012) Exploring the psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Mindfulness 3:124–131. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0086-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ChristopherMS, Rogers BS, Hunsinger M, Colgan D, Reiss A, Farwood HB (2014) Distinguishing mindful process from outcome in the prediction of global health and perceived stress in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program. Mindfulness.

  • Cohen S, Williamson G (1988) Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S (eds) The social psychology of health. The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, pp 31–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Clow A, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L (2010) The cortisol awakening response in context. Int Rev Neurobiol 93:153–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coulson JE (1987) The effectiveness of a stress reduction program for police officers. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Texas. ProQuest (ID 303591680)

  • Daubenmier J, Hayden D, Chang V, Epel E (2014) It’s not what you think: dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationshipbetween psychological distress and the cortisol awakening response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 216–241

  • de Bruin EI, Topper M, Muskens JG, Bögels SM, Kamphuis JH (2012) Psychometric properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and a non-meditating sample. Assessment 19(2):187–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vibe M, Bjørndal A, Tipton E, Hammerstrøm KT, Kowalski K, Bjørndal A (2012) Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) for improving health, quality of. Campbell Syst Rev 3

  • Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Vardakou I, Kantas A (2003) The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Eur J Psychol Assess 19(1):12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demerouti E, Mostert K, Bakker AB (2010) Burnout and work engagement: a thorough investigation of the independency of both constructs. J Occup Health Psychol 15(3):209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du JY, Sanchez P, Kim L, Azen CG, Zava DT, Stanczyk FZ (2013) Percutaneous progesterone delivery via cream or gel application in postmenopausal women: a randomized cross-over study of progesterone levels in serum, whole blood, saliva, and capillary blood. Menopause 20:1169–1175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eberth J, Sedelmier P (2012) The effects of mindfulness meditation: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness 3:174–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein NB, Baldwin L, Bishop DS (1983) The McMaster family assessment device. J Marital Fam Ther 9:171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erisman SM, Roemer L (2012) A preliminary investigation of the process of mindfulness. Mindfulness 3(1):30–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fourer M, Besley K, Burton G, Yu N, Crisp J (2013) Enhancing the resilience of nurses and midwives: pilot of a mindfulness-based program for increased health, sense of coherence and decreased depression, anxiety and stress. Contemp Nurs 45:111–125. doi:10.5172/conu.2013.45.1.114

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C (2009) The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol 72(1):67–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderen B, Heuven E, Veldhoven M, Zeelenberg M, Croon M (2007) Psychological strain and emotional labor among police-officers: a diary study. J Vocat Behav 71:446–459. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.09.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gersons BP, Carlier IV, Lamberts RD, van der Kolk BA (2000) Randomized clinical trial of brief eclectic psychotherapy for police officers with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 13(2):333–347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goerling RJ (2012) Police officer resilience and community building. Proc Am Soc Bus Behav Sci 19:394–397

    Google Scholar 

  • GoodmanMJ SJB (2012) Amindfulness course decreases burnout and improves well-being among healthcare providers. Int J Psychiatry Med 43(2):119–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz KL, Roemer L (2004) Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 26(1):41–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz KL, Roemer L (2008) The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cogn Behav Ther 37(1):14–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross CR, Kreitzer MJ, Reilly-Spong M, Wall M, Winbush NY, Patterson R, … & Cramer-Bornemann M (2011). Mindfulnessbased stress reduction versus pharmacotherapy for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Explor J Sci Healing 7(2):76–87

  • Hartley TA, Shankar A, Fekedulegn D, Violanti JM, Andrew ME, Knox SS, Burchfiel CM (2011a) Metabolic syndrome and carotid intima media thickness in urban police officers. J Occup Environ Med 53:553–561. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182171995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley TA, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Violanti JM (2011b) Health disparities in police officers: comparisons to the U.S. general population. Int J Emerg Mental Health 13:211–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D (2010) The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a metaanalytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol 78(2):169

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DC, Thom NJ, Stanley EA, Haase L, Simmons AN, …& Paulus MP (2014) Modifying resilience mechanisms in atrisk individuals: a controlled study of mindfulness training in marines preparing for deployment. Am J Psychiatry

  • Joseph PN, Violanti JM, Donahue R, Andrews ME, Trevisan M, Burchfiel CM, Dorn J (2009) Policework and subclinical atherosclerosis. J Occup Environ Med 51:700–707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juniper B, White N, Bellamy P (2010) A new approach to evaluating the well-being of police. Occup Med 60:560–565. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqq130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabacoff RI, Miller IW, Bishop DS, Epstein NB, Keitner GI (1990) A psychometric study of the McMaster Family Assessment Device in psychiatric, medical and nonclinical samples. J Fam Psychol 3:431–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zin J (1990) Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delta Publishing, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearney D, McDermott K, Malte C, Martinez M, Simpson T (2013) Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychol 69:14–27. doi:10.1002/jclp.21911

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley T, Lambert EG (2012) Mindfulness as a potential means of attenuating anger and aggression for prospective criminal justice professionals. Mindfulness 3:261–274. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0090-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larned JG (2010) Understanding police suicide. Forensic Examiner 64–71

  • Lee RT, Ashforth BE (1996) A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. J Appl Psychol 81:123–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maas CJ, Hox JJ (2005) Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. Methodol Eur J Res Methods Behav Soc Sci 1(3):86

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus MT, Fine PM, Moeller FG, Khan MM, Pitts K, Swank PR, Liehr P (2003) Change in stress levels following mindfulness-based stress reduction in a therapeutic community. Addict Disord Treat 2(3):63–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marmar CR, McCaslin SE, Metzler TJ, Best S, Weiss DS, …& Neylan T (2006) Predictors of posttraumatic stress in police and other first responders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071(1):1–18

  • Martinussen M, Richardsen AM, Burke RJ (2007) Job demands, job resources, and burnout among police officers. J Crim Justice 35:239–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matousek RH, Dobkin PL, Pruessner J (2010) Cortisol as a marker for improvement in mindfulness-based stress reduction. Complement Ther Clin Pract 16(1):13–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matousek RH, Pruessner JC, Dobkin PL (2011) Changes in the cortisol awakening response (CAR) following participation in mindfulnessbased stress reduction in women who completed treatment for breast cancer. Complement Ther Clin Pract 17(2):65–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCraty R, Atkinson M (2012) Resilience training program reduces physiological and psychological stress in police officers. Glob Adv Health Med 1:42–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCreary DR, Thompson MM (2006) Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: the operational and J Police Crim Psych organizational police stress questionnaires. Int J Stress Manag 13(4):494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menard KS, Arter ML (2013) Police officer alcohol use and trauma symptoms: associations with critical incidents, coping, and social stressors. Int J Stress Manag 20:37–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller L (2006) Practical police psychology: stress management and crisis intervention for law enforcement. Charles C Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Hara AF, Violanti JM, Levenson RL, Clark RG (2013) National police suicide estimates: web surveillance study III. Int J Emerg Mental Health Hum Resilience 15:31–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Omidi A, Mohammidi A, Zargar F, Akbari H (2013) Efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction on mood states of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Arch Trauma Res 1(4):151–154

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paton D, Johnston P, Clarke J, Violanti M, Burke KJ, Deenan D (2008) Stress shield: a model of police resiliency. Int J Emerg Ment Health 10(2):95–108

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson G, Chung I, Swan PG (2012) The effects of stress management interventions among police officers and recruits. Campbell Syst Rev 8(7)

  • Pruessner JC, Wolf OT, Hellhammer DH, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Von Auer K, Jobst S, Kaspers F, Kirschbaum C (1997) Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity. Life Sci 61(26):2539–2549

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaratnam SW, Brager LK, Lockley SW, Shea SA, Wang W, Landrigan CP, Czeisler CA (2011) Sleep disorders, health and safety in police officers. J Am Med Assoc 306:2567–2578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranta RS (2009) Management of stress and coping behaviour of police personnel through Indian psychological techniques. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 35(1):47–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees B, Smith J (2008) Breaking the silence: the traumatic circle of policing. Int J Police Sci Manag 10:267–279. doi:10.1350/ijps.2008.10.3.83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robins CJ, Keng SL, Ekblad AG, Brantley JG (2012) Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotional experience and expression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychol 68(1):117–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salovey P, Mayer JD (1990) Emotional intelligence. Imagin Cogn Personal 9:185–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible LM, Gecas V (2010) The impact of emotional labor and value dissonance on burnout among police officers. Police Q 13(3):316–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ, Dornheim L (1998) Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personal Individ Differ 25(2):167–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane JM (2010) Organizational stressors and police performance. J Crim Justice 38:807–818. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp DS, Andrew ME, Fekedulegn DB, Burchfiel CM, Violanti JM, Wactawski-Wende J, Miller DB (2013) The cortisol response in policemen: intraindividual variation, not concentration level, predicts truncal obesity. Am J Hum Biol 25:499–507. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22397

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shek DT (2001) The general functioning scale of the Family Assessment Device: does it work with Chinese adolescents? J Clin Psychol 57(12):1503–1516

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya I, Nagamitsu S, Okamura H, Ozono S, Chiba H, …& Matsuishi T (2014) High correlation between salivary cortisol awakening response and the psychometric profiles of healthy children. BioPsychoSocial Med 8(1):9

  • Shipley P, Branski JV (2002) Police officer performance under stress: a pilot study on the effects of visuo-motor behavior rehearsal. Int J Stress Manag 9(2):71–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh NN, Lancioni GE, Karazsia BT, Winton AS, Singh AN, Wahler RG (2014) Shenpa and compassionate abiding: mindfulness-based practices for anger and aggression by individuals with schizophrenia. Int J Ment Heal Addict 12:138–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J (2008) The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med 15(3):194–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snijders TA, Bosker RJ (1993) Standard errors and sample sizes for twolevel research. J Educ Behav Stat 18(3):237–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley EA, Jha AP (2009) Mind fitness: improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience. Jt Force Q 55:144–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Taverniers J, Smeets T, Ruysseveldt V, Syroit J, von Grumbkow J (2011) The risk of being shot at: stress, cortisol secretion, and their impact on memory and perceived learning during reality-based practice for armed officers. Int J Stress Manag 18:113–132. doi:10.1037/a0023742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckey MR, Winwood PC, Dollard MF (2012) Psychosocial culture and pathways to psychological injuries within policing. Police Pract Res 13(3):224–240. doi:10.1080/15614263.2011.574072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014) Occupational outlook handbook: police and detectives. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/police-anddetectives.htm

  • Violanti JM (2010) Police suicide: a national comparison with firefighter and military personnel. Polic Int J Polic Strateg Manag 33:270–286. doi:10.1108/13639511011044885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Dorn J, Hartley TA, …Miller DB (2009a) Cortisol patterns and brachial artery reactivity in a high stress environment. Psychiatry Res 169:75–81. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.012

  • Violanti JM, Burchfiel CM, Hartley TA, Mnatsakanova A, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Vila BJ (2009b) Atypical work hours and metabolic syndrome among police officers. Arch Environ Occup Health 64:194–201. doi:10.1080/19338240903241259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vøllestad J, Sivertsen B, Nielsen GH (2011) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 49(4):281–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Violanti JM, Slaven JE, Charles LE, Burchfiel CM, Andrew ME, Homish GG (2011) Police and alcohol use: a descriptive analysis and associations with stress outcomes. Am J Crim Justice 36(4):344–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Doane LD, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Adam EK (2013) The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history. Psychol Med 43(03):483–493

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Inslicht SS, Metzler TJ, Henn-Haase C, McCaslin SE, … & Marmar CR (2010) A prospective study of predictors of depressive symptoms in police. Psychiatry Res 175:211-216. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010

  • Waters JA, Ussery W (2007) Police stress: history, contributing factors, symptoms and interventions. Polic Int J Polic Strateg Manag 30:169–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams V, Ciarrochi J, Deane FP (2010) On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: longitudinal pilot study of police recruits. Aust Psychol 45:274–282. doi:10.1080/00050060903573197

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Professional Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8th Ave, Suite 260, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA

    Michael S. Christopher, Matthew Hunsinger, Greg Baron & Aaron L. Bergman

  2. Hillsboro Police Department, Hillsboro, OR, USA

    Richard J. Goerling

  3. The Stress Reduction Clinic at Yoga Hillsboro, Hillsboro, OR, USA

    Brant S. Rogers

  4. ZRT Laboratory, Beaverton, OR, USA

    David T. Zava

Authors
  1. Michael S. Christopher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard J. Goerling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brant S. Rogers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matthew Hunsinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Greg Baron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Aaron L. Bergman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. David T. Zava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael S. Christopher.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Christopher, M.S., Goerling, R.J., Rogers, B.S. et al. A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Cortisol Awakening Response and Health Outcomes among Law Enforcement Officers. J Police Crim Psych 31, 15–28 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-015-9161-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-015-9161-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation