Abstract
Sexual dysfunction is one of the most common problems in patients undergoing hemodialysis, which causes mental and psychological problems. Identification of the related factors is necessary to prevent the psychological complications of sexual dysfunction. This study investigated the relationship among sexual dysfunction, loneliness, social isolation, and self-esteem. In this cross-sectional correlational study, 132 patients undergoing hemodialysis with inclusion criteria were selected through census sampling from hemodialysis centers in Kerman, Iran. Demographic questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, young schema questionnaire-short form, revised UCLA loneliness scale, the female sexual function index, and the international index of erectile function were used to collect data, which were analyzed with SPSS18 using descriptive and analytical tests. The mean total score of sexual function was 12.29 ± 7.78 in women and 29.46 ± 21.29 and in men, which was indicative of poor sexual function of patients. The level of self-esteem of the majority of subjects (47.7%) was in the mean range of 16.58 ± 7.03. The mean total score of social isolation of patients was 17.06 ± 7.62 at an average level, and the mean total score of the loneliness of the patients was 38.15 ± 13.70 at a low level. There was no statistically significant correlation among sexual dysfunction, loneliness, social isolation, and self-esteem (P > 0.05). The results of the study suggested the necessity of planning and implementing plans for the improvement of the sexual function of patients. On the other hand, interventions to improve social isolation, level of loneliness, and self-esteem in patients undergoing hemodialysis should be planned and implemented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afshar, R., Sanavi, S., Salimi, J.: Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in Iran: a four year single center experience. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant. 18, 191–194 (2007)
Zamanzadeh, V., Heidarzadeh, M., Oshvandi, K.H., Lakdizaji, S.: Relationship between quality of life and social support in hemodialysis patients in Imam Khomeini and Sina educational hospitals of Tabriz University of medical sciences. Med. J. Tabriz Univ. Med. Sci. 29, 49–54 (2007)
Aghighi, M., Mahdavi-Mazdeh, M., Zamyadi, M., Heydari-Rouchi, A., Rajolani, H., Nourouzi, S.: Changing epidemiology of end-stage renal disease in last 10 years in Iran. Iran J. Kidney Dis. 3, 192–196 (2009)
Malekkhahi, A., Jadid-Milani, M., Amiri, P.: The effect of peer support groups on sexual function in patients treated with haemodialysis. J. Sabzevar Univ. Med. Sci. 23, 304–312 (2016)
Moattari, M., Ebrahimi, M., Sharifi, N., Rouzbeh, J.: The effect of empowerment on the self-efficacy, quality of life and clinical and laboratory indicators of patients treated with hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 10, 1–10 (2012)
Heidarzadeh, M., Atashpeikar, S., Jalilazar, T.: Relationship between quality of life and self-care ability in patients receiving hemodialysis. Iran J. Nurs. Midwifery Res. 15, 71–76 (2010)
Curtin, R.B., Walters, B.A.J., Schatell, D., Pennell, P., Wise, M., Klicko, K.: Self-efficacy and self-management behaviors in patients with chronic kidney disease. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 15, 191–205 (2008)
Patel, S.S., Shah, V.S., Peterson, R.A., Kimmel, P.L.: Psychosocial variables, quality of life, and religious beliefs in ESRD patients treated with hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 40, 1013–1022 (2002)
Basson, R., Berman, J., Burnett, A., Derogatis, L., Ferguson, D., Fourcroy, J., et al.: Report of the international consensus development conference on female sexual dysfunction: definitions and classifications. J. Urol. 163, 888–893 (2000)
Strippoli, G.F.M.: Sexual dysfunction in women with ESRD requiring hemodialysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol .7, 1–8 (2012). http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2012/04/04/CJN.12601211.abstract
Group CD and S dysfunction (CDS) in HW: Prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction in men on chronic haemodialysis: a multinational cross-sectional study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 27, 2479–2488 (2011)
Seck, S.M., Dahaba, M., Diouf, B., Cisse, M.M., Gueye, S., Niang, A.: The burden of erectile dysfunction in dialysis patients in Senegal. Hemodial. Int. 15, 280–283 (2011)
Yazici, R., Altintepe, L., Guney, I., Yeksan, M., Atalay, H., Turk, S., et al.: Female sexual dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Ren. Fail. 31, 360–364 (2009)
Saglimbene, V., Natale, P., Palmer, S., Scardapane, M., Craig, J.C., Ruospo, M., et al.: The prevalence and correlates of low sexual functioning in women on hemodialysis: a multinational, cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 12, e0179511 (2017)
Seyfzadeh, A., Hagighatian, M., Mohajerani, A.: The relationship between social isolation and health among the Tehranian elderly. J. Educ. Commun. Heal. 4, 19–25 (2017)
