Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Spirituality and Quality of Life

  • Published:
Social Indicators Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract.

The relationship between spirituality and various dimensions of health and quality of life has been extensively examined during the past decade. Though several literature reviews have been conducted in an attempt to synthesize research findings pertaining to the relationship between spirituality and health, a meta-analysis of studies examining spirituality in relation to quality of life has not been identified. The present study was designed to: (a) determine whether there is empirical support for a relationship between spirituality and quality of life, (b) provide an estimate of the strength of this relationship, and (c) examine potential moderating variables affecting this relationship. The research design followed accepted methods for quantitative meta-synthesis. Potential moderating effects of several methodological differences and sample characteristics were examined using meta-analytic approaches with multivariate linear regression and analysis of variance. An extensive multidisciplinary literature search resulted in 3,040 published reports that were manually screened according to pre-established selection criteria. Subsequent to the selection process, 62 primary effect sizes from 51 studies were included in the final analysis. A random effects model of the bivariate correlation between spirituality and quality of life resulted in a moderate effect size (r = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.28–0.40), thereby providing support for the theoretical framework underlying the study wherein spirituality was depicted as a unique concept that stands in relationship to quality of life. Subsequent regression analyses indicated that differences among operational definitions of spirituality and quality of life were associated with the variability in estimates of the magnitude of the relationship (R2 = 0.27). Other potential moderators, such as age, gender, ethnicity, religious affiliation and sampling method were examined but the findings pertaining to these variables were inconclusive because of limitations associated with the sample of primary studies. The implications of this study are mostly theoretical in nature and raise questions about the commonly assumed multidimensional conceptualization of quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Citations marked with an asterisk were included in the final meta-analysis

  • R. Abeles C. Ellison L.K. George E. Idler N. Krause J. Levin M. Ory K.I. Pargament L. Powell L. Underwood D. Williams (1999) Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for Use in Health Research. Fetzer Institute & National Institute on Aging Working Group Kalamazoo,MI

    Google Scholar 

  • T.B. Adams J.R. Bezner M.E. Drabbs R.J. Zambarano M.A. Steinhardt (2000) ArticleTitle‘Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population’ Journal of American College Health 48 165–173 Occurrence Handle10650734

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Aldridge (1993) ArticleTitle‘Is there evidence for spiritual healing?’ Advances The Journal of Mind-Body Health 9 4–21

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Baetz D.B. Larson G. Marcoux R. Bowen R. Griffin (2002) ArticleTitle‘Canadian psychiatric inpatient religious commitment: An association with mental health’ Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie 47 159–166 Occurrence Handle11926078

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T.M. Beckie L.A. Hayduk (1997) ArticleTitle‘Measuring quality of life’ Social Indicators Research 42 21–37 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006881931793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Beery L.S. Baas C. Fowler G. Allen (2002) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality in persons with heart failure’ Journal of Holistic Nursing 20 5–25 Occurrence Handle11898688

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Benight J. Flores T.Y. Tashiro (2001) ArticleTitle‘Bereavement coping self-efficacy in cancer widows’ Death Studies 25 97–125 Occurrence Handle10.1080/074811801461900 Occurrence Handle11708355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Bienenfeld H.G. Koenig D.B. Larson K.A. Sherrill (1997) ArticleTitle‘Psychosocial predictors of mental health in a population of elderly women: Test of an explanatory model’ American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 5 43–53 Occurrence Handle9169244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B. Blaine J. Crocker (1995) ArticleTitle‘Religiousness, race, and psychological well-being: Exploring social psychological mediators’ Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 1031–1041

    Google Scholar 

  • A.E. Bonomi D.L. Patrick D.M. Bushnell M. Martin (2000) ArticleTitle‘Validation of the United States’ version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) instrument’ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 53 1–12 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00123-7 Occurrence Handle10693897

