Abstract
Pregnancy represents a time of rapid bodily change, which includes physical proportions, physiology and responsibility. At this context, maternal vitamin D stores have been the objective of extensive scientific research during the last decades, focusing on their potential effects on maternal an neonatal health. A growing body of observational studies indicated that maternal hypovitaminosis D (as defined by maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels <20 ng/ml or <50 nmol/l) is a significant risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes including asthma, multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders. On that basis, this review aims to provide to the reader new insights into the vitamin D requirements and function during pregnancy supported by recent data and will not discuss the classical roles of vitamin D and skeletal function during pregnancy. In addition, we will focus on recent results that demonstrate that maternal vitamin D supplementation could reduce neonatal respiratory and neurological complications, suggesting that available guidelines should be updated, since it remains unclear why these recommendations are not updated according to recent results. Also, with regard to randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) for vitamin D, we consider that they are largely doomed to fail. The reasons for this are many and specific cases of this failure will be presented in this text.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hollis B, Wagner C. Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:717–26.
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385.
Camargo Jr CA, Ingham T, Wickens K, Thadhani R, Silvers KM, Epton MJ, et al. Cord-blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of respiratory infection, wheezing, and asthma. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):e180–e7.
Litonjua AA. Childhood asthma may be a consequence of vitamin D deficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;9(3):202–7.
Munger KL, Aivo J, Hongell K, Soilu-Hanninen M, Surcel HM, Ascherio A. Vitamin D status during pregnancy and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring of women in the Finnish maternity cohort. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(5):515–9.
Greenberg BM, Vitamin D. During pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: an evolving association. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(5):498–9.
Dobson R, Giovannoni G, Ramagopalan S. The month of birth effect in multiple sclerosis: systematic review, meta-analysis and effect of latitude. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(4):427–32.
Berlanga-Taylor AJ, Disanto G, Ebers GC, Ramagopalan SV. Vitamin D-gene interactions in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2011;311(1–2):32–6.
Ebers G. Interactions of environment and genes in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2013;334(1–2):161–3.
Stubbs G, Henley K, Green J. Autism: will vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood reduce the recurrence rate of autism in newborn siblings? Med Hypotheses. 2016;88:74–8.
McGrath JJ, Eyles DW, Pedersen CB, Anderson C, Ko P, Burne TH, et al. Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia: a population-based case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):889–94.
Cannell JJ. Autism and vitamin D. Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(4):750–9.
McGrath JJ, Feron FP, Burne TH, Mackay-Sim A, Eyles DW. Vitamin D3-implications for brain development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89–90(1–5):557–60.
Hacker AN, Fung EB, King JC. Role of calcium during pregnancy: maternal and fetal needs. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(7):397–409.
Shao H, Tao M, Fan Y, Jing J, Lu J. Vitamin D levels and other factors related to bone mineral density during pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;52(6):571–5.
Kovacs CS. The role of vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: insights from animal models and clinical studies. Annu Rev Nutr. 2012;32(1):97–123.
Karras SN, Anagnostis P, Bili E, Naughton D, Petroczi A, Papadopoulou F, et al. Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring bone development: the unmet needs of vitamin D era. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(3):795–805.
Bikle DD, Gee E, Halloran B, Haddad JG. Free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in serum from normal subjects, pregnant subjects, and subjects with liver disease. J Clin Invest. 1984;74(6):1966–71.
Kumar R, Cohen WR, Silva P, Epstein FH. Elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plasma levels in normal human pregnancy and lactation. J Clin Invest. 1979;63(2):342–4.
Lund B, Selnes A. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in pregnancy and lactation. Acta Endocrinol. 1979;92(2):330–5.
Steichen J, Tsang R, Gratton T, Hamstra A, DeLuca H. Vitamin D homeostasis in the perinatal period: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in maternal, cord, and neonatal blood. N Engl J Med. 1980;302(6):315–9.
Seino Y, Ishida M, Yamaoka K, Ishii T, Hiejima T, Ikehara C, et al. Serum calcium regulating hormones in the perinatal period. Calcif Tissue Int. 1982;34(2):131–5.
Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell NH, Binkley N, Hollis BW. 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3: relation to circulating vitamin D3 under various input conditions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(6):1738–42.
Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2011;26(10):2341–57.
Walker VP, Zhang X, Rastegar I. Liu PT. Adams JS, et al. Cord Blood Vitamin D Status Impacts Innate Immune Responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab: Hollis BW; 2011.
Eichholzer M, Platz EA, Bienstock JL, Monsegue D, Akereyeni F, Hollis BW, et al. Racial variation in vitamin D cord blood concentration in white and black male neonates. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(1):91–8.