Finkelstein, F.O., Finkelstein, S.H.: Depression in chronic dialysis patients: assessment and treatment. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15, 1911–1913 (2000)
Iliescu, E.A., Coo, H., McMurray, M.H., Meers, C.L., Quinn, M.M., Singer, M.A., et al.: Quality of sleep and health-related quality of life in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18, 126–132 (2003)
Sadock, B.J., Sadock, V.A.: Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia (2011)
Ghafari, F., Azizi, F., Mazloum, S.R.: Multiple roles and its relationship with mental health of female nurses. Iran J. Obstet. Gynecol. Infertil. 10, 69–78 (2007)
Magela Salomé, G., de Almeida, S., Silveira, M.: Quality of life and self-esteem of patient with renal disease. J. Coloproctol. 34, 231–239 (2014)
Heinrich, L.M., Gullone, E.: The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 26, 695–718 (2006)
De Jong, G.J.: A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 8, 73–80 (1998)
Rosen, J., Heiman, S., Leiblum, C., Meston, R., Shabsigh, D., Ferguson, R., D’Agostino, R.C.B.: The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J. Sex Marital Ther. 26, 191–208 (2000)
Mohammadi, K.H., Heydari, M., Faghihzadeh, S.: The female sexual function index (FSFI): validation of the Iranian version. Payesh. 7, 269–278 (2008)
Rosen, R.C., Riley, A., Wagner, G., Osterloh, I.H., Kirkpatrick, J., Mishra, A.: The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 49, 822–830 (1997)
Mehraban, D., Shabaninia, S.H., Naderi, G.H.H., Esfahani, F.: Farsi international index of erectile dysfunction and doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of male impotence. Iran J. Surg. 14, 25–31 (2006)
Rosenberg, M.: Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (1965)
Gana, K., Alaphilippe, D., Bailly, N.: Factorial structure of the French version of the Rosenberg self-esteem Scale among the elderly. Int. J. Test. 5, 169–176 (2005)
Marashi, S., Mehrabiyan, T.: The relationship of prayer and spiritual health with self-esteem of patients treated with hemodialysis in Ilam. Mil. Caring. Sci. 2, 214–220 (2016)
Samadi, N., Safavi, M., Mahmoodi, M.: The relationship between quality of life and self-esteem in patients with Type 2 diabetes in Ardabil 2011: a short report. J. Rafsanjan Univ. Med. Sci. 12, 251–256 (2013)
Young, J.E.: Young schema questionnaire: short form. Cognitive Therapy Center, New York (1998). http://pure.rhul.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/young-schema-questionnaire-short-form(509104f1-db10-48cf-965b-62964a10339f)/export.html
Oei, T.P.S., Baranoff, J.: Young schema questionnaire: review of psychometric and measurement issues. Aust. J. Psychol. 59, 78–86 (2007)
Lee, C.W., Taylor, G., Dunn, J.: Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cognit. Ther. Res. 23, 441–451 (1999)
Mohammad Beigi, A., Bakhtiari, M., Mohammadkhani, S., Sadeghi, Z.: The relation between early maladaptive schema and procrastination and mental health of medical and non-medical students of Shahid Beheshti university of medical sciences. J. Maz. Univ. Med. Sci. 22, 26–34 (2013)
Russell, D., Peplau, L.A., Ferguson, M.L.: Developing a measure of loneliness. J. Pers. Assess. 42, 290–294 (1978)
Russell, D.W.: UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. J. Pers. Assess. 66, 20–40 (1996)
Hatami, M., Farmani, F., Safavi, S., Najafizadeh, A., Asadi-QaleShiri, M.: The effectiveness group therapy based on choice theory on loneliness feeling in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Heal Psychol. 4, 109–120 (2016)
Rahimzadeh, S., Bayat, M., Anari, A.: Loneliness and social self-efficacy in adolescence. Dev. Psychol. 6, 87–96 (2010)
Taghavi, M., Fatemi, S., Aboutorabi, R.: Survey of sexual function in female with diabetic II type. Iran J. Diabetes Metab. 8, 357–362 (2008)
Santos, P.R., Júnior, J.R.F.G.C., Cavalcanti, J.U., Vieira, C.B., Rocha, A.R.M., Apolônio, N.A.M., et al.: Quality of life among women with sexual dysfunction undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional observational study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 10, 1–5 (2012)
Kim, J.H., Doo, S.W., Yang, W.J., Kwon, S.H., Song, E.S., Lee, H.J., et al.: Association between the hemodialysis adequacy and sexual dysfunction in chronic renal failure: a preliminary study. BMC Urol. 14, 1–6 (2014)
Ahmadvand, A., Sepehrmanesh, Z., Akasheh, G., Saei, R.: Evaluation of sexual dysfunction disorders in hemodialysis patients in Akhavan Hospital in Kashan, 2013, Iran. Qom Univ. Med. Sci. J. 8, 20–27 (2014)
Al Khallaf, H.H.: Analysis of sexual functions in male nondiabetic hemodialysis patients and renal transplant recipients. Transpl. Int. 23, 176–181 (2010)
Mohamadi, G.R., Zare, M., Kavosi, A.: The quality of sexual life of males with end-stage renal disease in Neyshabur. J. Neyshabur Univ. Med. Sci. 1, 28–31 (2014)
Lau, L.C., Adaikan, P.G., Vathsal, A., Srilatha, B., Wong, M.L., Tan, C.S., et al.: Clinical prevalence and associated factors of erectile dysfunction in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore. 47, 78–81 (2018). http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/47VolNo2Feb2018/V47N2p78.pdf
