Abstract
This study investigated cross-cultural differences in the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form; YSQ-SF). The participants were 712 Chinese undergraduate students. The total sample was randomly divided into two sub-samples. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted on questionnaire results for Group A, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted on Group B. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the predictive validity of the schemas in predicting depression and anxiety. EFA revealed a 14-factor solution in Sample A. This factor solution was confirmed using CFA on the data from Sample B. The overall scale of the YSQ-SF demonstrated a high level of internal consistency, as did all of the subscales. Predictive validity of the schema domains in predicting depression and anxiety scores was confirmed via two multiple regression analyses.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baranoff, J., Oei, T. P. S., Kwon, S. M., & Cho, S. (2006). Factor structure and internal consistency of the young schema questionnaire (short form). Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 133–140.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper and Row.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford.
Beck, A., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.
Calvete, E., Estevez, A., Lopez de Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The Schema Questionnaire—Short Form; structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 90–99.
Glaser, B., Campbell, L. F., Calhoun, G. B., Bates, J. M., & Petrocelli, J. V. (2002). The Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: a construct validity study. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 5, 2–13.
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Psychometricka, 35, 401–415.
Oei, T. P. S., & Baranoff, J. (2007). Young Schema Questionnaire: review of psychometric and measurement issues. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(2), 78–86.
Oei, T. P. S., & Free, M. (1995). Do cognitive behaviour therapies validate cognitive models of mood disorders?: A review of empirical evidence. International Journal of Psychology, 30, 145–179.
Oei, T. P. S., Bullback, K., & Campbell, J. (2006). Cognitive change process during group cognitive behaviour therapy for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 231–241.
Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The schema questionnaire: investigation of the psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295–321.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
Welburn, K. R., Coristine, M., Dagg, P., Pontefract, A., & Jordan, S. (2002). The Schema Questionnaire-Short Form: factor analysis and relationship between schemas and symptoms. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 26, 519–530.
Young, J. E. (1998). The Young Schema Questionnaire: Short form. Available at http://www.schematherapy.com/id54.htm.
Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.
Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1990). Young Schema Questionnaire. New York: Cognitive Therapy Centre of New York.
Young, J. E., & Klosko, J. S. (1994). Reinventing your life. New York: Penguin Books.
Young, J. E., Weinberger, A. D., & Beck, A. T. (2001). Cognitive therapy for depression. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (3rd ed., pp. 264–308). New York: Guilford.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Zhang, Y. X. (1990). Reliability and validity of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) examined in chinese samples. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 4, 66–68.
Zheng, X. H., Shu, L., & Zhao, F. J. (1993). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory being tested in Chang Chun. Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 7(2), 60–62.
Acknowledgement
This research was funded by the social science and literae humaniores project of Beijing Education Committee (08JA710028), by the Plan of Buidling Science Innovating Group of Universities in Beijing, by the Beijing Prior Subject (Education and Development Psychology), and by the Beijing Prior Laboratory (Learning and Cognition Laboratory).
Dr. Tian Po Oei was a visiting professor at the Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore and he would like to thank the NUS for providing support for completion of this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cui, L., Lin, W. & Oei, T.P.S. Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Chinese Undergraduate Students. Int J Ment Health Addiction 9, 645–655 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9283-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9283-4