Carneiro RM, Prebehalla L, Tedesco MB, Sereika SM, Hugo M, Hollis BW, et al. Lactation and bone turnover: a conundrum of marked bone loss in the setting of coupled bone turnover. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1767–76.
Holick MF. The cutaneous photosynthesis of previtamin D3: a unique photoendocrine system. J Invest Dermatol. 1981;77(1):51–8.
Hollander D, Muralidhara K, Zimmerman A. Vitamin D3 intestinal absorption in vivo: influence of fatty acids, bile salts, and perfusate pH on absorption. Gut. 1978;19:267–72.
Hollis BW, Lowery JW, Pittard 3rd WB, Guy DG, Hansen JW. Effect of age on the intestinal absorption of vitamin D3-palmitate and nonesterified vitamin D2 in the term human infant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(4):1385–8.
Heubi JE, Hollis BW, Specker B, Tsang RC. Bone disease in chronic childhood cholestasis. I. Vitamin D absorption and metabolism. Hepatology. 1989;9(2):258–64.
Haddad JG, Matsuoka LY, Hollis BW, Hu Y, Wortsman J. Human plasma transport of vitamin D after its endogenous synthesis. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(6):2552–5.
Ponchon G, Kennan AL, DeLuca HF. "activation" of vitamin D by the liver. J Clin Invest. 1969;48(11):2032–7.
Flanagan JN, Young MV, Persons KS, Wang L, Mathieu JS, Whitlatch LW, et al. Vitamin D metabolism in human prostate cells: implications for prostate cancer chemoprevention by vitamin D. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(4A):2567–72.
Karlgren M, Miura S, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Novel extrahepatic cytochrome P450s. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;207(2 Suppl):57–61.
Hosseinpour F, Wikvall K. Porcine microsomal vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase (CYP2D25). Catalytic properties, tissue distribution, and comparison with human CYP2D6. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(44):34650–5.
Schuessler M, Astecker N, Herzig G, Vorisek G, Schuster I. Skin is an autonomous organ in synthesis, two-step activation and degradation of vitamin D(3): CYP27 in epidermis completes the set of essential vitamin D(3)-hydroxylases. Steroids. 2001;66(3–5):399–408.
Zhu J, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase - four decades of searching, are we there yet? Arch Biochem Biophys. 2012;523(1):30–6.
Smith JE, Goodman DS. The turnover and transport of vitamin D and of a polar metabolite with the properties of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma. J Clin Invest. 1971;50(10):2159–67.
Bouillon R, van Baelen H, de Moor P. Comparative study of the affinity of the serum vitamin D-binding protein. J Steroid Biochem. 1980;13(9):1029–34.
Hollis BW. Comparison of equilibrium and disequilibrium assay conditions for ergocalceferol, cholecaliferol and their major metabolites. J Steroid Biochem. 1984;21:81–6.
Kissmeyer A, Mathiasen IS, Latini S, Binderup L. Pharmacokinetic studies of vitamin D analogues: relationship to vitamin D binding protein (DBP). Endocrine. 1995;3(4):263–6.
Vieth R, Kessler MJ, Pritzker KP. Species differences in the binding kinetics of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D binding protein. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990;68(10):1368–71.
Haddad JG, Hillman L, Rojanasathit S. Human serum binding capacity and affinity for 25-hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976;43(1):86–91.
Marzolo MP, Farfan P. New insights into the roles of megalin/LRP2 and the regulation of its functional expression. Biol Res. 2011;44(1):89–105.
Nykjaer A, Dragun D, Walther D, Vorum H, Jacobsen C, Herz J, et al. An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. Cell. 1999;96(4):507–15.
Rasmussen H, Wong M, Bikle D, Goodman DB. Hormonal control of the renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. J Clin Invest. 1972;51(9):2502–4.
Akour AA, Gerk P, Kennedy MJ. Megalin expression in human term and preterm placental villous tissues: effect of gestational age and sample processing and storage time. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2015;71:147–54.
Jones AR, Shusta EV. Blood-brain barrier transport of therapeutics via receptor-mediation. Pharm Res. 2007;24(9):1759–71.
Safadi FF, Thornton P, Magiera H, et al. Osteopathy and resistance to vitamin D toxicity in mice null for vitamin D binding protein. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:239.
Zella LA, Shevde NK, Hollis BW, Cooke NE, Pike JW. Vitamin D-binding protein influences total circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 but does not directly modulate the bioactive levels of the hormone in vivo. Endocrinology. 2008;149(7):3656–67.
Bodnar LM, Simhan HN, Catov JM, Roberts JM, Platt RW, Diesel JC, et al. Maternal vitamin D status and the risk of mild and severe preeclampsia. Epidemiology. 2014;25(2):207–14.
Robinson CJ, Alanis MC, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Johnson DD. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(4):366 e1–6.
