Skip to main content
Log in

Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intersectionality theories, or the recognition of multiple interlocking identities, defined by relative sociocultural power and privilege, constitute a vital step forward in research across multiple domains of inquiry. This special issue, which extends Shields (2008) contribution in Sex Roles, provides an opportunity to reflect on past, present, and future promise in intersectionality scholarship. To provide a common ground for this work, each paper in this special issue addresses the intersections of gender; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT); and racial/ethnic identities and related experiences. In this introduction, we (1) provide an overview of definitions and conceptualizations of intersectionality, (2) discuss the various approaches utilized in this issue to conceptualize and assess gender, LGBT, and racial/ethnic identities, (3) describe how these conceptualizations and assessments were translated into analyses of intersectionality, and (4) close with a discussion of some additional approaches and considerations intended to advance intersectionality research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Anthropological Association. (1997). Response to OMB Directive 15: Race and ethnic standards for federal statistics and administrative reporting. Retrieved from http://www.aaanet.org/gvt/ombsumm.htm

  • American Psychological Association Task Force on Gender Identity and Gender Variance. (2008). Report of the task force on gender identity and gender variance. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/gender-variant-2.pdf

  • Babbitt, L. G. (2011). An intersectional approach to Black/White interracial interactions: The roles of gender and sexual orientation. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0104-4.

  • Beal, F. M. (1970). Double jeopardy: To be black and female. In T. Cade (Ed.), The black woman: An anthology (pp. 90–100). New York: Signet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, L. L., & Stone, D. (2005). Expanding the definition of privilege: The concept of social privilege. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 243–255. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00020.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowleg, L. (2008). When Black + lesbian + woman =/= Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59, 312–325. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowleg, L. (2012). Once you’ve blended the cake, you can’t take the parts back to the main ingredients: Black gay and bisexual men’s descriptions and experiences of intersectionality. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0152-4.

  • Choo, H. Y., & Ferree, M. M. (2010). Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: A critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and institutions in the study of inequalities. Sociological Theory, 28, 129–149. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2010.01370.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170–180. doi:10.1037/a0014564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, K. L., Bos, H. M. W., Merry, M. S., & Standfort, T. G. M. (2012). Gender, ethnicity, religiosity, and same-sex sexual attraction and the acceptance of same-sex sexuality and gender non-conformity. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0135-5.

  • Collins, P. H. (1998). The social construction of black feminist thought. In K. A. Myers, C. D. Anderson, & B. J. Risman (Eds.), Feminist foundations: Toward transforming sociology. Gender and society readers (pp. 371–339). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBlaere, C., Brewster, M. E., Sarkees, A. M., & Moradi, B. (2010). Conducting research with LGB People of Color: Methodological challenges and strategies. The Counseling Psychologist, 38, 331–362. doi:10.1177/0011000009335257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, L. M., & Butterworth, M. (2008). Questioning gender and sexual identity: Dynamic links over time. Sex Roles, 59, 365–376. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9425-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dottolo, A. L., & Stewart, A. J. (2008). “Don’t ever forget now, you’re a Black man in America”: Intersections of race, class and gender in encounters with the police. Sex Roles, 59, 350–364. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9387-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fassinger, R. E., & Arseneau, J. R. (2007). I’d rather get wet than be under that umbrella: Differentiating the experiences and identities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. In K. J. Bieschke, R. M. Perez, & K. A. DeBord (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients (pp. 19–49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Galupo, M. P., & Gonzalez, K. A. (2012). Friendship values and cross-category friendships: Understanding adult friendship patterns across gender, sexual orientation and race. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0211-x.

