Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research 3/2021

Open Access 07-12-2020 | Review

Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L: a systematic review of the literature

Auteurs: You-Shan Feng, Thomas Kohlmann, Mathieu F. Janssen, Ines Buchholz

Gepubliceerd in: Quality of Life Research | Uitgave 3/2021

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail
insite
ZOEKEN

Abstract

Purpose

Although the EQ-5D has a long history of use in a wide range of populations, the newer five-level version (EQ-5D-5L) has not yet had such extensive experience. This systematic review summarizes the available published scientific evidence on the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L.

Methods

Pre-determined key words and exclusion criteria were used to systematically search publications from 2011 to 2019. Information on study characteristics and psychometric properties were extracted: specifically, EQ-5D-5L distribution (including ceiling and floor), missing values, reliability (test–retest), validity (convergent, known-groups, discriminate) and responsiveness (distribution, anchor-based). EQ-5D-5L index value means, ceiling and correlation coefficients (convergent validity) were pooled across the studies using random-effects models.

Results

Of the 889 identified publications, 99 were included for review, representing 32 countries. Musculoskeletal/orthopedic problems and cancer (n = 8 each) were most often studied. Most papers found missing values (17 of 17 papers) and floor effects (43 of 48 papers) to be unproblematic. While the index was found to be reliable (9 of 9 papers), individual dimensions exhibited instability over time. Index values and dimensions demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with global health measures, other multi-attribute utility instruments, physical/functional health, pain, activities of daily living, and clinical/biological measures. The instrument was not correlated with life satisfaction and cognition/communication measures. Responsiveness was addressed by 15 studies, finding moderate effect sizes when confined to studied subgroups with improvements in health.

Conclusions

The EQ-5D-5L exhibits excellent psychometric properties across a broad range of populations, conditions and settings. Rigorous exploration of its responsiveness is needed.
Opmerkingen

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11136-020-02688-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Afkortingen
15D
15 measure of health-related quality of life
ADL
Activities of Daily Living
AQoL-8D
Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-8D Multi-Attribute Utility Instrument
BMI
Body Mass Index
BREAST-Q
Breast surgery-specific patient-reported outcome measure
DASS-21
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items
DEMQOL
Dementia Quality Of Life Questionnaire
GAD
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale
JOABPEQ
Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire
EORTC
European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer
EQ-VAS
Visual Analog Scale of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D)
FIM
Functional Independence Measure
HAL
Hemophilia Activities List
HUI3
Health Utilities Index Mark 3
K-BILD
King’s Brief Interstitial Lung Disease Questionnaire
KDQoL
Kidney Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire
MBI
Modified Barthel Index
MDS UPDRS
Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
MRC
Medical Research Council scales for muscle strength
mRS
Modified Rankin Scale
NPI-Q
Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire
ODI
Oswestry Disability Index
PACT-Q2
Perception of Anticoagulant Treatment Questionnaire (PACT-Q) Part 2
PHQ-9
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Items
PEmb-QoL
Pulmonary Embolism Quality Of Life Questionnaire
PGA
Patient Global Assessment
QOLIE-31P
Quality of Life in Epilepsy-Patients-Weighted 31p
PAS-cog
Psychogeriatric Assessment Scale-Cognitive Impairment
QWB
Quality of Well-Being
SF-6D
Short Form-6 Dimensions
SF-12(v2)
Short Form-12 Items Health Survey; v2—version 2 (Subscales: BP – Bodily Pain, GH – General Health, MH – Mental Health, PF, RE – Role Emotion, RP – Role Physical, SF – social functioning, VT – Vitality, Summary Scores: MCS – Mental Component Score, PCS – Physical Component Score)
SF-36(v2)
Short Form-36 Items Health Survey; v2—version 2 (Subscales: BP – Bodily Pain, GH – General Health, MH – Mental Health, PF, RE – Role Emotion, RP – Role Physical, SF – social functioning, VT – Vitality, Summary Scores: MCS – Mental Component Score, PCS – Physical Component Score)
SWLS
Satisfaction with Life Scale
WHO-5
World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index
WHOQoL-BREF
World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment
WOMAC
Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index

Background

The EQ-5D is a broadly used generic multi-attribute health utility instrument. In addition to a thermometer-like visual analog scale (VAS) anchored by 0 (worst imaginable health) and 100 (best imaginable health), the EQ-5D’s descriptive system comprises five dimensions with one item per dimension: mobility (MO), self-care (SC), usual activities (UA), pain/discomfort (PD) and anxiety/depression (AD). Responses to these items can be converted into a single measure of health utility using preference-based (typically country-specific) weights. Preference weights are derived from preference elicitation studies using hypothetical EQ-5D health profiles [1], typically sampling a general population.
Until 2005, respondents could select from three response levels of function or symptoms for each dimension (the EQ-5D-3L; 3L). However, due to evidence of notable ceiling effects of the EQ-5D-3L in some populations [25] and concerns regarding the instrument’s sensitivity to certain patient-relevant changes [610], a five response level version of the instrument was developed by the EuroQol group in 2010 [11, 12]. The five-level version (EQ-5D-5L; 5L) added two response levels: one between “no problems” (level 1) and “moderate/some problems” (level 2 in 3L, level 3 in 5L), and another one between “moderate/some problems” and “severe problems” (level 3 in 3L, level 5 in 5L). The EQ-5D-5L also updated the middle response level with the term “moderate” from the EQ-5D-3L’s “some” for the first three dimensions, while the most severe response level for MO was changed from “confined to bed” to “unable to walk about”. Additionally, the instructions for marking overall health today on the visual analog scale (VAS) were different between the two versions until 2019. The EQ-5D-5L is currently available for more than 130 languages [13] and has been formally tested against the EQ-5D-3L in numerous studies, demonstrating improved psychometric properties over the EQ-5D-3L [14]. An interim scoring strategy that applies existing EQ-5D-3L preference weights to EQ-5D-5L can be used if EQ-5D-5L preference weights for certain populations are not yet available [A4].
Although its use has expanded to a wide range of settings and research purposes, there is no study reporting a comprehensive review of the measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L. This review will be informative for researchers interested in economic evaluation and preference measurement, decision makers, users of EQ-5D-5L as patient-reported outcome measure for improving health care, and readers who need to interpret the findings from studies incorporating the EQ-5D-5L. The 5L instrument has now enjoyed over a decade of use and this paper aims to summarize the existing evidence on the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L. A second objective of this review is to identify knowledge gaps regarding the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L, and to highlight important areas for future research.

Methods

This literature search and review was guided by the PRISMA guidance on systematic reviews and meta-analyses [15]. This review focuses on the descriptive system of the EQ-5D-5L (the five items) as it was not always clear which version of the EQ-VAS was used in extracted studies.
Four online databases—PUBMED (MEDLINE), PsycINFO, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), and the EuroQol website—were searched using pre-determined terms: “EQ-5D,” “EQ-5D-5L,” “5L,” “EuroQol” and “5 Level.” The search included publications up to January 2019. Duplicates were assessed using author names, titles and journals. Exact search strategy and terms can be found in Supplementary Table 1.
Two screening phases were conducted: (1) title and abstract, and (2) full text. Two researchers experienced in psychometric research methods and the EQ-5D instruments (IB and YF) independently screened the publications and reached consensus on any disagreements to determine inclusion. When consensus could not be reached, two senior researchers with extensive experience in psychometric research, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement and the EQ-5D instrument were consulted for a final decision (TK and MFJ).
The a priori exclusion criteria were:
1.
does not study humans 18 years or older;
 
2.
publication language is other than German or English;
 
3.
study does not assess the official version of the EQ-5D-5L or an experimental version of the 5L was used;
 
4.
published prior to 2005 (prior to development of the 5L);
 
5.
not a peer-reviewed primary study, literature review or conference paper (conference papers were included but other conference proceedings such as presentations or posters were excluded); and
 
6.
not evaluating the measurement and psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L.
 