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P.J. Bowman R. Sanders (1998) ArticleTitle‘Unmarried African American fathers: A comparative life span analysis’ Journal of Comparative Family Studies 29 39–56

    Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Bradburn (1969) The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Aldine Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Brady A.H. Peterman G. Fitchett M. Mo D. Cella (1999) ArticleTitle‘A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology’ Psycho-Oncology 8 417–428 Occurrence Handle10559801

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Burkhardt (1989) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality: An analysis of the concept’ Holistic Nursing Practice 3 69–77 Occurrence Handle2670980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Burkhardt (1993) ArticleTitle‘Characteristics of spirituality in the lives of women in a rural Appalachian community’ Journal of Transcultural Nursing 4 12–8 Occurrence Handle8507430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K.R. Byrd D. Lear S. Schwenka (2000) ArticleTitle‘Mysticism as a predictor of subjective well-being’ International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 10 259–269 Occurrence Handle10.1207/S15327582IJPR1004_04

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Campbell P. Converse W.L. Rodgers (1976) The Quality of American Life Sage Publishers New York

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Cella D.S. Tulsky G. Gray B. Sarafian E. Linn P. Bonami (1993) ArticleTitle‘The functional assessment of cancer therapy scale: Development and validation of the general measure’ Journal of Clinical Oncology 11 570–579 Occurrence Handle8445433

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.F. Cella (1997) Manual of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT Scales) – Version 4 (Center on Outcomes, Research & Education (CORE) Evanston Northwestern Healthcare and Northwestern University Evanston, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Chiu (2000) ArticleTitle‘Lived experience of spirituality in Taiwanese women with breast cancer ... including commentary by Clark MB and Daroszewski EB with author response’ Western Journal of Nursing Research 22 29–53 Occurrence Handle10.1177/01939450022044250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Chiu J.D. Emblen L. VanHofwegen R. Sawatzky H. Meyerhoff (2004) ArticleTitle‘Current use of the concept of spirituality in health sciences’ Western Journal of Nursing Research 26 405–428 Occurrence Handle10.1177/0193945904263411 Occurrence Handle15155026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. Cohen (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Hillsdale,NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • S.R. Cohen B.M. Mount (1992) ArticleTitle‘Quality of life in terminal illness: Defining and measuring subjective well-being in the dying’ Journal of Palliative Care 8 40–45 Occurrence Handle1279149

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S.R. Cohen B.M. Mount M.G. Strobel F. Bui (1995) ArticleTitle‘The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire: A measure of quality of life appropriate for people with advanced disease A preliminary study of validity and acceptability’. Palliative Medicine 9 207–219

    Google Scholar 

  • M.M. Coke (1992) ArticleTitle‘Correlates of life satisfaction among elderly African Americans’ Journals of Gerontology 47 316–320

    Google Scholar 

  • S.P. Cotton E.G. Levine C.M. Fitzpatrick K.H. Dold E. Targ (1999) ArticleTitle‘Exploring the relationships among spiritual well-being, quality of life, and psychological adjustment in women with breast cancer’ Psycho Oncology 8 429–438 Occurrence Handle10559802

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Coward (1990) Correlates of Self-transcendence in Women with Advanced Breast Cancer. The University of Arizona Tucson

    Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Coward (1991) ArticleTitle‘Self-transcendence and emotional well-being in women with advanced breast cancer’ Oncology Nursing Forum 18 857–863 Occurrence Handle1891414

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Coward (1996) ArticleTitle‘Self-transcendence and correlates in a healthy population’ Nursing Research 45 116–121 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00006199-199603000-00011 Occurrence Handle8604361

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Coward (1998) ArticleTitle‘Facilitation of self-transcendence in a breast cancer support group’ Oncology Nursing Forum 25 75–84 Occurrence Handle9460775

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. Derogatis R (1986) Psychosocial Adjustment to Ilness Scale (PAIS) Clinical Psychometric Research Towson, M.D.

    Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Dorahy C.A. Lewis J.F. Schumaker Boateng R. Akuamoah M.C. Duze T.E. Sibiya (1998) ArticleTitle‘A cross-cultural analysis of religion and life satisfaction’ Mental Health, Religion and Culture 1 37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Dyson M. Cobb D. Forman (1997) ArticleTitle‘The meaning of spirituality: A␣literature review’ Journal of Advanced Nursing 26 1183–1188 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.t01-23-00999.x Occurrence Handle9429969

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F. Efficace R. Marrone (2002) ArticleTitle‘Spiritual issues and quality o life assessment in cancer care’ Death Studies 26 743–756 Occurrence Handle10.1080/07481180290106526 Occurrence Handle12385344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.N. Elkins L.J. Hedstrom L.L. Hugher J.A. Leaf C. Saunders (1988) ArticleTitle‘Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality’ Journal of Humanistic Psychology 28 5–18

    Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Emblen (1992) ArticleTitle‘Religion and spirituality defined according to current use in nursing literature’ Journal of Professional Nursing 8 41–47 Occurrence Handle10.1016/8755-7223(92)90116-G Occurrence Handle1573115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A.N. Fabricatore P.J. Handal L.M. Fenzel (2000) ArticleTitle‘Personal spirituality as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and subjective well-being’ Journal of Psychology and Theology 28 221–228

    Google Scholar 

  • B.R. Ferrell K.H. Dow M. Grant (1995) ArticleTitle‘Measurement of the quality of life in cancer survivors’ Quality of Life Research 4 523–531 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00634747 Occurrence Handle8556012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B.R. Ferrell M.M. Grant B.M. Funk S.A. Otis-Green N.J. Garcia (1998) ArticleTitle‘Quality of life in breast cancer survivors: implications for developing support services’ Oncology Nursing Forum 25 887–895 Occurrence Handle9644705

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G. Fitchett B.D. Rybarczyk G.A. DeMarco J.J. Nicholas (1999) ArticleTitle‘The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study’ Rehabilitation Psychology 44 333–353 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0090-5550.44.4.333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.S. Fry (2001) ArticleTitle‘Predictors of health-related quality of life perspectives, self-esteem, and life satisfactions of older adults following spousal loss: An 18-month follow-up study widows and widowers’ Gerontologist 41 787–798 Occurrence Handle11723347

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V. Genia B.A. Cooke (1998) ArticleTitle‘Women at midlife: Spiritual maturity and life satisfaction’ Journal of Religion and Health 37 115–123 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1022926814751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L.K. George D.B. Larson H.G. Koenig M.E. McCullough (2000) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know’ Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19 102–116

    Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Gioiella B. Berkman M. Robinson (1998) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality and quality of life in gynecologic oncology patients’ Cancer Practice 6 333–338 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-5394.1998.006006333.x Occurrence Handle9824424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Hall L. Tickle-Degnen R. Rosenthal F. Mosteller (1994) ‘Hypotheses and problems in research synthesis’ J.A. Hall L. Tickle-Degnen R. Rosenthal F. Mosteller (Eds) The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Russell Sage Foundation New York 17–28

    Google Scholar 

  • C.D. Harvey J.B. Bond L.J. Greenwood (1991) ArticleTitle‘Satisfaction, happiness, and self-esteem of older rural parents’ Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 10 31–46

    Google Scholar 

  • L.V. Hedges (1994) ‘Statistical considerations’ L.V. Hedges (Eds) The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Russell Sage Foundation New York 29–38

    Google Scholar 

  • P.C. Hill R.W. Hood (Eds) (1999) Measures of Religiosity Religious Education Press Birmingham

