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Do extra-curricular activities in schools improve educational outcomes? A critical review and meta-analysis of the literature

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Abstract

Secondary schools tend to sponsor a large number of extra-curricular activities (ECA) yet little is known about their contribution to students’ educational outcomes. This meta-analysis aims to determine what it is about ECA participation that supports positive educational outcomes. Furthermore, this study challenges the theoretical assumptions about the benefits of participation in ECA. 29 studies (all except for one based on data collected in the United States) met the search criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Most effect sizes on academic achievements yielded from non-specific ECA, academic clubs and journalism were small, as were participation in performing arts, sports and leadership activities on a range of educational outcomes. Although the results show associations between participation in ECA and educational outcomes, causal effects could not be confirmed. It is concluded that the lack of evidence supporting the causal effects, and thus the common theoretical assumptions about the effects of ECA on educational outcomes, is due to methodology limitations in these studies.

Résumé

Les activités périscolaires des écoles améliorent-elles les résultats des élèves ? Analyse critique et méta-analyse de la documentation – Les établissements secondaires ont tendance à organiser un grand nombre d’activités périscolaires, mais la contribution de ces dernières aux résultats scolaires des élèves est faiblement connue. Cette méta-analyse avait pour but de cerner dans quelle mesure la participation à ces activités qui favorise des résultats positifs. D’autre part, cette étude remet en question les hypothèses théoriques émises sur les bénéfices de cette participation. Vingt-neuf études (sauf une fondée sur des données collectées aux États-Unis) répondaient au critère de recherche pour être incluses dans l’analyse. La plupart des tailles d’effets sur les résultats scolaires retirés des activités périscolaires non spécifiques, par les clubs et le journalisme scolaires sont faibles, il en est de même pour les arts du spectacle, les activités sportives et celles favorisant l’esprit d’initiative. Bien que les conclusions de l’analyse établissent des liens entre participation aux activités périscolaires et résultats scolaires, un lien de cause à effet n’a pu être démontré. Nous en déduisons que le manque de données probantes étayant ce lien de cause à effet, et donc les hypothèses théoriques courantes sur l’impact de ces activités sur les résultats scolaires, est dû aux limites méthodologiques de ces études.

Zusammenfassung

Werden schulische Leistungen durch außercurriculare Aktivitäten verbessert? Eine kritische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse der Literatur – Les activités périscolaires des écoles améliorent-elles les résultats des élèves ? Analyse critique et méta-analyse de la documentation - Viele Sekundarschulen fördern eine große Anzahl außercurricularer Aktivitäten, über deren Nutzen für die schulischen Leistungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler allerdings wenig bekannt ist. Diese Metaanalyse soll darüber Aufschluss geben, inwiefern sich die Teilnahme an außercurricularen Aktivitäten günstig auf die schulischen Leistungen auswirkt. Zudem stellt diese Studie die theoretischen Annahmen über die Vorteile der Beteiligung an außercurricularen Aktivitäten auf den Prüfstand. Die Kriterien für die Aufnahme in die Analyse wurden von 29 Studien (alle außer einer auf der Grundlage von Datenerhebungen in den Vereinigten Staaten) erfüllt. Unspezifische außercurriculare Aktivitäten, Wissenschafts-AGs und journalistische Tätigkeiten hatten meist nur geringe Effekte auf den Schulerfolg. Auch die Beteiligung an Theater-AGs oder sportlichen Aktivitäten sowie die Übernahme von Führungsaufgaben wirkten sich wenig auf bestimmte schulische Leistungen aus. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich zwar gewisse Korrelationen zwischen der Teilnahme an außercurricularen Aktivitäten und schulischen Leistungen ablesen, Kausalzusammenhänge konnten jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Analyse kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die mangelnde Nachweisbarkeit kausaler Zusammenhänge und somit der gemeinsamen theoretischen Annahmen über die Effekte außercurricularer Aktivitäten auf die schulischen Leistungen der eingeschränkten Methodik dieser Studien geschuldet ist.

Resumen

¿Mejoran las actividades extracurriculares en las escuelas los resultados educativos? Revisión crítica y meta-análisis de la literatura – Las escuelas secundarias tienden a promover un gran número de actividades extracurriculares (ECA, por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, es poco lo que se sabe sobre su aporte a los resultados educativos de los estudiantes. Este meta-análisis apunta a determinar qué es lo que sostiene los resultados educativos positivos de una participación en ECA. Además, con este estudio se ponen en tela de juicio las suposiciones teóricas en cuanto a los beneficios de una participación en ECA. 29 estudios (todos ellos, con excepción de uno, basados en datos recogidos en los Estados Unidos) reunieron los criterios de búsqueda para ser incluidos en el análisis. La mayoría de los tamaños del efecto relacionados con logros académicos obtenidos a partir de ECA no específicos, clubes académicos y periodismo eran pequeños, igual que la participación en artes dramáticas, deportes o actividades de liderazgo sobre una serie de resultados educativos. Si bien los resultados muestran relaciones entre una participación en ECA y resultados educativos, no se han podido confirmar efectos causales. Se concluye que la falta de pruebas que sostienen los efectos causales, y con ello las suposiciones teóricas generales sobre los efectos de ECA sobre resultados educativos, se debe a las limitaciones metodológicas de estos estudios.

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Shulruf, B. Do extra-curricular activities in schools improve educational outcomes? A critical review and meta-analysis of the literature. Int Rev Educ 56, 591–612 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-010-9180-x

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