Liu NQ, Ouyang Y, Bulut Y, Lagishetty V, Chan SY, Hollis BW, et al. Dietary vitamin D restriction in pregnant female mice is associated with maternal hypertension and altered placental and fetal development. Endocrinology. 2013;154(7):2270–80.
Faulkner JL, Cornelius DC, Amaral LM, Harmon AC, Cunningham Jr MW, Darby MM, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves pathophysiology in a rat model of preeclampsia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpregu003882015.
Calton EK, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Soares MJ. The impact of vitamin D levels on inflammatory status: a systematic review of immune cell studies. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0141770.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Clinical review: the role of the parent compound vitamin D with respect to metabolism and function: why clinical dose intervals can affect clinical outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4619–28.
McGrath JJ, Eyles DW, Pedersen CB, Anderson C, Ko P, Burne TH, et al. Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia: a population-based case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):889–94.
LaMarca B, Amaral LM, Harmon AC, Cornelius DC, Faulkner JL, Cunningham Jr MW. Placental ischemia and resultant phenotype in animal models of preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18(5):38.
Gibson CC, Davis CT, Zhu W, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Walker AE, Tai Z, et al. Dietary vitamin D and its metabolites non-Genomically stabilize the endothelium. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140370.
Gibson CC, Zhu W, Davis CT, Bowman-Kirigin JA, Chan AC, Ling J, et al. Strategy for identifying repurposed drugs for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation. Circulation. 2015;131(3):289–99.
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Simhan HN, Holick MF, Powers RW, Roberts JM. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3517–22.
Baker AM, Haeri S, Camargo Jr CA, Espinola JA, Stuebe AM. A nested case-control study of midgestation vitamin D deficiency and risk of severe preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(11):5105–9.
Gernand AD, Bodnar LM, Klebanoff MA, Parks WT, Simhan HN. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and placental vascular pathology in a multicenter US cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(2):383–8.
Merewood A, Mehta SD, Chen TC, Bauchner H, Holick MF. Association between vitamin D deficiency and primary cesarean section. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):940–5.
Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, et al. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753.
Bodnar LM, Simhan HN. Vitamin D may be a link to black-white disparities in adverse birth outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2010;65(4):273–84.
Qin LL, Lu FG, Yang SH, Xu HL, Luo BA. Does Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Increase the Risk of Preterm Birth: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2016;8(5) doi:10.3390/nu8050301.
Mirzakhani H, Litonjua AA, McElrath TF, O'Connor G, Lee-Parritz A, Iverson R, et al. Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Invest. 2016; doi:10.1172/JCI89031.
Mirzakhani H, Litonjua A, Sharma A, Laranjo N, Harshfield BJ, Carey VJ, et al., editors. Higher vitamin D levels in early pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. The Vitamin D Workshop; 2016 March 29–31, 2016; Boston, MA: http://www.vitamindworkshop.org/.
Robinson CJ, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Baatz JE, Johnson DD. Maternal vitamin D and fetal growth in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011; doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.03.022.
Bodnar LM, Platt RW, Simhan HN. Early-Pregnancy Vitamin D Deficiency and risk of preterm birth subtypes. Obstet Gynecol. 2015; doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000621.
Bowyer L, Catling-Paull C, Diamond T, Homer C, Davis G, Craig ME. Vitamin D, PTH and calcium levels in pregnant women and their neonates. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70(3):372–7.
Burris HH, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo Jr CA, Litonjua AA, Huh SY, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy and small-for-gestational age in black and white infants. Ann Epidemiol. 2012; doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.04.015.
Mojibian M, Soheilykhah S, Fallah Zadeh MA, Jannati MM. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and neonatal outcome: a randomized clinical trial. Iran J Reprod Med. 2015;13(11):687–96.
Heaney RP. Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(1):48–54.
Souberbielle JC, Cormier C, Kindermans C, Gao P, Cantor T, Forette F, et al. Vitamin D status and redefining serum parathyroid hormone reference range in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(7):3086–90.
Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:842–56.
Heaney R, Davies K, Chen T, Holick M, Barger-Lux M. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:204–10.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Vitamin d and pregnancy: skeletal effects, nonskeletal effects, and birth outcomes. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;92(2):128–39.
Wagner CL, McNeil RB, Johnson DD, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Robinson C, et al. Health characteristics and outcomes of two randomized vitamin D supplementation trials during pregnancy: a combined analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:313–20.
Wagner CL, Baggerly C, McDonnell S, Baggerly KA, French CB, Baggerly L, et al. Post-hoc analysis of vitamin D status and reduced risk of preterm birth in two vitamin D pregnancy cohorts compared with South Carolina March of Dimes 2009–2011 rates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;155(Pt B):245–51.