    Google Scholar 

  • P.C. Hill K.I. Pargament R.W. Hood M.E. McCullough J.P. Swyers D.B. Larson B.J. Zinnbauer (2000) ArticleTitle‘Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure’ Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 30 51–77 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1468-5914.00119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Holland K.M. Kash S. Passik M.K. Gronert A. Sison M. Lederberg S.M. Russak L. Baider B. Fox (1998) ArticleTitle‘A brief spiritual beliefs inventory for use in quality of life research in life-threatening illness’ Psycho-Oncology 7 460–469 Occurrence Handle9885087

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Holland S. Passik K.M. Kash S.M. Russak M.K. Gronert A. Sison M. Lederberg B. Fox L. Baider (1999) ArticleTitle‘The role of religious and spiritual beliefs in coping with malignant melanoma’ Psycho-Oncology 8 14–26 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199903/04)8:2<188::AID-PON389>3.3.CO;2-X Occurrence Handle10202779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S.M. Hong E. Giannakopoulos (1994) ArticleTitle‘The relationship of satisfaction with life to personality-characteristics’ Journal of Psychology 128 547–558 Occurrence Handle7983611

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Hunter F.L. Schmidt (1990) Methods of Meta-Analysis Sage Publications Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Kennedy R.C. Davis B.G. Taylor (1998) ArticleTitle‘Changes in spirituality and well-being among victims of sexual assault’ Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 322–328

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Kim A.W. Heinemann R.K. Bode J. Sliwa R.B. King (2000) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality, quality of life, and functional recovery after medical rehabilitation’ Rehabilitation Psychology 45 365–385 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0090-5550.45.4.365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B.J. Landis (1996) ArticleTitle‘Uncertainty, spiritual well-being, and psychosocial adjustment to chronic illness’ Issues in Mental Health Nursing 17 217–231 Occurrence Handle8707542

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.B. Larson J.P. Swyers M.E. McCullough (1998) Scientific Research on Spirituality and Health: A Report Based on the Scientific Progress in Spirituality Conferences The John M. Templeton Foundation New Yorks

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Levin (1994) ArticleTitle‘Religion and health: Is there an association, is it valid, and is it causal?’ Social Science and Medicine 38 1475–1482 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-9536(94)90109-0 Occurrence Handle8036527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Levin R.J. Taylor (1998) ArticleTitle‘Panel analyses of religious involvement and well-being in African Americans: Contemporaneous vs. longitudinal effects’ Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 695–709

    Google Scholar 

  • C.A. Lewis C. Lanigan S. Joseph J. Fockert Particlede (1997) ArticleTitle‘Religiosity and happiness: no evidence for an association among undergraduates’ Personality and Individual Differences 22 119–121 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0191-8869(97)88910-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.W. Lipsey D.B. Wilson (2001) Practical Meta-Analysis Sage Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. MacDonald H.L. Friedman F.G. Kuentzel (1999a) ArticleTitle‘A survey of measures of spiritual and transpersonal constructs: Part one - research update’ The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 31 137–154

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. MacDonald F.G. Kuentzel H.L. Friedman (1999b) ArticleTitle‘A survey of measures of spiritual and transpersonal constructs: Part two – additional instruments’ The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 31 155–177

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. MacDonald L. LeClair C.J. Holland A. Alter H.L. Friedman (1995) ArticleTitle‘A survey of measures of transpersonal constructs’ The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 27 171–231

    Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Martinez (1999) ArticleTitle‘Close friends of God: an ethnographic study of health of older Hispanic adults’ Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health 5 40–45

    Google Scholar 

  • K.I. Maton M.A. Zimmerman (1992) ArticleTitle‘Psychosocial predictors of substance use among urban Black male adolescents’ Drugs and Society 6 79–113

    Google Scholar 

  • P. McGrath (1997) ArticleTitle‘Putting spirituality on the agenda: hospice research findings on the “ignored” dimension’ Hospice Journal Physical, Psychosocial, and Pastoral Care of the Dying 12 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • S. McQuaide (1998) ArticleTitle‘Women at midlife’ Social Work 43 21–33 Occurrence Handle9465789

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Meller (2001) ArticleTitle‘A comparison of the well-being of family caregivers of elderly patients hospitalized with physical impairments versus the caregivers of patients hospitalized with dementia’ Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2 60–65 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1525-8610(04)70162-0 Occurrence Handle12812591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.P. Mellors T.A. Riley J.A. Erlen (1997) ArticleTitle‘HIV, self-transcendence, and quality of life’ Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 8 59–69

    Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Mytko S.J. Knight (1999) ArticleTitle‘Body, mind and spirit: Towards the integration of religiosity and spirituality in cancer quality of life research’ Psycho-Oncology 8 439–450 Occurrence Handle10559803

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C.M. Neill A.S. Kahn (1999) ArticleTitle‘The role of personal spirituality and religious social activity on the life satisfaction of older widowed women’ Sex Roles 40 319–329 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1018811324286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Paloutzian C. Ellison (1982) ArticleTitle‘Loneliness, spiritual well-being and quality of life’. in Paloutzian R., C. Ellison (eds ), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy (John Wiley, New York), 224 IssueID-237 224–237

    Google Scholar 

  • K.I. Pargament (1999) ArticleTitle‘The psychology of religion and spirituality? Yes and no’ International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 9 3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Peacock M.M. Poloma (1999) ArticleTitle‘Religiosity and life satisfaction across the life course’ Social Indicators Research 48 321–345 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006928028270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.H. Peterman G. Fitchett M.J. G. Brady L. Hernandez D. Cella (2002) ArticleTitle‘Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp)’ Annals of Behavioral Medicine 24 49–58 Occurrence Handle10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06 Occurrence Handle12008794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Pfeifer U. Waelty (1995) ArticleTitle‘Psychopathology and religious commitment – a controlled study’ Psychopathology 28 70–77 Occurrence Handle7701064

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Pippalla M.D.C. Chaar (2001) ArticleTitle‘An assessment of quality of life in ambulatory schizophrenics: World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment scale (WHOQOL-100) concepts quality of life of ambulatory schizophrenics’ Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 18 53–65 Occurrence Handle10.1081/CRP-100104931

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.M. Poloma B.F. Pendleton (1991) ArticleTitle‘The effects of prayer and prayer experiences on measures of general well-being’ Journal of Psychology and Theology 19 71–83

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Post-White C. Ceronsky M.J. Kreitzer K. Nickelson D. Drew K.W. Mackey L. Koopmeiners S. Gutknecht (1996) ArticleTitle‘Hope, spirituality, sense of coherence, and quality of life in patients with cancer’ Oncology Nursing Forum 23 1571–1579

    Google Scholar 

  • R.G. Potts (1996) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality and the experience of cancer in an African-American community: implications for psychosocial oncology’ Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 14 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • P.G. Reed (1987) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality and well-being in terminally ill hospitalized adults’ Research in Nursing and Health 10 335–344 Occurrence Handle3671781

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P.G. Reed (1991) ArticleTitle‘Preferences for spiritually related nursing interventions among terminally ill and nonterminally ill hospitalized adults and well adults’ Applied Nursing Research 4 122–128 Occurrence Handle1897921

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P.G. Reed (1993) ArticleTitle‘An emerging paradigm for the investigation of spirituality in nursing’ Research in Nursing and Health 15 349–357

    Google Scholar 

  • R.S. Rehm (1999) ArticleTitle‘Research Religious faith in Mexican-American families dealing with chronic childhood illness’. Image the Journal of Nursing Scholarship 31 33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • B.B. Riley R. Perna D.G. Tate M. Forchheimer C. Anderson G. Luera (1998) ArticleTitle‘Types of spiritual well-being among persons with chronic illness: Their relation to various forms of quality of life’ Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79 258–264 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90004-1 Occurrence Handle9523776

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G.I. Ringdal (1996) ArticleTitle‘Religiosity, quality of life, and survival in cancer patients’ Social Indicators Research 38 193–211 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00300459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Ruffing Rahal (1991) ArticleTitle‘Initial psychometric evaluation of a qualitative well-being measure: The Integration Inventory’ Health Values: Health Behavior, Education and Promotion 15 10–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Simmons B.A. Bremer R.A. Robbins S.M. Walsh S. Fischer (2000) ArticleTitle‘Quality of life in ALS depends on factors other than strength and physical function’ Neurology 55 388–392 Occurrence Handle10932273

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.P. Sloan E. Bagiella T. Powell (1999) ArticleTitle‘Religion, spirituality, and medicine’ The Lancet 353 664–667 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07376-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Sword (1999) ArticleTitle‘Accounting for the presence of self: Reflections on doing, qualitative research’ Qualitative Health Research 9 270–278 Occurrence Handle10.1177/104973299129121839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.A. Stock (1994) ‘Systematic coding for research synthesis’ H. Cooper L.V. Hedges (Eds) The Handbook of Research Synthesis Russell Sage Foundation New York

    Google Scholar 

  • D.G. Tate B.B. Riley R. Perna S. Roller (1997) ArticleTitle‘Quality of life issues among women with physical disabilities or breast cancer’ Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 78 S18–25

    Google Scholar 

  • M.E. Thomas B.J. Holmes (1992) ArticleTitle‘Determinants of satisfaction for Blacks and Whites’ Sociological Quarterly 33 459–472 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00385.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.E. Thoresen (1999) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality and health: Is there a relationship?’ Journal of Health Psychology 4 291–300

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Tongprateep (2000) ArticleTitle‘The essential elements of spirituality among rural Thai elders’ Journal of Advanced Nursing 31 197–203 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01212.x Occurrence Handle10632809

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • I. Tuck N.L. McCain R.K. Elswick SuffixJr. (2001) ArticleTitle‘Spirituality and psychosocial factors in persons living with HIV’ Journal of Advanced Nursing 33 776–783 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01711.x Occurrence Handle11298215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F. Vaughan B. Wittine R. Walsh (1996) ‘Transpersonal psychology and the religious person’ F. Vaughan B. Wittine R. Walsh (Eds) Religion and The Clinical Practice of Psychology. American Psychological Association Washington, DC 483–510

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Vella-Brodrick F.C. Allen (1995) ArticleTitle‘Development and psychometric validation of the mental, physical, and spiritual well-being scale’ Psychological Reports 77 659–674 Occurrence Handle8559898

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. Westlake K. Dracup J. Creaser N. Livingston J.T. Heywood B.L. Huiskes G. Fonarow M. Hamilton (2002) ArticleTitle‘Correlates of health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure’ Heart and Lung 31 85–93 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mhl.2002.122839 Occurrence Handle11910383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H.D. White (1994) ‘Scientific communication and literature retrieval’ H.D. White (Eds) The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Russell Sage Foundation New York 41–53

    Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameWHOQOL-Group (1998) ArticleTitle‘The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties’ Social Science and Medicine 46 1569–1585

    Google Scholar 

  • F.M. Wolf (1986) Meta-Analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis Sage Publications London

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Wyatt M.E. Kurtz L.L. Friedman B. Given C.W. Given (1996) ArticleTitle‘Preliminary testing of the Long-Term Quality of Life (LTQL) instrument for female cancer survivors’ Journal of Nursing Measurement 4 153–170 Occurrence Handle9170782

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nursing, Trinity Western University, 7600 Glover Rd., V2Y 1Y1, Langley, Canada

    Rick Sawatzky

  2. School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver, V6T 2B5, BC, Canada

    Pamela A. Ratner & Lyren Chiu

Authors
  1. Rick Sawatzky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pamela A. Ratner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lyren Chiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rick Sawatzky.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sawatzky, R., Ratner, P.A. & Chiu, L. A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Spirituality and Quality of Life. Soc Indic Res 72, 153–188 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-5577-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-5577-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation