Skip to main content
Log in

Romantic Contexts, Sexual Behavior, and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescent Males and Females

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to examine the association between sexual behavior and depressive affect among adolescents, 122 and 219 Israeli adolescents, in two separate studies, reported their romantic and sexual history, the quality of their relationships and level of depressive symptoms. Findings show that a higher level of sexual activity in short-term romantic relationships, which were low in intimacy and authenticity, was related to increased levels of depressive symptoms among females but not among males. In contrast, involvement in stable romantic relationships was not associated with increased depressive affect for either gender. Findings from a 3 month follow-up suggested that it may be that an increased level of depressive symptoms leads adolescent females to become more sexually involved in short romantic encounters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antonovsky, H. F., Shoham, I., Kavenocky, S., Modan, B., & Lancet, M. (1978). Sexual attitude-behavior discrepancy among Israeli adolescent girls. Journal of Sex Research, 14, 260–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, H. F., Shoham, I., Kavenaki, S., Lancet, M., & Modan, B. (1980). Gender differences in patterns of adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, 127–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axinn, W. G., Pearce, L. D., & Ghimire, D. (1999). Innovations in life history applications. Social Science Research, 28, 243–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayduk, O., Downey, G., & Kim, M. (2001). Rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 868–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, C., Galliher, R. V., & Ferguson, T. (2007). Associations among aspects of interpersonal power and positive and negative relationship outcomes in adolescent romantic couples. Sex Roles, 57, 483–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, W., Doherty, M., Fortin, C., & Mackinnon, D. (2003). Canadian youth, sexual health and HIV/AIDS study: Factors influencing knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. Toronto: Council of Ministers of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. B. (1999). “You’re going out with whom?” Peer group influences on adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 291–329). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. B., Feiring, C., & Furman, W. (1999). Missing the love boat: Why researchers have shied away from adolescent romance. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 1–18). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. K., Tolou-Shams, M., Lescano, C., Houck, C., Zeidman, J., Pugatch, D., et al. (2006). Depressive symptoms as a predictor of sexual risk among African American adolescents and young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canetti, L., Shalev, A., & Kaplan De-Nour, A. (1994). Israeli adolescent norms of the brief symptom inventory (BSI). Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 31, 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, K., Joyner, K., & Udry, J. R. (2003). National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 23–56). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, J., & Goldberg, A. (1999). Romantic relationships in adolescence: The role of friends and peers in their emergence and development. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 266–290). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, J. A., & Johnson, A. M. (1996). Adolescents’ romantic relationships and the structure and quality of their interpersonal ties. Personal Relationships, 3, 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, M. L., Shapiro, C. M., & Powers, A. M. (1998). Motivations for sex and risky sexual behavior among adolescents and young adults: a functional perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1528–1558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crepaz, N., & Marks, G. (2001). Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors? A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 20, 291–299.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crockett, L. J., Bingham, C. R., Chopak, J. S., & Vicary, J. R. (1996). Timing of first sexual intercourse: the role of social control, social learning, and problem behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25, 89–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crockett, L. J., Raffaelli, M., & Moilanen, K. L. (2003). Adolescent sexuality: Behavior and meaning. In G. R. Adams & M. D. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 371–392). Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie, C., Nic Gabhainn, S., Godeau, E., Roberts, C., Smith, R., & Currie, D. (Eds.). (2008). Inequalities in young people’s health: HBSC international report from the 2005/2006 Survey. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. T., & Windle, M. (2000). Middle adolescents’ dating pathways and psychosocial adjustment. Merril Palmer Quarterly, 46, 90–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, 595–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, L. M., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2003). The intimate relationships of sexual minority youths. In G. Adams & M. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of adolescence (pp. 393–412). Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnellan, M. B., Larsen-Rife, D., & Conger, R. D. (2005). Personality, family history, and competence in early romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 562–576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florsheim, P. (2003). Adolescent romantic and sexual behavior: What we know and where we go from here. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 371–385). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortenberry, J. D., Temkit, M., Wanzhu, Tu, Graham, C. A., Katz, B. P., & Orr, D. P. (2005). Mood, sexual interest and sexual activity among adolescent women. Health Psychology, 24, 252–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W. (2002). The emerging field of adolescent romantic relationships. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 177–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W., & Shaffer, L. (2003). The role of romantic relationships in adolescent development. In P. Florsheim (Ed.), Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications (pp. 3–22). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W., & Shaffer-Hand, L. (2006). The slippery nature of romantic relationships: Issues in definition and differentiation. In A. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Romance and sex in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Risks and opportunities (pp. 171–178). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galliher, R. V., Rostosky, S. S., Welsh, D. P., & Kawaguchi, M. C. (1999). Power and psychological well-being in late adolescent romantic relationships. Sex Roles, 40, 689–710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2006). Adolescent romantic relationships: An emerging portrait of their nature and developmental significance. In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Romance and sex in adolescence and emerging adulthood (pp. 127–150). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graber, J. A., Britto, P. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1999). What’s love got to do with it? Adolescents’ and young adults’ beliefs about sexual and romantic relationships. In W. Furman, B. B. Brown & C. Feiring (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 364–395). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grello, C. M., Welsh, D. P., Dickson, J. W., & Harper, M. S. (2003). Dating and sexual relationship trajectories and adolescent functioning. Adolescent & Family Health, 3, 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grello, C. M., Welsh, D. P., & Harper, M. S. (2006). No strings attached: the nature of casual sex in late adolescents. The Journal of Sex Research, 43, 255–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, J., & Foster, H. (2001). Youth violence and the end of adolescence. American Sociological Review, 66, 874–899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harel, Y., Kanny, D., & Rahav, G. (2002). No’ar be’Yesrael: Revacha hevratit, britut, ve’hitnahaguyot sikun bemabat beinleumi: mimtsaim mehaseker hasheni [Youth in Israel: Social well being, health and risk behaviors from an international perspective: Findings of the second study]. Jerusalem: JDC-Brookdale Institute and Bar- Ilan University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, M. S., & Welsh, D. P. (2007). Keeping quiet: self-silencing and its association with relational and individual functioning among adolescent romantic couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 99–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, M. S., Dickson, J. W., & Welsh, D. P. (2006). Self-silencing and rejection sensitivity in adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 459–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hetsroni, A. (2000). Choosing a mate in television dating games: the influence of setting, culture, and gender. Sex Roles, 42, 83–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, D. C., & Dill, D. (1992). The silencing the self scale: schemas of intimacy associated with depression in women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, J. (2004). Toward competence and connection. In J. Jordan, M. Walker & L. M. Hartling (Eds.), The complexity of connection (pp. 11–27). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyner, K., & Udry, J. R. (2000). You don’t bring me anything but down: adolescent romance and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 369–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karney, B., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: a review of theory, methods, and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 3–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, E. S., & Gillen, M. M. (2006). “Sex is just a normal part of life”: Sexuality in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century (pp. 235–256). Washington: APA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, W. D., Giordano, P. C., & Longmore, M. A. (2006). Hooking up: the relationship contexts of ‘non-relationship’ sex. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 459–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paikoff, R. L., McCormick, A., & Sagrestano, L. (2000). Adolescent sexuality. In L. T. Szuchman & F. Muscarella (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on human sexuality (pp. 416–439). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, J. (2006). Personal control, self-efficacy in sexual negotiation, and contraceptive risk among adolescents: the role of gender. Sex Roles, 54, 615–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shtarkshall, R. A., Carmel, S., Jaffe-Hirschfield, D., & Woloski-Wruble, A. (2009). Sexual milestones and factors associated with coitus initiation among Israeli high school students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 591–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., & Scharf, M. (2000). Adolescent romantic behaviors and perceptions: age-related differences and links with family and peer relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 99–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., & Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2001). Adolescent romance: between experience and relationship. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 417–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., Laursen, B., Kalman, Z., & Karpovsky, S. (1997). Adolescent intimacy: revisited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 597–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., Tuval-Mashiach, R., Levran, E., & Anbar, S. (2006). Conflict resolution patterns and longevity of adolescent romantic couples: a two-year follow-up study. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 575–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Wulf, D., Samara, R., & Cuca, Y. P. (2000). Gender difference in the timing of first intercourse. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 21–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teitler, J. O. (2002). Trends in youth sexual initiation and fertility in developed countries: 1960–1995. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 580, 134–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolpin, L., Cohen, L., Gunthert, K., & Farrehi, A. (2006). Unique effects of depressive symptoms and relationship satisfaction on exposure and reactivity to daily romantic relationship stress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 565–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, D. P., Rostosky, S. S., & Kawaguchi, M. C. (2000). A normative perspective of adolescent girls’ developing sexuality. In C. B. Travis & J. S. White (Eds.), Sexuality, society, and feminism: Psychological perspectives on women (pp. 111–140). Washington: APA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, D. P., Haugen, P. T., Widman, L., Darling, N., & Grello, C. M. (2005). Kissing is good: a developmental investigation of sexuality in adolescent romantic couples. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 2, 32–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widman, L., Welsh, D. P., McNulty, J. K., & Little, K. C. (2006). Sexual communication and contraceptive use in adolescent dating couples. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 893–899.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2002). The development of romantic relationships and adaptations in the system of peer relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 216–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Siebenbruner, J., & Collins, W. A. (2001). The divergent influences of romantic involvement on individual and social functioning from early to middle adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 313–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shmuel Shulman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shulman, S., Walsh, S.D., Weisman, O. et al. Romantic Contexts, Sexual Behavior, and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescent Males and Females. Sex Roles 61, 850–863 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9691-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9691-8

Keywords

Navigation