Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Mental Health Stereotypes About Gay Men

  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Three studies were conducted to examine the mental health stereotypes about gay men among college student and therapist trainee samples. Results from Study 1 indicated that (a) college students and therapist trainees endorsed a stereotype of the mental health of gay men that was similar in terms of its content and strength, and (b) the stereotype was consistent with five DSM-IV-TR disorder categories: mood, anxiety, sexual and gender identity, eating, and personality disorders. In Study 2 and 3 we investigated whether homophobia or a tendency to report cultural beliefs could account for the lack of difference between college students and therapist trainees. Results did not support either explanation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adebimpe, V. R. (1981). Overview: White norms and psychiatric diagnosis of Black patients. American Journal of Psychiatrics, 138, 279–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alport, G. (1956). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. Rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1986). Gender stereotypes. In R. D. Ashmore, & F. K. Del Boca (Eds.), The social psychology of female-male relations: A critical analysis of central concepts (pp. 69–119). New York: Academic Press.

  • Austin, B. S., Ziyadeh, N., Kahn, J. A., Camargo, C. A., Colditz, G. A., & Field, A. E. (2004). Sexual orientation, weight concerns, and eating-disordered behaviors in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1115–1123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barret, B., & Logan, C. (2002). Counseling gay men and lesbians: A practice primer. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, J. A. (1979). Person x situation interactions and the perception of the organization climate. Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 6-B. (UMI No. 2370).

  • Bieschke, K. J., & Matthews, C. (1996). Career counselor attitudes and behaviors toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. Journal of Vocational Counseling, 48, 243–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boysen, G. A. Vogl, D. L., & Madon, S. (in press). Public and private assessment of implicit bias. European Journal of Social Psychology.

  • 10 Campbell, D. T. (1967). Stereotypes and the perception of group differences. American Psychologist, 22, 817–829.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000a). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 516–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000b). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from NHANES II. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 573–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W. (2004). Don't call me nuts: An international perspective on the stigma of mental illness. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 403–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gelso, C. J., Fassinger, R. E., Gomez. M. J., & Latts, M. G. (1995). Countertransference reactions to lesbian clients: The role of homophobia, counselor gender, and countertransference management. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 356–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, S. E., Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., Hughes, M., Ostrow, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Risk of psychiatric disorders among individuals reporting same-sex sexual partners in the National Comorbidity Study. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 933–938.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausmann, A., Mangweth, B., Walch, T., Rupp, C., & Pope, H. G. (2004). Body image dissatisfaction in gay versus heterosexual men: Is there really a difference? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1555–1558.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, J. A., & Erkis, A. J. (2000). Therapist homophobia, client sexual orientation, and source of client HIV infection as predictors of the therapist reactions to clients with HIV. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 71–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, L. A., & Sullivan, L. A. (1989). Cognition and affect in evaluations of stereotyped group members. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 659–672.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review, 100, 109–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jussim, L., McCauley, C. R., & Lee, Y. T. (1995). Why study stereotype accuracy and inaccuracy? In Y. T. Lee, L. Jussim, & C. McCauley (Eds.), Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (pp. 3–27). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. (1987). Gender belief systems: Homosexuality and the implicit inversion theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11, 83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y. T., Jussim, L., & McCauley, C. R. (Eds.). (1995). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, E. E., & Klassen, A. D. (1974). Public attitudes toward homosexuality: Part of the 1970 national survey by the Institute for Sex Research. Journal of Homosexuality, 1, 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, B. J. (1995). Sexual orientation bias among advanced graduate students of counseling and counseling psychology. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 321–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, B. J. (1999). Recent improvements in mental health services to lesbian and gay clients. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 127–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles, 37, 663–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madon, S., Jussim, L., Keiper, S., Eccles, J., Smith, A., & Palumbo, P. (1998). The accuracy and power of sex, social class and ethnic stereotypes: A naturalistic study in person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1304–1318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 996–1010.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, C., & Stitt, C. L. (1978). An individual and quantitative measure of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 929–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review, 8, 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neighbors, H. W., Jackson, J. S., Campell, L., & Williams, D. (1989). The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research. Community Mental Health Journal, 25, 301–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ottati, V., & Lee, Y. (1995). Accuracy: A neglected component of stereotype research. In Y. Lee, L. Jussim, & C. R. McCauley (Eds.), Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences (pp. 29–59). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Page, S., & Yee, M. (1986). Conception of male and female homosexual stereotypes among university undergraduates. Journal of Homosexuality, 12, 109–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., & Bieschke, K. J. (2002). Development of the Heterosexism Scale. Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

  • Phillips, J. C., Ingram, K. M., Smith, N. G., & Mindes, E. J. (2003). Methodological and content review of lesbian-, gay-, and bisexual related articles in counseling journals: 1990–1999. Counseling Psychologist, 31, 25–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, C. J., & Keel, P. K. (2002). Homosexuality as a specific risk factor for eating disorders in men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C. S. (2002). Stereotype accuracy. European Review of Social Psychology, 13, 75–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandfort, T. G. M., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., & Schnabel, P. (2001). Same-sex sexual behavior and psychiatric disorders: Findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siever, M. D. (1994). Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 252–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J. L. (1965). Public stereotypes of deviants. Social Problems, 13, 223–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staats, G. R. (1978). Stereotype content and social distance: Changing views of homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 4, 15–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stangor, C., & Lange, J. E. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in understanding stereotypes and stereotyping. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 357–416). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

  • Taylor, A. (1983). Conceptions of masculinity and femininity as biases for stereotypes of male and female homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 9, 37–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, D. L., Epting, F., & Wester, S. R. (2003). Counselors' perceptions of their clients: Do we reinforce traditional gender roles? Journal of Counseling and Development, 81, 131–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wester, S. R., Vogel, D. L., Pressly, P., & Heesacker, M. (2002). Sex differences in emotion: A critical review of the literature and implications for counseling psychology. Counseling Psychologist, 30, 630–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, A. S. (1997). The polls–-trends: Attitudes toward homosexuality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 477–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guy A. Boysen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Boysen, G.A., Vogel, D.L., Madon, S. et al. Mental Health Stereotypes About Gay Men. Sex Roles 54, 69–82 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-8870-0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-8870-0

Key Words

Navigation