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The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context

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Abstract

On the basis of Social Role Theory and a social functional view of emotions, we argue that gender differences in anger experiences and expression are related to men’s and women’s relationship context. We hypothesized that women in traditional relationship contexts would express their anger less directly, and would suppress their anger more, due to expected negative social appraisals. We compared anger reactions to a conflict situation in a traditional and egalitarian relationship context. Eighty-two Dutch adult participants (43 women and 39 men) were recruited partly by students in a psychology class, and partly by a snowball method. They were invited to participate only if they had a steady relationship of minimally one year. The results show that women report more intense subjective anger in both contexts, but that the expression of anger differed with relationship context. In traditional relationships women tend to suppress their anger more than men, while men report to express their anger directly more than women. This difference in anger expression was mediated by negative social appraisals. In egalitarian relationships, this difference was not found.

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Acknowledgement

We want to thank Laura te Hennepe, for collecting the data for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roeterstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Agneta H. Fischer

  2. Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Catharine Evers

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  1. Agneta H. Fischer
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Correspondence to Agneta H. Fischer.

Appendix A

Appendix A

Original Dutch version and English translation of the questionnaire

Characteristics of the Conflict

Which of the following causes applied to the conflict?

Wat was de belangrijkste aanleiding voor het conflict?

My partner did not meet an agreement

Mijn partner kwam een afspraak niet na

My partner insulted me

Mijn partner beledigde mij

My partner showed inappropriate behavior

Mijn partner gedroeg zich ongepast

My partner showed no respect

Mijn partner toonde geen respect

My partner ignored me

Mijn partner negeerde mij

How long ago this conflict had taken place

Hoe lang geleden vond dit conflict plaats?

How many of such conflicts they had had

Hoe vaak heeft u een dergelijk conflict gehad met uw partner?

Who initiated the conflict

Wie begon het conflict?

Who contributed most to solving the conflict?

Wie heeft het meest bijgedragen aan een oplossing van het conflict?

Subjective Anger

How intense was your anger

Hoe boos was u?

Anger Expression

I criticized my partner

Ik gaf kritiek op mijn partner

I said I was angry

Ik zei dat ik boos was

I scolded my partner

Ik schold mijn partner uit

I verbally attacked my partner

Ik haalde verbaal scherp uit

Indirect anger:

I shared y anger with others (gossiping),

Ik deelde mijn boosheid met anderen

I did not know what to do

Ik wist niet wat ik moest doen

I burst into tears

Ik barstte in tranen uit

Anger suppression

I redirected my anger towards someone else

Ik uitte mijn boosheid tegen anderen

I suppressed my anger

Ik onderdrukte mijn boosheid

I did not show anything

Ik liet niets van mijn boosheid ien

Coercion Goal

I wanted my partner to take me serious

Ik wilde dat mijn partner me serieus nam

I experienced control over my partner

Ik had controle over mijn partner

I felt strong with respect to my partner

Ik voelde me sterk tegenover mijn partner

I wanted my partner to change his or her behavior

Ik wilde dat mijn partner zijn/haar gedrag veranderde

I wanted to influence my partner

Ik wilde mijn partner beinvloeden

Negative Social Appraisals

I was afraid that the situation got worse

Ik was bang dat de situatie zou verslechteren

I was afraid of revenge

Ik was bang voor wraak

I expected negative effects for our relationship

Ik verwachtte negatieve effecten voor onze relatie

I could not stand against my partner

Ik kon niet tegen mijn partner op

I worried that my partner would like me less

Ik was bezorgd dat mijn partner me minder zou mogen

Relational Power

I am the one who takes the decisions

In onze relatie ben ik meestal degene die de beslissingen neemt

I am the most dominant in the relationship

Ik ben het meest dominant in onze relatie

We mostly do what my partner wants (rev.)

We doen meestal wat mijn partner vindt

I decide what to do with respect to finances

Op financieel gebied neem ik over het algeneen de beslissingen

I decide what to do with respect to the activities we undertake

Wat betreft onze activiteiten in vrije tijd, neem ik in het algemeen de beslissingen

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Fischer, A.H., Evers, C. The Social Costs and Benefits of Anger as a Function of Gender and Relationship Context. Sex Roles 65, 23–34 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9956-x

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