Goldring ST, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR, Robinson S, Yu C, Poulton S, et al. Prenatal vitamin d supplementation and child respiratory health: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66627.
Sablok A, Batra A, Thariani K, Batra A, Bharti R, Aggarwal AR, et al. Supplementation of vitamin D in pregnancy and its correlation with feto-maternal outcome. Clin Endocrinol. 2015;83(4):536–41.
Chawes BL, Bonnelykke K, Stokholm J, Vissing NH, Bjarnadottir E, Schoos AM, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on risk of persistent wheeze in the offspring: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(4):353–61.
Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Laranjo N, Harshfield BJ, McElrath TF, O'Connor GT, et al. Effect of prenatal supplementation with vitamin D on asthma or recurrent wheezing in offspring by age 3 Years: the VDAART randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(4):362–70.
Brehm JM, Celedon JC, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Hunninghake GM, Forno E, et al. Serum vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(9):765–71.
Brehm JM, Schuemann B, Fuhlbrigge AL, Hollis BW, Strunk RC, Zeiger RS, et al. Serum vitamin D levels and severe asthma exacerbations in the childhood asthma management program study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(1):52–8. e5
Weiss S, Wolsk H, Mirzakhani H, Hollis B, Carey V, Litonjua A, et al., editors. Asthma/Wheeze and preeclampsia outcomes in the VDAART Trial: The influcence of baseline and treatment levels of vitamin D on treatment response. The Vitamin D Workshop; 2016 March 29–31, 2016; Boston, MA: http://www.vitamindworkshop.org/.
Mirzakhani H, Harshfield B, Carey V, Laranjo N, Litonjua A, Weiss S, editors. Association of maternal asthma and early pregnancy serum vitamin D level with risk of preeclampsia. The Vitamin D Workshop. 29–31, 2016. Boston: MA ; 2016 March.http://www.vitamindworkshop.org/
Wolsk H, Harshfield BJ, Laranjo N, Carey V, Weiss S, editors. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women of different races and the risk of asthma/recurrent wheeze in the child: findings from the vitamin D antenatal asthma reduction trial (VDAART). The Vitamin D Workshop; 2016 March 29–31, 2016; Boston, MA: http://www.vitamindworkshop.org/.
Wolsk H. Personal communication: meta-analysis of vitamin D pregnancy supplementation RCT 3-yr asthma and wheezing risks. Hollis B, editor: In; 2016.
Zhu H, Wagner C, Pan Y, Wang X, Shary J, Hollis B, et al., editors. Maternal vitamin D supplementation and cord blood genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. (abstract). Vitamin D Workshop; 2016 March 29–31, 2016; Boston, MA: http://www.vitamindworkshop.org/; 2016.
Schulz E, Cruze L, Wei W, Garrett-Meyer E, Shary J, Forestieri N, et al., editors. Effects of maternal vitamin D supplementation on placental gene expression (platform presentation). Pediatric Academic Societies; 2016 April 30–may 3, 2016; Baltimore, MD: Pediatric Academic Societies.
Kiely M, Zhang J, Kinsella M, Khashan A, Kenny L, editors. Vitamin D status is associated with utero-placental dysfunction in a large prospective pregnancy cohort with low 25(OH)D3 and ubiquitous 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D2. The Vitamin D Workshop; 2016 May 29–31, 2016; Boston, MA: http://www.vitamindworkshop.org/.
Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Holt PG, Kusel MM, Hart PH. Maternal serum vitamin d levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):485–93.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. The role of the parent compound vitamin d with respect to metabolism and function: why clinical dose intervals can affect clinical outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4619–28.
Karras SN, Fakhoury H, Muscogiuri G, Grant WB, van den Ouweland JM, Colao AM, et al. Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and neonatal health: evidence to date and clinical implications. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2016;8(4):124–35.
Karras SN, Anagnostis P, Naughton D, Annweiler C, Petroczi A. Goulis DGVitamin D during pregnancy: why observational studies suggest deficiency and interventional studies show no improvement in clinical outcomes? A narrative review. J Endocrinol Investig. 2015;38(12):1265–75.
Karras SN, Anagnostis P, Petroczi A, Annweiler C, Naughton DP. Goulis DPMaternal vitamin D status in pregnancy: a critical appraisal of current analytical data on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Hormones (Athens). 2015;14(2):224–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Two of the authors (BWH and CLW) were involved in the conduct of several of the trials summarized in this review. The studies were approved by the local Human Subjects’ Institutional Review Board and were conducted according to federal and institutional guidelines in place for the conduct of human investigation in the United States.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wagner, C.L., Hollis, B.W., Kotsa, K. et al. Vitamin D administration during pregnancy as prevention for pregnancy, neonatal and postnatal complications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 18, 307–322 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-017-9414-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-017-9414-3