  • Greene, B. (1994). African-American women. In L. Comas-Diaz & B. Greene (Eds.), Women of color: Integrating ethnic and gender identities in psychotherapy (pp. 10–29). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, J. E., Jernigan, M., & Mascher, J. (2005). The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective. American Psychologist, 60, 27–36. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (2010). Sexual orientation differences as deficits: Science and stigma in the history of American psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 693–699. doi:10.1177/1745691610388770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, A., & Sinha, M. (2008). More than men: Latino feminist masculinities and intersectionality. Sex Roles, 59, 337–349. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9405-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, D. K. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of a Black feminist ideology. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 14, 42–72. doi:10.1086/494491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Alcaraz, R., Scott, J., & Wikins, P. (1995). Multiple variables in discrimination. In B. Lott & D. Maluso (Eds.), The social psychology of interpersonal discrimination (pp. 183–224). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loftus, J. (2001). America’s liberalization in attitudes toward homosexuality, 1973 to 1998. American Sociological Review, 66, 767–782. doi:10.2307/3088957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahalingam, R., Balan, S., & Haritatos, J. (2008). Engendering immigrant psychology: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles, 59, 326–336. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9495-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 3, 1771–1800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., Mohr, J. J., Worthington, R. L., & Fassinger, R. E. (2009). Counseling psychology research on sexual (orientation) minority issues: Conceptual and methodological challenges and opportunities. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 5–22. doi:10.1037/a0014572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Parent, M. C. (2013). Assessment of gender-related traits, attitudes, roles, norms, identity, and experiences. In K. F. Geisinger (Ed.), APA Handbook of testing and assessment in psychology (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Subich, L. M. (2003). A concomitant examination of the relations of perceived racist and sexist events to psychological distress for African American women. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 451–469. doi:10.1177/0011000003031004007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, B., & Yoder, J. D. (2011). The psychology of women. In E. M. Altmaier & J. C. Hansen (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 346–374). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2012). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability sample of US adults. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0110-6.

  • Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377–391. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quintana, S. M. (2007). Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 259–270. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, D. W. (2012). Anti-Asian sentiment amongst a sample of white Australian men on gaydar. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0119-5.

  • Sevelius, J. M. (2012). Gender affirmation: A framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0216-5.

  • Shields, S. A. (2008). Gender: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles, 59, 301–311. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9501-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A. A. (2012). Transgender youth of color and resilience: Negotiating oppression and finding support. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0149-z.

  • Stewart, A. J., & McDermott, C. (2004). Gender in psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 519–544. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141537.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swank, E., & Fahs, B. (2012). An intersectional analysis of gender and race for sexual minorities who engage in gay and lesbian rights activism. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0168-9.

  • Syed, M. (2010). Disciplinarity and methodology in intersectional theory and research. American Psychologist 65:61–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski, D. M., & Moffitt, L. B. (2012). Sexism and heterosexism. In N. A. Fouad, J. A. Carter, & L. M. Subich (Eds.), APA Handbook of counseling psychology, vol. 2: Practice, interventions, and applications (pp. 361–390). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Veenstra, G. (2012). The gendered nature of discriminatory experiences by race, class, and sexuality: A comparison of intersectionality theory and the subordinate male target hypothesis. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0243-2.

  • Walby, S., Armstrong, J., & Strid, S. (2012). Intersectionality: Multiple inequalities in social theory. Sociology, 46, 224–240. doi:10.1177/0038038511416164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, L. R., & Shields, S. A. (2013). The intersections of sexuality, gender, and race: Identity research at the crossroads. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0281-4.

  • West, C., & Fenstermaker, S. (1995). Doing difference. Gender and Society, 9, 8–37. doi:10.1177/089124395009001002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125–151. doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthen, M. G. (2012). An argument for separate analyses of attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual men, bisexual women, MtF and FtM transgender individuals. Sex Roles, this issue. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0155-1.

  • Yoder, J. D. (2013). Women and gender: Making a difference. Cornwall-on-Hudson: Sloan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoder, J. D., & Kahn, A. S. (2003). Making gender comparisons more meaningful: A call for more attention to social context. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 281–290. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mike C. Parent.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Parent, M.C., DeBlaere, C. & Moradi, B. Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities. Sex Roles 68, 639–645 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2

Keywords

Navigation