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Health impacts of particulate matter in five major Estonian towns: main sources of exposure and local differences

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Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is the major air pollution problem with health impacts in Estonia. The prevailing sources of particles are traffic and local heating. In this study, we quantified the health effects of PM in neighbourhoods of five main cities with a health impact assessment (HIA) approach that uses information on exposure, baseline mortality/morbidity and exposure–response relationships from previous epidemiological studies. The exposure was defined as modelled PM2.5 annual levels and daily averages of PM10 (monitoring data in Tallinn and Kohtla-Järve and modelled levels in Tartu, Narva and Pärnu). The modelled results were validated with data from monitoring stations and additional measuring programmes. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in the neighbourhoods studied varied from 7.6 to 23.6 μg m−3. The analysis indicated that the exposure above natural background corresponds to 462 [95% confidence interval (CI) 120–815] premature deaths, resulting in 6,034 (95% CI 1,583–10,309) years of life lost per year. The average decrease in life-expectancy at birth per resident of Tallinn was estimated to be 0.63 (95% CI 0.16–1.08) years. In the polluted city centres, this average decrease may reach >1 year and in Pärnu, it may reach 0.95 year. However, in the least polluted neighbourhood, the decrease of life expectancy was only 0.17 years. In addition, 231 (95% CI 145–306) respiratory and 338 (95% CI 205–454) cardiovascular hospitalisations per year could be expected. The majority of the external costs are related to the long-term effects on mortality and amount to €270 (95% CI 190–350) million annually. In comparison, the costs of hospitalisations contribute just €1.1 (95% CI 0.6–1.6) million. The main differences in health impacts were mostly driven by differences in the pollution sources, the magnitude of such sources and distribution patterns in the atmosphere. The smallest health effects, with the exception of the green residential areas, were observed in the industrial cities Kohtla-Järve and Narva (due to the small share contributed by local residential heating and relatively little car traffic). However, it is questionable whether the mass of fine particles is the best indicator of air pollution risk in such areas.

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Acknowledgements

The studies were funded by the Estonian Ministry of Environment. We would like to thank the local governments of these cities for supportive co-operation. The air quality assessment methods were partially supported by Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, research themes SF0180060s09, SF0180038s08 and SF1090050s07.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu, 50411, Estonia

    Hans Orru, Taavi Lai & Eda Merisalu

  2. Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, 901 87, Sweden

    Hans Orru & Bertil Forsberg

  3. Estonian Environmental Research Centre, Marja 4d, Tallinn, 10617, Estonia

    Marek Maasikmets

  4. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 64, Tartu, 50414, Estonia

    Marek Maasikmets & Veljo Kimmel

  5. Department of Ecology and Geography, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, 50414, Estonia

    Tanel Tamm

  6. Department of Physics, University of Tartu, Riia 142, Tartu, 50414, Estonia

    Marko Kaasik

  7. Department of Geography, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK

    Kati Orru

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  1. Hans Orru
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Orru, H., Maasikmets, M., Lai, T. et al. Health impacts of particulate matter in five major Estonian towns: main sources of exposure and local differences. Air Qual Atmos Health 4, 247–258 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-010-0075-6

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