Data extraction

Publications selected for inclusion were reviewed and data entered into pre-determined tables by either YF or IB. Sometimes, values needed to be estimated from available information. When information on means and standard deviations were not available, but other sufficient data were reported (such as range or median), the mean and standard deviations were estimated using recommendations from Wan et al. 2014 [16]. When multiple studies use the same underlying dataset, data was extracted only once (e.g., [A20, A26, A31, A36–A38, A49, A53, A77, A79, A96]). General study characteristics including sample size, study design, sample characteristics and version of EQ-5D-5L were extracted, as were information on distributional properties such as means, percent reporting best health (“no problems” on dimensions or ‘11111’ across the health profile), percent reporting worst health (“extreme” or “unable to” on dimensions or ‘55555’ across the health profile) and missing values, for dimensions as well as the health profile. Although no guidance for level of missing values indicate the feasibility of an instrument, ≤ 5% has been found to be acceptable for multiple imputation [17]. Missing values ≤ 5% and floor ≤ 15% are considered acceptable [18].
Reliability is the consistency of an instrument, internally (extent to which subscale items are interrelated) as well as the instrument’s stability across time (whether the instrument produces similar results in stable environments). Internal consistency is not a relevant psychometric property for the EQ-5D instruments and therefore we did not include it in this review. Agreement between two applications of the instrument over a period of time over which it should be stable (test–retest) is usually evaluated using Cohen’s Kappa (κ) for categorical items (EQ-5D-5L items) or ICC for continuous values (EQ-5D-5L index value), with a level of ≥0.8 and ≥0.7 determined as acceptable, respectively [1921]. We relied on the guidance from Cicchetti 1994 [22] to define Kappa and ICC: < 0.40 = poor, 0.40–0.59 = fair, 0.60–0.74 = good, 0.75–1.00 = excellent. Other methods such as area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were also reported [23, 24].
In general, validity refers to the degree to which a measurement tool captures the underlying construct of interest. We extracted all information regarding different forms of validity from included publications, the most commonly investigated being convergent validity (a specific subtype of construct validity), that examines how closely two instruments that are intended to measure the same construct are related. This is most often done by testing the correlation between the EQ-5D-5L and other measures of health or health-related quality of life (including those measuring pain, and mental or physical health or HRQoL). Other validity results extracted include known-groups validity (examining whether the 5L can distinguish between a priori determined groups).
Responsiveness is the ability of an instrument to capture true changes (e.g., due to a health intervention) in the construct of interest over time. Some argue that responsiveness is a subtype of validity or reliability [25]. Responsiveness is of particular importance for the EQ-5D-5L: one of the reasons the instrument was created was to address criticisms that the EQ-5D-3L was not sufficiently sensitive to change [26]. Responsiveness can be specific to population, context, and depends on the direction of change in the underlying construct [27]. In the case of the EQ-5D-5L, responsiveness addresses the question if the index value or individual items can detect relevant changes in underlying health. Preliminary research conducted on experimental five-level versions of the EQ-5D found its index value to be sensitive to change. Commonly used methods evaluating responsiveness include standardized effect size (SES) and/or standardized response mean (SRM) [25, 27, 28]. Both standardize the difference in means from two measurement points by dividing by standard deviation (of the mean or of the change scores). An SES of 0.2 to 0.3 is considered small, ≈ 0.5 medium and ≥ 0.8 large effect sizes [29]. Some studies examined the EQ-5D-5L’s ability to detect a change as defined by external criteria, or anchor, to estimate minimally important differences (MID) or the smallest change in score that is beneficial or relevant for patients [27, 28, 30]. The external anchor is usually a patient-assessment.

Analysis

Due to the heterogeneity of studies and outcomes included, we were only able to summarize three outcomes across studies: proportion of respondents reporting the best health, mean index values, and EQ-5D-5L’s correlations with other measures (Spearman’s or Pearson’s Rho). When multiple index scores are reported in a study, the most up to date (EQ-5D-5L as opposed to the interim or ‘crosswalk’) or most appropriate (closest to the sampled population) index scores were extracted. The signs of correlation coefficients were changed if authors had not corrected for the directionality of the scales. Subgroup analysis was performed when there were at least three studies representing a relevant subgroup.
Data were pooled by means of random-effects models using inverse variance weight for pooling. Pooling was based on Fisher’s z transformation of correlation coefficients and logit transformation of proportions. Microsoft excel was used for data extraction, while R was used for data analysis [31]. The R package “meta” was used to estimate pooled values [32].

Results

We identified 496 papers during the initial search and additional 397 papers during the updates in 2018 and 2019, of which 99 papers were included for review (Fig. 1; reference list A). These papers included general population (n = 32) and patients (n = 58) from 32 countries (see Table 1). The country where the most numerous studies were conducted was the UK/England (n = 18), while Canada, Germany, Singapore and the USA were the locations with the second most numerous studies (n = 8 each). The patient groups represented by the most studies are musculoskeletal/orthopedic (n = 8), cancer (n = 8) and lung/respiratory diseases (n = 7). The Multi-Instrument Comparison study (MIC) [A20, A26, A31, A36–A38, A49, A53, A77, A79, A96] and the study that developed a method of deriving 5L interim index values from 3L value sets [A4, A6, A83] were represented by 11 and 3 studies, respectively. General characteristics of included studies can be found in Supplementary Table 2.
Table 1
Psychometric properties of EQ-5D-5L
First author publication year [reference]
Country
Disease area/study population
Floora
> 15%
Missing
≥ 5%
Test–retest ICC, Cohen’s kappa (κ)c
Known-group validityb
Musculoskeletal diseases and orthopedic patients
Buchholz 2015 [A23]
GER
Orthopedic, psychosomatic, rheumatologic rehabilitation patients
No
No
  
Conner-Spady 2015 [A24]
CA
Osteoarthritis, referred for total joint replacement
No
No
ICC Index: excellent
Kappa: MO good; SC excellent; UA good; PD good; AD excellent
 
Greene 2015 [A29]
USA
Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty
No
   
Whitehurst 2016 [A56]
CA
Spinal cord injury
MO & SC
   
Bilbao 2018 [A68]
ESP
Hip or knee osteoarthritis
No
No
 
Statistically sign. difference across WOMAC scores and self-rated health
Cheung 2018 [A72]
CN
Patients attending a back pain clinic
No
No
 
Statistically sign. over disc degeneration and spinal surgery, but not other spine-related factors or pain
Conner-Spady 2018 [A73]
Manitoba, CA
Osteoarthritis; 1 year following total joint replacement
No
 
ICC: excellent
 
Diabetes
Pan 2014 [A34]
CN
Outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
No
   
Pattanaphesaj 2015 [A35]
TH
Diabetes; treated with insulin
No
No
ICC: good
Kappa: MO fair; SC nr; UA fair; PD fair; AD fair
 
Wang 2015 [A42]
SG
Type II diabetes
No
   
Wang 2016 [A55]
SG
Diabetes
No
   
McClure 2018 [A87]
CA
Type II diabetes
No
   
Cancer
Kim 2012 [A2]
Korea
Cancer patients receiving ambulatory chemotherapy
No
 
ICC: excellent
Kappa: MO good; SC good; UA fair; PD fair; AD fair
 
Lee 2013 [A9]
SG
Histologically confirmed breast cancer
   
Across Oncologist, Patient evaluated performance status, treatment mode, and evidence of disease
Kouwenberg 2019 [A98]
NL
Breast reconstruction/mastectomy patients
   
Across radiotherapy type, surgery group and age
Skin diseases
Swinburn 2013 [A12]
UK
Psoriasis
   
 Trending as expected across skin-specific questionnaires (DLQI and SAPAPSI)
Poor 2017 [A63]
HU
Psoriasis
No
No
 
Not sign. across age groups, but sign. across gender.
Yfantopoulos (2017a) [A64]
GR
Psoriasis
No
   
Tamasi 2018 [A90]
HU
Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus
   
Statistically sign. across severity of disease, symptoms and comorbidities. Not across gender or treatment status
Stroke
Golicki 2015 [A27]
PL
Stroke
 
No
 
Trends as expected across age, modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, Stroke type
Golicki 2015 [A28]
PL
Stroke
MO, SC, UA at baseline
No
  
Chen 2016 [A46]
Taiwan
Stroke
Only SC
   
Mental health diseases
Mihalopoulos 2014 [A20]
AU, UK, USA, CN, NOR, GER
People reporting depressive symptoms [MIC]e
   
Strongly across levels of depression
Camacho 2018 [A70]
UK
Mental health conditions
No
   
Engel 2018 [A77]
AU, CA, GER, NOR, UK, USA
Depression [MIC]e
   
Statistically sign. between healthy and depressive samples: effect size is large
Cardiovascular diseases
White 2015 [A43]
UK
Symptomatic cardiac arrhythmia before and after cardiac ablation
  
ICC: excellent
 
Chuang 2019 [A94]
FR, AT, GER, I, ESP, CH, UK
Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis
No
No
 
Moderately across embolism types
Gao 2019 [A96]
AU, CA, GER, NOR, UK, US
Heart disease
   
Statistically sign. differences across age, gender, education and MacNew Heart Disease scores
Lung diseases
Lin 2014 [A19]
USA
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    
Szentes 2018 [A89]
GER
Interstitial lung diseases
 
No
  
Hernandez 2019 [A97]
UK, FR
Asthma
   
Moderately to strongly with medication use and asthma control
Liver diseases
Scalone 2011 [A1]
I
Different severe chronic hepatic diseases
No
No
  
Scalone 2013 [A10]
I
Chronic hepatic diseases
 
No
  
Jia 2014 [A18]
CN
Inpatients with hepatitis B
No
 
ICC: Excellent
Kappa: MO excellent; SC good; UA excellent; PD excellent; AD excellent
 
Blood diseases
Batt 2018 [A66]
USA
Hemophilia
   
Statistically sign. across age, employment, cohabitation, existence of chronic conditions and pain. Not sign. across education, BMI groups, cohabitation, Hemophilia severity, treatment type
Buckner 2018 [A69]
USA
Hemophilia B and caregivers of children (< 18 years) with hemophilia B
   
Statistically sign. differences across self-reported anxiety, depression, arthritis, pain, age, hemophilia severity, functional status
Kidney diseases
Yang 2015 [A44]
SG
Diagnosis of End-stage renal disease on Peritoneal or hemodialysis
No
  
Strongly across comorbidity categories and symptoms, but weakly across dialysis adequacy, hemoglobin levels and burden
Thaweethamcharoen 2018 [A91]
TH
Patients on peritoneal dialysis
    
Central nervous system diseases
Garcia-Gordillo 2014 [A16]
ESP
Parkinson’s disease
No
   
Fan 2018 [A78]
UK
Parkinson’s Disease
No
   
Other patient types and studies that incorporate several disease groups
Tran 2012 [A3]
VN
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
No
   
van Hout 2012 [A4]
Janssen 2013 [A6]
DK, UK, NL, PL, I, SCO
Crosswalk studyd
No
No
 
Moderately with age and smoking, not with education
Craig 2014 [15]
USA
Patients with chronic conditions from a national representative sample of adults
No
   
Richardson 2015 [A37]
Mitchell 2015 [A31]
AU, CA, GER, NOR, UK, USA
MIC studye
   
Strongly across different chronic disease groups vs. healthy
Sakthong 2015 [A39]
TH
Outpatient patients taking continuous medication at least 3 months for 14 disease groups
No
 
ICC index: excellent
Kappa: MO good; SC fair; UA fair; PD fair; AD fair
Statistically sign. across age, gender, education, employment, self-rated health, comorbidities, number of medicines and perception of disease control
Lamu 2016 [A49]
AU, CA, GER, NOR, UK, USA
MIC studye
   
Weakly with subjective well-being
Rogers 2016 [A54]
UK
Deaf persons using British sign language
No
 
ICC: excellent
Kappa: MO good; SC fair; UA fair; PD good; AD fair
Weakly to moderately with CORE 10, CORE 6D
Fermont 2017 [A59]
UK
Severe and complex obesity; undergoing bariatric surgery
   
Not statistically sign. across BMI levels (Above and under 50) or those with comorbidities versus those without.
Bewick 2018 [A67]
UK
Chronic rhino sinusitis patients
No
   
Easton 2018 [A75]
AU
Older residents of care facilities with dementia or cognitive impairments and proxies
   
Moderate to small differences across cognition scores and modified Barthel index categories
Janssen 2018 [A83]
PL, DK, England, I, SCO, NL
Crosswalk studyd
Only UA
   
Kohler 2018 [A84]
India
Post vaginal birth or cesarean section
MO, SC, UA only at baseline
   
Gandhi 2019 [A95]
SG
Cataract surgery
No
   
Rencz 2019 [A99]
HU
Crohn’s disease
No
No
 
Statistically sign. differences across age groups and chronic conditions
General population
Kim 2013 [A8]
KOR
Nationally representative general population
  
ICC: excellent
Kappa: MO good; SC poor; UA good; PD fair; AD poor
 
Agborsangaya 2014 [A13]
CA
General population
No
No
  
Hinz 2014 [A17]
GER
General population
No
   
Feng 2015 [A25]
England
General population
No
   
Mulhern 2015 [A32]
UK (Yorkshire)
General adult population
No
   
Scalone 2015 [A40]
I
General population; quota sampling
No
   
Augustovski 2016 [A45]
Uruguay
General population; sampling quotas by location
No
   
Ferreira 2016 [A47]
Portugal
Students from 2 universities aged 30 years or under
No
No
 
Statically sign. across gender, health condition, labor situation, marital status
McCaffrey 2016 [A50]
AU
South Australian general population
No
   
Oremus 2016 [A52]
CA
Toronto area general population
No
   
Huber 2017 [A60]
GER
General population
No
   
Konnopka 2017 [A61]
GER
General population
   
Each dimension sign. distinguished between categories of “dimension-specific” indicators; Index statistically sign. across age, education, diseases but not marital status
Nguyen 2017 [A62]
VN (Hanoi)
Randomly selected resident adults of the city of Hanoi
No
  
Sign. across age, occupation, education, income, symptoms, chronic conditions; not Over health services usage
Yfantopoulos 2017b [A65]
GR
General middle-aged and elderly population
No
No
 
Statistically sign. across age, gender and smoking status
Purba 2018 [A88]
Indonesia
Indonesian representative population
No
 
Assessed Gwet’s AC, acceptable for dimensions. ICC low (0.37) for index
Statistically sign. across age, ethnicity and gender, but not across residence, education, income or religion.
Hernandez 2018 [A81]
ESP
Spanish National Health Survey 2011–2012
No
   
Marti-Pastor 2018 [A86]
ESP
Representative general population
No
   
Ge 2019 [A80]
SG
Young (21–44 years), middle-aged (45–64 years), older adults (≥ 65 years)
    
Proxies
Bhadhuri 2017 [A57]
UK
Family members of meningitis survivors
    
Sign. significant(ly)
AU Australia, AT Austria, CA Canada, CH Switzerland, CN China, DK Demark, ESP Spain, FR France, GER Germany, GR Greece, HU Hungary, I Italy, KOR South Korea, NL Netherlands, NOR Norway, PL Poland, SCO Scotland, SG Singapore, TH Thailand, UK United Kingdom, USA United States of America, VN Vietnam
Blank cells imply that the study did not investigate and/or report on the psychometric property
aFloor defined as reporting worst health response levels 5 (“extreme problems” or “unable to”) for EQ-5D-5L items (Mobility MO, Self-Care SC, Usual Activities UA, Pain/Discomfort PD, Anxiety/Depression AD) and on the profile (‘55555’). When not specified, reports of the worst health level for all dimensions and the profile were below 15%
bGenerally assessed with effect size or tests of difference in means
cKappa and ICC defined as [22]: (1) < 0.40 = poor. (2) 0.40–0.59 = fair. (3) 0.60–0.74 = good. (4) 0.75–1.00 = excellent
dCrosswalk study include: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, diabetes, liver disease, (rheumatoid) arthritis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, depression, personality disorders, students
eMultiple Instrument Comparison (MIC) study includes: arthritis, asthma, cancer, depression, diabetes, hearing loss, heart disease (from AU, CA, GER, NOR, UK, USA)
Table 2
Responsiveness of EQ-5D-5L index values
First author year [reference]
Patient/population group
Value set
Improved
Stable
Deteriorated
All
SES
SRM
SES
SRM
SES
SRM
SES
SRM
Studies using a value set for the 3L version of the EQ-5D/interim scoring method
Lee 2013 [A9]
Singaporean breast cancer patients at baseline and 1 week later: regressed with self-reported performance status
Interim scoring method [A5] Japanese 3L value set
      
0.54b
 
Singaporean breast cancer patients at baseline and 1 week later: regressed with self-reported quality of life
      
0.69b
 
Swan 2013 [A11]
Patients before and after colonoscopy screening
Interim scoring method [A5] Unclear which 3L value set was used
      
0.50
0.44
Jia 2014 [A18]
Hepatitis B patients at baseline and 1 week after
Interim scoring method [A5] Chinese 3L value set
Absolute increase of 0.029–0.073 for index values for the subsample of patients with improved health. There is not enough information to calculate the SES.
Golicki 2015 [A28]
Stoke patients initial hospitalization and 4 mo after therapy: mRS-based criterion
Interim scoring method [A5] Polish 3L value set
0.51
0.69
  
− 0.25
− 0.25
  
Stoke patients initial hospitalization and 4 mo after therapy: Barthel index-based criterion
0.71
0.86
  
− 0.40
− 0.47
  
Chen 2016 [A46]
Stroke patients before and 3 to 4 weeks after therapy
Interim scoring method [A5] Japanese 3L value set
      
0.40
0.63
Conner-Spady 2018 [A73]
Pre to 1 year post TJR (hip)
Interim scoring method [A5] UK 3L value set
      
1.86
1.53
Pre to 1 year post TJR (knee)
      
1.19
1.04
Kohler 2018 [A84]
Vaginal birth 3 to 7 days postpartum
Interim scoring method [A5] UK 3L value set
      
0.78a
 
Vaginal birth 21 to 30 days postpartum
      
1.18a
 
Cesarean Sect. 3 to 7 days postpartum
      
0.90a
 
Cesarean Sect. 21 to 30 days postpartum
      
1.65a
 
Gandhi 2019 [A95]
Before and after cataract surgery
Interim scoring method [A5] Singaporean & English 3L value sets
      
0.25
0.23
Before and after cataract surgery
      
0.26
0.23
Studies using a value set for the 5L version of the EQ-5D
Sakthong 2015 [A39]
Patients of university hospitals 1 to 2 weeks apart
Thai 5L value set
0.33
   
− 0.29
   
Nolan 2016 [A51]
COPD outpatients before and 8 weeks after pulmonary rehabilitation
English 5L value set
      
0.27a
 
Fermont 2017 [A59]
Patients with severe/complex obesity before and 6 mo after bariatric surgery
English 5L value set
0.25
0.30a
− 0.08
− 0.09a
  
0.16
0.19
Bilbao 2018 [A68]
Patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis from hospital/clinic visit and 6 mo after
Spanish 5L value set
0.40
0.38
0.05
0.06
0.39
0.42
  
Campbell 2018 [A71]
3 mo after bariatric surgery
English 5L value set
      
0.40a
 
1 year after bariatric surgery
      
0.32a
 
McClure 2018 [A87]
Baseline to 1 year after: longitudinal study of diabetes patients
Canadian 5L value set
0.20
0.31
  
0.29
0.44
  
Wijnen 2018 [A93]
Epilepsy patients pre intervention program to 12 mo after
Dutch and English 5L value sets
      
−0.017
−0.023
Chuang 2019 [A94]
Baseline to 1 year after: longitudinal study of venous thromboembolism patients
English 5L value set
      
0.44
 
Baseline to 1 year after: longitudinal study of venous thromboembolism patients
      
0.55
 
Studies not reporting which value set was used
White 2016 [A43]
UK patients with cardiac arrhythmias pre and 8–16 weeks post catheter ablation
Not reported
      
− 0.22
− 0.29
Bhadhuri 2017 [A57]
Non-carers of meningitis survivors 1 year apart
Not reported
0.01
 
− 0.19
 
− 0.14
   
Carers of meningitis survivors 1 year apart
0.19
 
− 0.02
 
− 0.27
   
Carers with fewer hours of care of meningitis survivors 1 year apart
− 0.16
 
0.05
 
− 0.31
   
When papers reported multiple results for responsiveness, the SES and SRM are reported in this table for comparability. SES standardized effect size, SRM standardized response mean, QoL quality of life, yr year, mo month, TJR total joint replacement
aEffect size was calculated from available information in the paper
bPaper calculated effect size using regression methods: \(\frac{\text{Regression}\; \text{coefficient}}{\text{residual}\; \text{standard}\; \text{deviation}}\)

Distribution properties

Missing values (17 of 17 papers) and most severe health state (43 of 48 papers) were under 5% and 15%, respectively, showing the 5L to be feasible and free from floor effects (Table 1). Studies with greater than 15% reporting the most severe health (in certain dimensions) were those studying patients with stroke [A28, A46], spinal cord injury [A56], women just after giving birth [A84] and patients with chronic illnesses [A83]. These patients were reporting severe health impairments in MO, SC, and/or UA. Enough information was reported by 48 studies to pool proportion reporting the best health state ‘11111,’ which was 23% for patients, ranging from 2% (musculoskeletal diseases) to 36% (cancer; Fig. 2a). Pooled proportion of over 15% at full health was observed for patients with diabetes, cancer, liver diseases, kidney diseases and skin diseases. General and healthy population studies were 48% and 41% reporting full health, respectively (Fig. 2b).
By dimension, proportions reporting “no problems” were smallest across the board for stroke, while SC consistently had large ceilings except for patients with stroke, diseases of the nervous system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system (pooled proportion reporting “no problems” in EQ-5D-5L dimensions can be found in Supplementary Table 3). Konnopka and Koenig (2017) also found SC to be most problematic in terms of percentage at the ceiling, even for those reporting four or more diseases and needing one or more hours of daily care [A61].
Index value means could be pooled from 58 publications, showing they were generally lower for disease groups than healthy populations and lower socio-economic/socio-demographic groups than higher (Fig. 3a, b).

Reliability

Nine papers addressed test–retest reliability, eight found the scale agreement (ICC) excellent and the remaining study finding an ICC of 0.7. However, five studies found fair agreement on the item level (Cohen’s Kappa) for certain dimensions: they tend to be smaller for PD and highest for MO (Table 1).

Validity

Studies examining construct validity typically compared the EQ-5D-5L to the EQ-5D-3L: the focus has been on the response categories as the items themselves were identical. As we did not include studies with experimental versions of the 5L, most of the earlier studies examining the construct validity of various response options of the 5L have not been included. One included study used exploratory factor analysis to examine the structure of the EQ-5D-5L, Satisfaction with Life Scale and MacNew questionnaire [A96]. They found MO, SC, UA, and PD to load onto one factor with other physical health and usual activity items, and AD to load onto a second factor including items addressing mood, depression, and confidence. Of the five included papers addressing content validity, three used qualitative methods. Keeley et al. (2013) sampled research professionals who found the SC item to be too narrowly defined and the UA item to be too broad, while deeming PD and AD as the most relevant dimensions related to health-related quality of life [A7]. Whitehurst et al. (2014) sampled patients with spinal cord injuries, who generally found the 5L to be relevant for their health problems [A21]. However, some found the instrument to lack coverage of specific aspects of spinal cord injury. A more recent qualitative study found the EQ-5D-5L to lack relevancy for asthma patients except for some physical limitations, but also praised the instrument for its generic nature [A92].
Craig et al. (2014) found via regression analysis that the 5L encompasses a slightly larger range of EQ-VAS scores from best to worst health state compared to the 3L [A15]. Janssen et al. 2018 also investigated the distance between the 3L and 5L levels using a direct approach asking patients to place the labels onto a horizontal VAS scale, finding a larger range covered by the 5L [A83].
Convergent validity was assessed by the greatest number of papers (n = 33), usually examining correlations of EQ-5D-5L with other measures of health using Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s Rho rank correlation coefficient. Figure 4a–c illustrates pooled correlations of the EQ-5D-5L index value with other measures of physical health, mental/social/cognitive health and global health. The strongest correlations were observed for multi-attribute utility instruments (pooled rho = 0.756), physical/functional measures (pooled rho = 0.582) and pain/discomfort measures (pooled rho = 0.595). The EQ-5D-5L index value correlated poorly with measures of satisfaction (pooled rho = 0.335) and cognition/communication (pooled rho = 0.259).
On a dimension level, the strongest correlation was observed for PD and pain measures (pooled rho = 0.636), while all items correlated poorly with measures of cognition/communication and vitality/fatigue/sleep. AD was the only item to show (moderate) correlation with mental (pooled rho = 0.461), emotional and social health items (pooled rho = 0.413). Pooled correlation of EQ-5D-5L dimensions and other measures of health can be found in Supplementary Table 4.
Bhadhuri et al. 2017 examined the EQ-5D-5L’s ability to measure spillover effects and found strong correlations between EQ-5D-5L scores of family of meningitis survivors and survivors’ social lives (Spearman’s Rho = 0.52, 0.45), exercise (rho = 0.55, 0.82), and personal health (rho = 0.88, 0.95) [A57]. Poor correlations were found between carers’ and survivors’ EQ-5D-5L dimensions (rho = 0.07 to 0.24), index (rho = 0.19, 0.26), and EQ-VAS (rho = 0.22, 0.24).
Table 2 includes information from studies, which examined validity other than convergent. Generally, the 5L can distinguish across disease groups, disease severity, symptoms, and related groups, and also across age and education. However, it does not consistently distinguish across groups differing with certain clinical outcomes (e.g., presence of deformities in the spine, frequency of medication use, gender, use of health services, and marital status.

Responsiveness

Fifteen studies examined whether the EQ-5D-5L captures change in health over time. All of these papers included SES and/or SRM. Although not reported, the SES could be calculated for two papers using reported information [A71, A84]. Five assessed results across respondents who improved, remained stable or deteriorated over time based on an anchor measure [A28, A39, A57, A59, A68, A87]. Four papers also reported MID [A46, A50, A71, A85]. Two used retrospective items to define change [A50, A71]. Table 4 summarizes the responsiveness results—when available, the SES and SRM are used for ease of interpretability. The EQ-5D-5L index values typically had moderate effect sizes for improved patients and those expected to improve (over the course of medical or therapeutic intervention). The largest effect sizes were observed for patients days and weeks after giving birth [A84]. Compared to other instruments, the 5L generally performs as well or better. Two additional papers addressed dimension-level changes [A23, A74], both finding the 5L to be more sensitive than the 3L. Crick et al. 2018 examined only the AD dimension and noted that both the 3L and 5L were limited in responsiveness [A74].

Discussion

The EQ-5D is a generic preference-based health status instrument that has enjoyed widespread use since its creation in the 1980s [33]. The psychometric properties of the three-level version have been well established [3440]. Any reluctance of using the more recently developed five-level version might come in part from limited experience and evidence for validity, reliability or responsiveness in different populations [41]. This review summarized published evidence on the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L, which has been investigated in a broad array of countries, populations and contexts in the past decade. No studies found missing values to be problematic for the instrument, demonstrating feasibility. Test–retest results show potential problems with stability over time on an item level, but not at the instrument (index score) level. Note that internal consistency is not a relevant psychometric property for the EQ-5D-5L since its index score is based on a completely different measurement framework (as a preference-based measure).
Rather large proportions of respondents reporting the best health profile were observed for general population studies but less so for patient populations. The EQ-5D was conceptualized to measure deviations from full health (or negative health) and is more prone to larger ceilings than instruments that include positive health dimensions (e.g., the SF-6D). Therefore, studies with samples for which impact on the functions covered by the EQ-5D-5L (e.g., recovered cancer patients, liver disease, diabetes) is less relevant, other disease-specific instruments should be used in conjunction. On the item level, most studies, even those with populations in poorer health, reported a substantial ceiling with the dimension “self-care”, although the ceiling for self-care was low for respondents who were expected to have limitations with this function (e.g., patients before hip replacement surgery, patients shortly after cesarean section, patients with spinal cord injury [A21, A24, A84]). These results suggest that while most populations may not report problems in “self-care”, it is relevant for particular patient groups.
Our results overall solidly establish the validity of the EQ-5D-5L as supported by observed trends across subgroups (pooled means, known-group validity) as well as the convergent validity (correlation of items and index to other measures of health-related quality of life). Index values as well as the dimensions show moderate to strong correlations with physical/functional measures, pain, measures of mental and emotional health, activities of daily living and clinical/biological measures as well as with other multi-attribute utility measures. On the other hand, the 5L is not found to be correlated with satisfaction with life and cognition/communication measures. Indeed, current efforts investigating adding dimensions (so-called “bolt-ons”) to the 5L has identified cognition as an important dimension missing from the EQ-5D [4244].
Included studies on responsiveness are heterogeneous in terms of the population, whether and which anchors were used, whether a health intervention was administered, and stratification of results across subgroups. This is not a problem unique to the EQ-5D-5L as, unlike other psychometric properties, there is not a set of recommended analyses to address responsiveness [25, 30]. Therefore, it is difficult to elucidate whether the EQ-5D-5L has problems with sensitivity to change in certain populations or with certain treatments. Despite this limitation, responsiveness is found to be acceptable by all included studies. A previous review found the EQ-5D-5L to be responsive to half of the conditions included, but found mixed evidence for the other half [26]. Responsiveness and sensitivity to changes in health is clearly an area that needs further investigation. Future studies could benefit from defining what a relevant change is for the EQ-5D-5L (MID) and defining appropriate anchor measures that can be used across populations (e.g., a level of change in EQ-VAS scores or a single self-rated health item). Parkin and colleagues (2016) demonstrated the EQ-5D-5L distribution to be affected both by the descriptive system and the value set applied [45]. Although not a focus of this study, the valuation method and applied utility scores are as important as the descriptive system when assessing responsiveness of index values. It has been shown that choice of value set has an impact on utility scores [4649] and may change results of cost-utility analyses [48, 50, 51]. Other results show that the effect of value sets on utility scores is relatively small [A37, A83]. Due to the heterogeneity of studies found in this review, we have insufficient information to evaluate how value sets impact responsiveness. Future research will benefit from systematically examining responsiveness of the descriptive system and how choice of value set farther impacts responsiveness.
This review included nearly one hundred studies published in the past decade that investigated the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L, the majority of which sample populations from western Europe, OECD countries and secondarily, from East Asia. This clearly reflects where the EQ-5D-5L is currently used [52]. However, almost a third of new user registrations in 2018 come from countries accounting for less than 1.5% of total registrations, demonstrating widespread as opposed to concentrated use of the instrument [52]. For instance, two reviews report rapid uptake of the instrument in Eastern Europe [53, 54]. Establishing validity in other regions is crucial as the EQ-5D-5L expands in its use. Similarly, as the EQ-5D instrument has expanded in its application, it would also be important to assess how well it performs in particular settings and applications, such as used to inform clinical practice, in health services research or in health surveillance programs.

Study limitations

A limitation of this study is that studies using experimental versions of the EQ-5D-5L were excluded. Early experimental work on the content validity of the instrument [5562] and investigations of bolt-on items [63] are therefore not captured by this review. Similarly, due to the very large number and range of quality of studies identified, we did not include application studies of the EQ-5D-5L which did not explicitly address psychometric properties, and therefore are missing distributional and perhaps responsiveness information that may have been captured by those publications. As already discussed, choice of value set and valuation methodology are as important as the descriptive system in the case of the EQ-5D. This review does not address valuation methods and therefore does not tackle a crucial component of the instrument and its index value. A previous review of valuation methodology provides valuable information on this topic [64].

Conclusions

The EQ-5D-5L is a reliable and valid generic instrument that describes health status which can be applied to a broad range of populations and settings. The assessment of responsiveness, in particular, needs further and more rigorous exploration. Rather large ceilings persist in general population samples, reflecting the conceptualization of the EQ-5D instrument, which focuses on limitations in function and symptoms, and does not include positive aspects of health such as energy or well-being.

Acknowledgements

EuroQol Research Foundation fully funded this project (Grant ID EQ Project 2016170).

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

All four authors are members of the EuroQol group. Outside of scientific meetings, group members do not receive any financial support.

Ethical approval

This is a review paper and therefore none of the authors conducted human or animal data collection.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Onze productaanbevelingen

BSL Podotherapeut Totaal

Binnen de bundel kunt u gebruik maken van boeken, tijdschriften, e-learnings, web-tv's en uitlegvideo's. BSL Podotherapeut Totaal is overal toegankelijk; via uw PC, tablet of smartphone.

Bijlagen

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Literatuur
1.
go back to reference Stolk, E., Ludwig, K., Rand, K., van Hout, B., & Ramos-Goni, J. M. (2019). Overview, update, and lessons learned from the international EQ-5D-5L valuation work: Version 2 of the EQ-5D-5L valuation Protocol. Value in Health, 22(1), 23–30.PubMed Stolk, E., Ludwig, K., Rand, K., van Hout, B., & Ramos-Goni, J. M. (2019). Overview, update, and lessons learned from the international EQ-5D-5L valuation work: Version 2 of the EQ-5D-5L valuation Protocol. Value in Health, 22(1), 23–30.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Bharmal, M., & Thomas, J. (2006). Comparing the EQ-5D and the SF-6D descriptive systems to assess their ceiling effects in the US general population. Value in Health, 9(4), 262–271.PubMed Bharmal, M., & Thomas, J. (2006). Comparing the EQ-5D and the SF-6D descriptive systems to assess their ceiling effects in the US general population. Value in Health, 9(4), 262–271.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Luo, N., Johnson, J. A., Shaw, J. W., & Coons, S. J. (2009). Relative efficiency of the EQ-5D, HUI2, and HUI3 index scores in measuring health burden of chronic medical conditions in a population health survey in the United States. Medical Care, 47(1), 53–60.PubMed Luo, N., Johnson, J. A., Shaw, J. W., & Coons, S. J. (2009). Relative efficiency of the EQ-5D, HUI2, and HUI3 index scores in measuring health burden of chronic medical conditions in a population health survey in the United States. Medical Care, 47(1), 53–60.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Palta, M., Chen, H. Y., Kaplan, R. M., Feeny, D., Cherepanov, D., & Fryback, D. G. (2011). Standard error of measurement of 5 health utility indexes across the range of health for use in estimating reliability and responsiveness. Medical Decision Making, 31(2), 260–269.PubMed Palta, M., Chen, H. Y., Kaplan, R. M., Feeny, D., Cherepanov, D., & Fryback, D. G. (2011). Standard error of measurement of 5 health utility indexes across the range of health for use in estimating reliability and responsiveness. Medical Decision Making, 31(2), 260–269.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Tordrup, D., Mossman, J., & Kanavos, P. (2014). Responsiveness of the EQ-5D to clinical change: Is the patient experience adequately represented? International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 30(1), 10–19.PubMed Tordrup, D., Mossman, J., & Kanavos, P. (2014). Responsiveness of the EQ-5D to clinical change: Is the patient experience adequately represented? International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 30(1), 10–19.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Brazier, J., Roberts, J., Tsuchiya, A., & Busschbach, J. (2004). A comparison of the EQ-5D and SF-6D across seven patient groups. Health Economics, 13(9), 873–884.PubMed Brazier, J., Roberts, J., Tsuchiya, A., & Busschbach, J. (2004). A comparison of the EQ-5D and SF-6D across seven patient groups. Health Economics, 13(9), 873–884.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Cunillera, O., Tresserras, R., Rajmil, L., Vilagut, G., Brugulat, P., Herdman, M., et al. (2010). Discriminative capacity of the EQ-5D, SF-6D, and SF-12 as measures of health status in population health survey. Quality of Life Research, 19(6), 853–864.PubMed Cunillera, O., Tresserras, R., Rajmil, L., Vilagut, G., Brugulat, P., Herdman, M., et al. (2010). Discriminative capacity of the EQ-5D, SF-6D, and SF-12 as measures of health status in population health survey. Quality of Life Research, 19(6), 853–864.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Ferreira, L. N., Ferreira, P. L., & Pereira, L. N. (2014). Comparing the performance of the SF-6D and the EQ-5D in different patient groups. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 27(2), 236–245.PubMed Ferreira, L. N., Ferreira, P. L., & Pereira, L. N. (2014). Comparing the performance of the SF-6D and the EQ-5D in different patient groups. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 27(2), 236–245.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Kontodimopoulos, N., Pappa, E., Chadjiapostolou, Z., Arvanitaki, E., Papadopoulos, A. A., & Niakas, D. (2012). Comparing the sensitivity of EQ-5D, SF-6D and 15D utilities to the specific effect of diabetic complications. The European Journal of Health Economics, 13(1), 111–120.PubMed Kontodimopoulos, N., Pappa, E., Chadjiapostolou, Z., Arvanitaki, E., Papadopoulos, A. A., & Niakas, D. (2012). Comparing the sensitivity of EQ-5D, SF-6D and 15D utilities to the specific effect of diabetic complications. The European Journal of Health Economics, 13(1), 111–120.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Macran, S., Weatherly, H., & Kind, P. (2003). Measuring population health: a comparison of three generic health status measures. Medical Care, 41(2), 218–231.PubMed Macran, S., Weatherly, H., & Kind, P. (2003). Measuring population health: a comparison of three generic health status measures. Medical Care, 41(2), 218–231.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., Janssen, M., Kind, P., Parkin, D., et al. (2011). Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of Life Research, 20(10), 1727–1736.PubMedPubMedCentral Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., Janssen, M., Kind, P., Parkin, D., et al. (2011). Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Quality of Life Research, 20(10), 1727–1736.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Buchholz, I., Janssen, M. F., Kohlmann, T., & Feng, Y. S. (2018). A systematic review of studies comparing the measurement properties of the three-level and five-level versions of the EQ-5D. Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 645–661.PubMedPubMedCentral Buchholz, I., Janssen, M. F., Kohlmann, T., & Feng, Y. S. (2018). A systematic review of studies comparing the measurement properties of the three-level and five-level versions of the EQ-5D. Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 645–661.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
go back to reference Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.PubMedPubMedCentral Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., & Tong, T. (2014). Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 135.PubMedPubMedCentral Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., & Tong, T. (2014). Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 135.PubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: a primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8(1), 3–15.PubMed Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: a primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8(1), 3–15.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., et al. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42.PubMed Terwee, C. B., Bot, S. D. M., de Boer, M. R., van der Windt, D. A. W. M., Knol, D. L., Dekker, J., et al. (2007). Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 60(1), 34–42.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
20.
go back to reference Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1973). The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 613–619. Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1973). The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 613–619.
21.
go back to reference Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428.PubMed Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420–428.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290.
23.
go back to reference Deyo, R. A., & Centor, R. M. (1986). Assessing the responsiveness of functional scales to clinical change: An analogy to diagnostic test performance. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39(11), 897–906.PubMed Deyo, R. A., & Centor, R. M. (1986). Assessing the responsiveness of functional scales to clinical change: An analogy to diagnostic test performance. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 39(11), 897–906.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Deyo, R. A., Diehr, P., & Patrick, D. L. (1991). Reproducibility and responsiveness of health status measures. Statistics and strategies for evaluation. Controlled Clinical Trials, 12(4 Suppl), 142S–158S.PubMed Deyo, R. A., Diehr, P., & Patrick, D. L. (1991). Reproducibility and responsiveness of health status measures. Statistics and strategies for evaluation. Controlled Clinical Trials, 12(4 Suppl), 142S–158S.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Terwee, C. B., Dekker, F. W., Wiersinga, W. M., Prummel, M. F., & Bossuyt, P. M. (2003). On assessing responsiveness of health-related quality of life instruments: Guidelines for instrument evaluation. Quality of Life Research, 12(4), 349–362.PubMed Terwee, C. B., Dekker, F. W., Wiersinga, W. M., Prummel, M. F., & Bossuyt, P. M. (2003). On assessing responsiveness of health-related quality of life instruments: Guidelines for instrument evaluation. Quality of Life Research, 12(4), 349–362.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Payakachat, N., Ali, M. M., & Tilford, J. M. (2015). Can the EQ-5D detect meaningful change? A systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics, 33(11), 1137–1154.PubMedPubMedCentral Payakachat, N., Ali, M. M., & Tilford, J. M. (2015). Can the EQ-5D detect meaningful change? A systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics, 33(11), 1137–1154.PubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Revicki, D., Hays, R. D., Cella, D., & Sloan, J. (2008). Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(2), 102–109.PubMed Revicki, D., Hays, R. D., Cella, D., & Sloan, J. (2008). Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(2), 102–109.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Revicki, D. A., Cella, D., Hays, R. D., Sloan, J. A., Lenderking, W. R., & Aaronson, N. K. (2006). Responsiveness and minimal important differences for patient reported outcomes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 70.PubMedPubMedCentral Revicki, D. A., Cella, D., Hays, R. D., Sloan, J. A., Lenderking, W. R., & Aaronson, N. K. (2006). Responsiveness and minimal important differences for patient reported outcomes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4, 70.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge Academic. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge Academic.
30.
go back to reference Norman, G. R., Sridhar, F. G., Guyatt, G. H., & Walter, S. D. (2001). Relation of distribution- and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life. Medical Care, 39(10), 1039–1047.PubMed Norman, G. R., Sridhar, F. G., Guyatt, G. H., & Walter, S. D. (2001). Relation of distribution- and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life. Medical Care, 39(10), 1039–1047.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Schwarzer, G. (2007). meta: An R package for meta-analysis. R News, 7(3), 40–45. Schwarzer, G. (2007). meta: An R package for meta-analysis. R News, 7(3), 40–45.
33.
go back to reference Devlin, N. J., & Brooks, R. (2017). EQ-5D and the EuroQol group: Past, present and future. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 15(2), 127–137.PubMedPubMedCentral Devlin, N. J., & Brooks, R. (2017). EQ-5D and the EuroQol group: Past, present and future. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 15(2), 127–137.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Finch, A. P., Brazier, J. E., & Mukuria, C. (2018). What is the evidence for the performance of generic preference-based measures? A systematic overview of reviews. The European Journal of Health Economics, 19(4), 557–570.PubMed Finch, A. P., Brazier, J. E., & Mukuria, C. (2018). What is the evidence for the performance of generic preference-based measures? A systematic overview of reviews. The European Journal of Health Economics, 19(4), 557–570.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Dyer, M. T., Goldsmith, K. A., Sharples, L. S., & Buxton, M. J. (2010). A review of health utilities using the EQ-5D in studies of cardiovascular disease. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 13.PubMedPubMedCentral Dyer, M. T., Goldsmith, K. A., Sharples, L. S., & Buxton, M. J. (2010). A review of health utilities using the EQ-5D in studies of cardiovascular disease. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 13.PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Finch, A. P., Dritsaki, M., & Jommi, C. (2016). Generic preference-based measures for low back pain: Which of them should be used? Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 41(6), E364–E374. Finch, A. P., Dritsaki, M., & Jommi, C. (2016). Generic preference-based measures for low back pain: Which of them should be used? Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 41(6), E364–E374.
37.
go back to reference Grobet, C., Marks, M., Tecklenburg, L., & Audige, L. (2018). Application and measurement properties of EQ-5D to measure quality of life in patients with upper extremity orthopaedic disorders: A systematic literature review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 138(7), 953–961.PubMed Grobet, C., Marks, M., Tecklenburg, L., & Audige, L. (2018). Application and measurement properties of EQ-5D to measure quality of life in patients with upper extremity orthopaedic disorders: A systematic literature review. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 138(7), 953–961.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Pickard, A. S., Wilke, C. T., Lin, H. W., & Lloyd, A. (2007). Health utilities using the EQ-5D in studies of cancer. Pharmacoeconomics, 25(5), 365–384.PubMed Pickard, A. S., Wilke, C. T., Lin, H. W., & Lloyd, A. (2007). Health utilities using the EQ-5D in studies of cancer. Pharmacoeconomics, 25(5), 365–384.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Yang, Y., Brazier, J., & Longworth, L. (2015). EQ-5D in skin conditions: An assessment of validity and responsiveness. The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(9), 927–939.PubMed Yang, Y., Brazier, J., & Longworth, L. (2015). EQ-5D in skin conditions: An assessment of validity and responsiveness. The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(9), 927–939.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Janssen, M. F., Lubetkin, E. I., Sekhobo, J. P., & Pickard, A. S. (2011). The use of the EQ-5D preference-based health status measure in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 28(4), 395–413.PubMed Janssen, M. F., Lubetkin, E. I., Sekhobo, J. P., & Pickard, A. S. (2011). The use of the EQ-5D preference-based health status measure in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 28(4), 395–413.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Round, J. (2018). Once bitten twice Shy: Thinking carefully before adopting the EQ-5D-5L. Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 641–643.PubMed Round, J. (2018). Once bitten twice Shy: Thinking carefully before adopting the EQ-5D-5L. Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 641–643.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Yang, Y., Rowen, D., Brazier, J., Tsuchiya, A., Young, T., & Longworth, L. (2015). An exploratory study to test the impact on three “bolt-on” items to the EQ-5D. Value in Health, 18(1), 52–60.PubMedPubMedCentral Yang, Y., Rowen, D., Brazier, J., Tsuchiya, A., Young, T., & Longworth, L. (2015). An exploratory study to test the impact on three “bolt-on” items to the EQ-5D. Value in Health, 18(1), 52–60.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Geraerds, A. J. L. M., Bonsel, G. J., Janssen, M. F., de Jongh, M. A., Spronk, I., Polinder, S., et al. (2019). The added value of the EQ-5D with a cognition dimension in injury patients with and without traumatic brain injury. Quality of Life Research, 28(7), 1931–1939.PubMedPubMedCentral Geraerds, A. J. L. M., Bonsel, G. J., Janssen, M. F., de Jongh, M. A., Spronk, I., Polinder, S., et al. (2019). The added value of the EQ-5D with a cognition dimension in injury patients with and without traumatic brain injury. Quality of Life Research, 28(7), 1931–1939.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Jelsma, J., & Maart, S. (2015). Should additional domains be added to the EQ-5D health-related quality of life instrument for community-based studies? (p. 13). Population Health Metrics: An analytical descriptive study. Jelsma, J., & Maart, S. (2015). Should additional domains be added to the EQ-5D health-related quality of life instrument for community-based studies? (p. 13). Population Health Metrics: An analytical descriptive study.
45.
go back to reference Parkin, D., Devlin, N., & Feng, Y. (2016). What determines the shape of an EQ-5D index distribution? Medical Decision Making, 36(8), 941–951.PubMed Parkin, D., Devlin, N., & Feng, Y. (2016). What determines the shape of an EQ-5D index distribution? Medical Decision Making, 36(8), 941–951.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Kiadaliri, A. A., Eliasson, B., & Gerdtham, U. G. (2015). Does the choice of EQ-5D tariff matter? A comparison of the Swedish EQ-5D-3L index score with UK, US, Germany and Denmark among type 2 diabetes patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 145.PubMedPubMedCentral Kiadaliri, A. A., Eliasson, B., & Gerdtham, U. G. (2015). Does the choice of EQ-5D tariff matter? A comparison of the Swedish EQ-5D-3L index score with UK, US, Germany and Denmark among type 2 diabetes patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 145.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Zhao, Y., Li, S. P., Liu, L., Zhang, J. L., & Chen, G. (2017). Does the choice of tariff matter? A comparison of EQ-5D-5L utility scores using Chinese, UK, and Japanese tariffs on patients with psoriasis vulgaris in Central South China. Medicine (Baltimore), 96(34), e7840. Zhao, Y., Li, S. P., Liu, L., Zhang, J. L., & Chen, G. (2017). Does the choice of tariff matter? A comparison of EQ-5D-5L utility scores using Chinese, UK, and Japanese tariffs on patients with psoriasis vulgaris in Central South China. Medicine (Baltimore), 96(34), e7840.
48.
go back to reference Mulhern, B., Feng, Y., Shah, K., Janssen, M. F., Herdman, M., van Hout, B., et al. (2018). Comparing the UK EQ-5D-3L and English EQ-5D-5L Value Sets (vol 36, pg 699, 2018). Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 727–727.PubMedPubMedCentral Mulhern, B., Feng, Y., Shah, K., Janssen, M. F., Herdman, M., van Hout, B., et al. (2018). Comparing the UK EQ-5D-3L and English EQ-5D-5L Value Sets (vol 36, pg 699, 2018). Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 727–727.PubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Gerlinger, C., Bamber, L., Leverkus, F., Schwenke, C., Haberland, C., Schmidt, G., et al. (2019). Comparing the EQ-5D-5L utility index based on value sets of different countries: Impact on the interpretation of clinical study results. BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 18.PubMedPubMedCentral Gerlinger, C., Bamber, L., Leverkus, F., Schwenke, C., Haberland, C., Schmidt, G., et al. (2019). Comparing the EQ-5D-5L utility index based on value sets of different countries: Impact on the interpretation of clinical study results. BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 18.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Yang, F., Devlin, N., & Luo, N. (2019). Cost-utility analysis using EQ-5D-5L data: Does how the utilities are derived matter? Value in Health, 22(1), 45–49.PubMed Yang, F., Devlin, N., & Luo, N. (2019). Cost-utility analysis using EQ-5D-5L data: Does how the utilities are derived matter? Value in Health, 22(1), 45–49.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Lien, K., Tam, V. C., Ko, Y. J., Mittmann, N., Cheung, M. C., & Chan, K. K. W. (2015). Impact of country-specific EQ-5D-3L tariffs on the economic value of systemic therapies used in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Current Oncology, 22(6), E443–E452.PubMedPubMedCentral Lien, K., Tam, V. C., Ko, Y. J., Mittmann, N., Cheung, M. C., & Chan, K. K. W. (2015). Impact of country-specific EQ-5D-3L tariffs on the economic value of systemic therapies used in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Current Oncology, 22(6), E443–E452.PubMedPubMedCentral
53.
go back to reference Rencz, F., Gulacsi, L., Drummond, M., Golicki, D., Prevolnik Rupel, V., Simon, J., et al. (2016). EQ-5D in Central and eastern Europe: 2000-2015. Quality of Life Research, 25(11), 2693–2710.PubMed Rencz, F., Gulacsi, L., Drummond, M., Golicki, D., Prevolnik Rupel, V., Simon, J., et al. (2016). EQ-5D in Central and eastern Europe: 2000-2015. Quality of Life Research, 25(11), 2693–2710.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Zrubka, Z., Rencz, F., Zavada, J., Golicki, D., Rupel, V. P., Simon, J., et al. (2017). EQ-5D studies in musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in eight Central and Eastern European countries: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology International, 37(12), 1957–1977.PubMed Zrubka, Z., Rencz, F., Zavada, J., Golicki, D., Rupel, V. P., Simon, J., et al. (2017). EQ-5D studies in musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in eight Central and Eastern European countries: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology International, 37(12), 1957–1977.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Luo, N., Li, M., Chevalier, J., Lloyd, A., & Herdman, M. (2013). A comparison of the scaling properties of the English, Spanish, French, and Chinese EQ-5D descriptive systems. Quality of Life Research, 22(8), 2237–2243.PubMed Luo, N., Li, M., Chevalier, J., Lloyd, A., & Herdman, M. (2013). A comparison of the scaling properties of the English, Spanish, French, and Chinese EQ-5D descriptive systems. Quality of Life Research, 22(8), 2237–2243.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Luo, N., Li, M., & Liu, G. (2009). Investigation of Labels for a 5-level EQ-5D descriptive system in Chinese. EuroQol Proceedings, 26, 77–102. Luo, N., Li, M., & Liu, G. (2009). Investigation of Labels for a 5-level EQ-5D descriptive system in Chinese. EuroQol Proceedings, 26, 77–102.
57.
go back to reference Luo, N., Li, M., Liu, G. G., Lloyd, A., de Charro, C., & Herdman, M. (2013). Developing the Chinese version of the new 5-level EQ-5D descriptive system: The response scaling approach. Quality of Life Research, 22(4), 885–890.PubMed Luo, N., Li, M., Liu, G. G., Lloyd, A., de Charro, C., & Herdman, M. (2013). Developing the Chinese version of the new 5-level EQ-5D descriptive system: The response scaling approach. Quality of Life Research, 22(4), 885–890.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Luo, N., Wang, Y., How, C. H., Tay, E. G., Thumboo, J., & Herdman, M. (2015). Interpretation and use of the 5-level EQ-5D response labels varied with survey language among Asians in Singapore. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(10), 1195–1204.PubMed Luo, N., Wang, Y., How, C. H., Tay, E. G., Thumboo, J., & Herdman, M. (2015). Interpretation and use of the 5-level EQ-5D response labels varied with survey language among Asians in Singapore. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(10), 1195–1204.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Janssen, M. F., Birnie, E., & Bonsel, G. J. (2008). Quantification of the level descriptors for the standard EQ-5D three-level system and a five-level version according to two methods. Quality of Life Research, 17(3), 463–473.PubMedPubMedCentral Janssen, M. F., Birnie, E., & Bonsel, G. J. (2008). Quantification of the level descriptors for the standard EQ-5D three-level system and a five-level version according to two methods. Quality of Life Research, 17(3), 463–473.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
go back to reference Pickard, A. S., De Leon, M. C., Kohlmann, T., Cella, D., & Rosenbloom, S. (2007). Psychometric comparison of the standard EQ-5D to a 5 level version in cancer patients. Medical Care, 45(3), 259–263.PubMed Pickard, A. S., De Leon, M. C., Kohlmann, T., Cella, D., & Rosenbloom, S. (2007). Psychometric comparison of the standard EQ-5D to a 5 level version in cancer patients. Medical Care, 45(3), 259–263.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Pickard, A. S., Kohlmann, T., Janssen, M. F., Bonsel, G., Rosenbloom, S., & Cella, D. (2007). Evaluating equivalency between response systems: Application of the Rasch model to a 3-level and 5-level EQ-5D. Medical Care, 45(9), 812–819.PubMed Pickard, A. S., Kohlmann, T., Janssen, M. F., Bonsel, G., Rosenbloom, S., & Cella, D. (2007). Evaluating equivalency between response systems: Application of the Rasch model to a 3-level and 5-level EQ-5D. Medical Care, 45(9), 812–819.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Chevalier, J., & De Pouvourville, G. (2008). Testing a new 5 level version of the EQ-5D in France. EuroQol Proceedings, 14, 75–88. Chevalier, J., & De Pouvourville, G. (2008). Testing a new 5 level version of the EQ-5D in France. EuroQol Proceedings, 14, 75–88.
63.
