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Functional Mapping of Dynamic Happy and Fearful Facial Expression Processing in Adolescents

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Abstract

This paper assessed the neural systems involved in processing of dynamic facial expressions in adolescents. The processing of facial expressions changes as a function of age, and it is thus important to understand how healthy adolescent subjects process dynamic facial expressions prior to analyzing disease-related changes. We hypothesized that viewing of dynamic facial expressions with opposing valences (happy vs. fearful) induces differential activations and deactivations in the brain. 27 healthy adolescents (9 ♀, 18 ♂, mean age = 14.5 years; age range 11.6–17.3 years) were examined by using the ASSQ and K-SADS-PL and scanned with 1.5-T fMRI during viewing of dynamic facial expressions and mosaic control images. The stimuli activated the same areas as previously seen in dynamic facial expression in adults. Our results indicated that opposing-valence dynamic facial expressions had differential effects on many cortical structures but not on subcortical limbic structures. The mirror neuron system is activated more during viewing of fearful compared to happy expressions in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) left dominantly. We also detected more deactivation in the ventral anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), showing more automated attentional processing of fearful expressions during passive viewing. Females were found to deactivate the right frontal pole more than male adolescents during happy facial expressions, while there were no differences in fear processing between genders. No clear gender or age effects were detected. In conclusion fear induces stronger responses in attention and mirror neurons probably related to fear contagion.

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Abbreviations

ASSQ:

Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire

ACG:

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Basic expression:

Facial expression of basic emotion

BA:

Brodmann area

BOLD:

Blood oxygenation level dependent

EK:

Ekman’s collections

FACS:

Facial Action Coding System

FFA:

Fusiform face area

IAPS:

The International Affective Pictures System (IAPS)

IFG:

Inferior frontal gyrus

JBL:

Juxtapositional lobule

K-SADS-PL:

Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children – Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL)

MFC:

Medial frontal cortex

MNS:

Mirror neuron system

OFA:

Occipital face area

PFC:

Prefrontal cortices

PMC:

Premotor cortex

PPC:

Posterior parietal cortex

pSTS:

Posterior superior temporal sulcus

SFG:

Superior frontal gyrus

SMA:

Supplementary motor area

SMG:

Supramarginal gyrus

STG:

Superior temporal gyrus

STS:

Superior temporal sulcus

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the adolescents and their families for participating. This study received financial support from the Alma and K. A. Snellman Foundation, Oulu, Finland, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finland, the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finland and the Thule Institute, Oulu, Finland. This study was funded by Finnish Academy Grant # 117111 and Finnish Medical Foundation grants. The Graduate School of Circumpolar Wellbeing Health and Adaptation is acknowledged for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child Psychiatry, University and University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 26, 90029, Oulu, Finland

    Jukka Rahko, Sanna Kuusikko-Gauffin, Marja-Leena Mattila, Katja Jussila, Hanna Ebeling & Irma Moilanen

  2. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Jyri-Johan Paakki, Tuomo Starck, Juha Nikkinen, Jukka Remes, Osmo Tervonen & Vesa Kiviniemi

  3. Institute of Health Sciences and Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu, Finland

    Tuula Hurtig

  4. Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Eira Jansson-Verkasalo

  5. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science (BECS), The Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Helsinki, Finland

    Jari Kätsyri & Mikko Sams

  6. Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Oulu, Finland

    David Pauls

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  1. Jukka Rahko
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Rahko, J., Paakki, JJ., Starck, T. et al. Functional Mapping of Dynamic Happy and Fearful Facial Expression Processing in Adolescents. Brain Imaging and Behavior 4, 164–176 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-010-9096-x

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