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Authenticity in College-Aged Males and Females, How Close Others are Perceived, and Mental Health Outcomes

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Abstract

Recently, constructs related to behaving authentically in relationships have been linked to self-esteem and depression. The current study aimed to fill an important gap in the literature by identifying several social-environmental factors that may be associated with dispositional authenticity—“the unobstructed operation of one’s core or true self in one’s daily enterprise” (Kernis and Goldman 2006, p. 294)—and determining whether these factors differ for males and females. Theoretical links between dispositional authenticity and perceptions of close relationship partners as more authentic and egalitarian were empirically examined. This study expanded on relational authenticity research, which has linked behaving authentically in relationships to higher self-esteem and less depressive symptomatology, to address whether females are more likely than males to display dispositional authenticity, as well as to report low self-esteem and depression when they engage in inauthenticity. Participants were 470 U.S. college students (318 female) who were recruited from colleges across the country (41 % from a liberal arts school, 31 % from a large public university) and completed questionnaires online. Path analysis indicated that both genders report more authenticity when they perceived their mothers to be more authentic; authenticity, in turn, was related to fewer depressive symptoms and greater self-esteem for both genders. For females only, authenticity was also positively related to the perceived authenticity of important nonparental adults, and a more traditional gender ideology was related to higher self-esteem; for males only, depressive symptoms were positively related to a more traditional gender ideology. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Amanda J. Wenzel

  2. Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA

    Amanda J. Wenzel & Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson

  3. Mailing address: 1600, Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA

    Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson

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Correspondence to Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson.

Appendices

Appendix A

Modified Authenticity Items

  1. 1.

    For better or for worse I am aware of who I truly am. For better or worse my (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) is aware of who s/he truly is.

  2. 2.

    I’ve often used my silence or head-nodding to convey agreement with someone else’s statement or position even though I really disagree. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) has often used his/her silence or head-nodding to convey agreement with someone else’s statement or position even though s/he really disagrees.

  3. 3.

    I tend to idealize close others rather than objectively see them as they truly are. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) tends to idealize close others rather than objectively see them as they truly are.

  4. 4.

    If asked, people I am close to can accurately describe what kind of person I am. If asked, people my (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) is close to can accurately describe what kind of person s/he is.

  5. 5.

    I am aware of when I am not being my true self. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) is aware of when s/he is not being his/her true self.

  6. 6.

    People close to me would be shocked or surprised if they discovered what I keep inside me. People close to my (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) would be shocked or surprised if they discovered what s/he keeps inside his/her.

  7. 7.

    I try to act in a manner that is consistent with my personally held values, even if others criticize or reject me for doing so. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) tries to act in a manner that is consistent with his/her personally held values, even if others criticize or reject him/her for doing so.

  8. 8.

    I’d rather feel good about myself than objectively assess my personal limitations and shortcomings. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) would rather feel good about him/herself than objectively assess his/her personal limitations and shortcomings.

  9. 9.

    I frequently am not in touch with what’s important to me. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) frequently is not in touch with what’s important to him/her.

  10. 10.

    I often find that I am overly critical about myself. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) often finds that s/he is overly critical about him/herself.

  11. 11.

    The people I am close to can count on me being who I am regardless of what setting we are in. The people my (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) is close to can count on him/her being who s/he is regardless of what setting they are in.

  12. 12.

    I am willing to endure negative consequences by expressing my true beliefs about things. My (mother/father/friend/important nonparental adult) is willing to endure negative consequences by expressing his/her true beliefs about things.

Appendix B

Gender Ideology Scale

ABOUT MEN AND WOMEN

  1. 1.

    A wife who carries out her full family responsibilities doesn’t have time for outside employment.

  2. 2.

    A husband whose wife is working full-time should spend just as many hours doing housework as his wife.

  3. 3.

    It is all right for a woman to supervise the work of men.

  4. 4.

    Parents should encourage just as much independence in their daughters as in their sons.

  5. 5.

    Women should take care of running their homes and leave running the country up to men.

  6. 6.

    Women should be allowed to be pastors, ministers, priests or rabbis.

  7. 7.

    I would vote for a woman nominated by my party for President, if she were qualified for the job.

  8. 8.

    Regardless of who earns more money, husbands and wives should make decisions about the family together.

  9. 9.

    Whether or not his wife has a job, taking care of the housework should really be the wife’s responsibility.

  10. 10.

    It is not good if the man stays at home and cares for the children and the woman goes out to work.

  11. 11.

    A real man is a good father.

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Wenzel, A.J., Lucas-Thompson, R.G. Authenticity in College-Aged Males and Females, How Close Others are Perceived, and Mental Health Outcomes. Sex Roles 67, 334–350 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0182-y

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