Matas, A.J., Halbert, R.J., Barr, M.L., Helderman, J.H., Hricik, D.E., Pirsch, J.D., et al.: Life satisfaction and adverse effects in renal transplant recipients: a longitudinal analysis. Clin. Transplant. 16, 113–121 (2002)
Muehrer, R.J.: Sexuality, an important component of the quality of life of the kidney transplant recipient. Transplant. Rev. 23, 214–223 (2009)
Mollazadeh, F.: The comparison of self-esteem of patientsundergoing hemodialysis with kidney transplant recipeint. J. Urmia Nurs. Midwifery Fac. 15, 415–423 (2017)
Chun, C.J., Jung, Y.M.: Comparison of self-esteem and quality of life in patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. J. Korean Acad. Adult Nurs. 12, 706–716 (2000)
Ogutmen, B., Yildirim, A., Sever, M.S., Bozfakioglu, S., Ataman, R., Erek, E., et al.: Health-related quality of life after kidney transplantation in comparison intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and normal controls. In: Transplantation Proceedings. Elsevier. pp. 419–21 (2006)
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., Chadban, S., Walker, R.G., Harris, D.C., Carter, S.M., et al.: Patients’ experiences and perspectives of living with CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 53, 689–700 (2009)
Kazemi, M., Nasrabadi, A.N., Hasanpour, M., Hassankhani, H., Mills, J.: Experience of Iranian persons receiving hemodialysis: a descriptive, exploratory study. Nurs. Health Sci. 13, 88–93 (2011)
Taei, Z., MogadamTabriz, F., Sheikhei, N.: The effect of dimension of social support on hope and loneliness in patients with breast cancer. J. Urmia Nurs. Midwifery Fac. 13, 473–480 (2015)
Asti, T., Kara, M., Ipek, G., Erci, B.: The experiences of loneliness, depression, and social support of Turkish patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and their caregivers. J. Clin. Nurs. 15, 490–497 (2006)
Tosifian, N., Ghaderibagejan, M., Mahmoodi, A.K.: Structural modeling of early maladaptive schemas and executive functions of people diagnosed with MS emphasizing on the role of the sense of loneliness factor. Neuropsychology. 3(10), 93–108 (2017)
Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., Steptoe, A.: Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Heal Psychol. 30, 377–385 (2011)
Wheeler, S.B.: Effects of self-esteem and academic performance on adolescent decision-making: an examination of early sexual intercourse and illegal substance use. J. Adolesc. Heal. 47, 582–590 (2010)
Wischmann, T., Schilling, K., Toth, B., Rösner, S., Strowitzki, T., Wohlfarth, K., et al.: Sexuality, self-esteem and partnership quality in infertile women and men. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 74, 759–763 (2014)
Asadpour, E., Veisi, S.: The effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy on sexual self-esteem and sexual function in women with multiple sclerosis. Arak Med. Univ. J. 20, 1–12 (2017)
Ramezani, M., Dolatian, M., Shams, J., Alavi, H.: The relationship between self-esteem and sexual dysfunction and satisfaction in women. Arak Med. Univ. J. 14, 57–65 (2011)
Bhatti, L.I., Fikree, F.F., Khan, A.: The quest of infertile women in squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study. Soc. Sci. Med. 49, 637–649 (1999)
Chachamovich, J.R., Chachamovich, E., Ezer, H., Fleck, M.P., Knauth, D., Passos, E.P.: Investigating quality of life and health-related quality of life in infertility: a systematic review. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol. 31, 101–110 (2010)
Koç, Z., Saglam, Z.: Determining the correlation between sexual satisfaction and loneliness levels in patients with hemodialysis in a Muslim community. Sex. Disabil. 31, 13–29 (2013)
Keskin, G., Babacan, G.A., Taşdemir, Y.G.: Sexual dysfunctions and related variables with sexual function in patients who undergo dialysis for chronic renal failure. J. Clin. Nurs. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14602
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the honorable nephrology professors especially Dr. Azmandian, and all head nurses and nurses of the hemodialysis wards and all dialysis patients for their sincere cooperation in this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interests.
Ethical Approval
This project has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, with the Code No. Ir.iau.khuisf.rec.1397-31 in June 03, 2018. Before sampling, the researcher provided patients undergoing hemodialysis with information about the purposes of the study, confidentiality, and anonymity of the information, the optional participation in the study, and optional withdrawal at any stage. Informed written consent was obtained from patients to participate in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saedi, F., Barkhordari-Sharifabad, M., Javadi-Estahbanati, M. et al. Sexual Function, Social Isolation, Loneliness and Self-Esteem in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Sex Disabil 37, 401–413 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-019-09575-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-019-09575-6