go back to reference Finch, A. P., Brazier, J. E., Mukuria, C., & Bjorner, J. B. (2017). An exploratory study on using principal-component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to identify bolt-on dimensions: The EQ-5D case study. Value in Health, 20(10), 1362–1375.PubMed Finch, A. P., Brazier, J. E., Mukuria, C., & Bjorner, J. B. (2017). An exploratory study on using principal-component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to identify bolt-on dimensions: The EQ-5D case study. Value in Health, 20(10), 1362–1375.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Xie, F., Gaebel, K., Perampaladas, K., Doble, B., & Pullenayegum, E. (2014). Comparing EQ-5D Valuation Studies: A systematic review and methodological reporting checklist. Medical Decision Making, 34(1), 8–20.PubMed Xie, F., Gaebel, K., Perampaladas, K., Doble, B., & Pullenayegum, E. (2014). Comparing EQ-5D Valuation Studies: A systematic review and methodological reporting checklist. Medical Decision Making, 34(1), 8–20.PubMed
A.1.
go back to reference Scalone, L. (2011). Comparing the standard EQ-5D-3L versus 5L version for the assessment of health of patients with live diseases. EuroQol Proceedings, 16, 213–239. Scalone, L. (2011). Comparing the standard EQ-5D-3L versus 5L version for the assessment of health of patients with live diseases. EuroQol Proceedings, 16, 213–239.
A.2.
go back to reference Kim, S. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, S. I., & Jo, M. W. (2012). Comparing the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L in cancer patients in Korea. Quality of Life Research, 21(6), 1065–1073.PubMed Kim, S. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, S. I., & Jo, M. W. (2012). Comparing the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L in cancer patients in Korea. Quality of Life Research, 21(6), 1065–1073.PubMed
A.3.
go back to reference Tran, B. X., Ohinmaa, A., & Nguyen, L. T. (2012). Quality of life profile and psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in HIV/AIDS patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10, 132.PubMedPubMedCentral Tran, B. X., Ohinmaa, A., & Nguyen, L. T. (2012). Quality of life profile and psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in HIV/AIDS patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10, 132.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.4.
go back to reference van Hout, B., Janssen, M. F., Feng, Y. S., Kohlmann, T., Busschbach, J., Golicki, D., et al. (2012). Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: Mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets. Value. Health, 15(5), 708–715.PubMed van Hout, B., Janssen, M. F., Feng, Y. S., Kohlmann, T., Busschbach, J., Golicki, D., et al. (2012). Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: Mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets. Value. Health, 15(5), 708–715.PubMed
A.5.
go back to reference Augustovski, F., Rey-Ares, L., Irazola, V., Oppe, M., & Devlin, N. J. (2013). Lead versus lag-time trade-off variants: Does it make any difference? The European Journal of Health Economics, 14(Suppl 1), S25–S31.PubMed Augustovski, F., Rey-Ares, L., Irazola, V., Oppe, M., & Devlin, N. J. (2013). Lead versus lag-time trade-off variants: Does it make any difference? The European Journal of Health Economics, 14(Suppl 1), S25–S31.PubMed
A.6.
go back to reference Janssen, M. F., Pickard, A. S., Golicki, D., Gudex, C., Niewada, M., Scalone, L., et al. (2013). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L across eight patient groups: A multi-country study. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1717–1727.PubMed Janssen, M. F., Pickard, A. S., Golicki, D., Gudex, C., Niewada, M., Scalone, L., et al. (2013). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L across eight patient groups: A multi-country study. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1717–1727.PubMed
A.7.
go back to reference Keeley, T., Al-Janabi, H., Lorgelly, P., & Coast, J. (2013). A qualitative assessment of the content validity of the ICECAP-A and EQ-5D-5L and their appropriateness for use in health research. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e85287.PubMedPubMedCentral Keeley, T., Al-Janabi, H., Lorgelly, P., & Coast, J. (2013). A qualitative assessment of the content validity of the ICECAP-A and EQ-5D-5L and their appropriateness for use in health research. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e85287.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.8.
go back to reference Kim, T. H., Jo, M. W., Lee, S. I., Kim, S. H., & Chung, S. M. (2013). Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in the general population of South Korea. Quality of Life Research, 22(8), 2245–2253.PubMed Kim, T. H., Jo, M. W., Lee, S. I., Kim, S. H., & Chung, S. M. (2013). Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in the general population of South Korea. Quality of Life Research, 22(8), 2245–2253.PubMed
A.9.
go back to reference Lee, C. F., Luo, N., Ng, R., Wong, N. S., Yap, Y. S., Lo, S. K., et al. (2013). Comparison of the measurement properties between a short and generic instrument, the 5-level EuroQoL Group’s 5-dimension (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire, and a longer and disease-specific instrument, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), in Asian breast cancer patients. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1745–1751.PubMed Lee, C. F., Luo, N., Ng, R., Wong, N. S., Yap, Y. S., Lo, S. K., et al. (2013). Comparison of the measurement properties between a short and generic instrument, the 5-level EuroQoL Group’s 5-dimension (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire, and a longer and disease-specific instrument, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), in Asian breast cancer patients. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1745–1751.PubMed
A.10.
go back to reference Scalone, L., Ciampichini, R., Fagiuoli, S., Gardini, I., Fusco, F., Gaeta, L., et al. (2013). Comparing the performance of the standard EQ-5D 3L with the new version EQ-5D 5L in patients with chronic hepatic diseases. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1707–1716.PubMed Scalone, L., Ciampichini, R., Fagiuoli, S., Gardini, I., Fusco, F., Gaeta, L., et al. (2013). Comparing the performance of the standard EQ-5D 3L with the new version EQ-5D 5L in patients with chronic hepatic diseases. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1707–1716.PubMed
A.11.
go back to reference Swan, J. S., Hur, C., Lee, P., Motazedi, T., & Donelan, K. (2013). Responsiveness of the testing morbidities index in colonoscopy. Value in Health, 16(6), 1046–1053.PubMed Swan, J. S., Hur, C., Lee, P., Motazedi, T., & Donelan, K. (2013). Responsiveness of the testing morbidities index in colonoscopy. Value in Health, 16(6), 1046–1053.PubMed
A.12.
go back to reference Swinburn, P., Lloyd, A., Boye, K. S., Edson-Heredia, E., Bowman, L., & Janssen, B. (2013). Development of a disease-specific version of the EQ-5D-5L for use in patients suffering from psoriasis: Lessons learned from a feasibility study in the UK. Value. Health, 16(8), 1156–1162.PubMed Swinburn, P., Lloyd, A., Boye, K. S., Edson-Heredia, E., Bowman, L., & Janssen, B. (2013). Development of a disease-specific version of the EQ-5D-5L for use in patients suffering from psoriasis: Lessons learned from a feasibility study in the UK. Value. Health, 16(8), 1156–1162.PubMed
A.13.
go back to reference Agborsangaya, C. B., Lahtinen, M., Cooke, T., & Johnson, J. A. (2014). Comparing the EQ-5D 3L and 5L: Measurement properties and association with chronic conditions and multimorbidity in the general population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 74.PubMedPubMedCentral Agborsangaya, C. B., Lahtinen, M., Cooke, T., & Johnson, J. A. (2014). Comparing the EQ-5D 3L and 5L: Measurement properties and association with chronic conditions and multimorbidity in the general population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 74.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.14.
go back to reference Au, N., & Lorgelly, P. K. (2014). Anchoring vignettes for health comparisons: An analysis of response consistency. Quality of Life Research, 23(6), 1721–1731.PubMed Au, N., & Lorgelly, P. K. (2014). Anchoring vignettes for health comparisons: An analysis of response consistency. Quality of Life Research, 23(6), 1721–1731.PubMed
A.15.
go back to reference Craig, B. M., Pickard, A. S., & Lubetkin, E. I. (2014). Health problems are more common, but less severe when measured using newer EQ-5D versions. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(1), 93–99.PubMed Craig, B. M., Pickard, A. S., & Lubetkin, E. I. (2014). Health problems are more common, but less severe when measured using newer EQ-5D versions. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(1), 93–99.PubMed
A.16.
go back to reference Garcia-Gordillo, M., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Adsuar, J. C., Sanchez-Martinez, F. I., & Bellan-Perpinan, J. M. (2014). Validation and comparison of 15-D and EQ-5D-5L instruments in a Spanish Parkinson’s disease population sample. Quality of Life Research, 23(4), 1315–1326.PubMed Garcia-Gordillo, M., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Adsuar, J. C., Sanchez-Martinez, F. I., & Bellan-Perpinan, J. M. (2014). Validation and comparison of 15-D and EQ-5D-5L instruments in a Spanish Parkinson’s disease population sample. Quality of Life Research, 23(4), 1315–1326.PubMed
A.17.
go back to reference Hinz, A., Kohlmann, T., Stobel-Richter, Y., Zenger, M., & Brahler, E. (2014). The quality of life questionnaire EQ-5D-5L: Psychometric properties and normative values for the general German population. Quality of Life Research, 23(2), 443–447.PubMed Hinz, A., Kohlmann, T., Stobel-Richter, Y., Zenger, M., & Brahler, E. (2014). The quality of life questionnaire EQ-5D-5L: Psychometric properties and normative values for the general German population. Quality of Life Research, 23(2), 443–447.PubMed
A.18.
go back to reference Jia, Y. X., Cui, F. Q., Li, L., Zhang, D. L., Zhang, G. M., Wang, F. Z., et al. (2014). Comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in patients with hepatitis B. Quality of Life Research, 23(8), 2355–2363.PubMed Jia, Y. X., Cui, F. Q., Li, L., Zhang, D. L., Zhang, G. M., Wang, F. Z., et al. (2014). Comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in patients with hepatitis B. Quality of Life Research, 23(8), 2355–2363.PubMed
A.19.
go back to reference Lin, F. J., Pickard, A. S., Krishnan, J. A., Joo, M. J., Au, D. H., Carson, S. S., et al. (2014). Measuring health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Properties of the EQ-5D-5L and PROMIS-43 short form. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 78.PubMedPubMedCentral Lin, F. J., Pickard, A. S., Krishnan, J. A., Joo, M. J., Au, D. H., Carson, S. S., et al. (2014). Measuring health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Properties of the EQ-5D-5L and PROMIS-43 short form. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 14, 78.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.20.
go back to reference Mihalopoulos, C., Chen, G., Iezzi, A., Khan, M. A., & Richardson, J. (2014). Assessing outcomes for cost-utility analysis in depression: comparison of five multi-attribute utility instruments with two depression-specific outcome measures. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(5), 390–397. Mihalopoulos, C., Chen, G., Iezzi, A., Khan, M. A., & Richardson, J. (2014). Assessing outcomes for cost-utility analysis in depression: comparison of five multi-attribute utility instruments with two depression-specific outcome measures. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(5), 390–397.
A.21.
go back to reference Whitehurst, D. G., Suryaprakash, N., Engel, L., Mittmann, N., Noonan, V. K., Dvorak, M. F., et al. (2014). Perceptions of individuals living with spinal cord injury toward preference-based quality of life instruments: A qualitative exploration. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 50.PubMedPubMedCentral Whitehurst, D. G., Suryaprakash, N., Engel, L., Mittmann, N., Noonan, V. K., Dvorak, M. F., et al. (2014). Perceptions of individuals living with spinal cord injury toward preference-based quality of life instruments: A qualitative exploration. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 50.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.22.
go back to reference Alvarado-Bolanos, A., Cervantes-Arriaga, A., Rodriguez-Violante, M., Llorens-Arenas, R., Calderon-Fajardo, H., Millan-Cepeda, R., et al. (2015). Convergent validation of EQ-5D-5L in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 358(1–2), 53–57.PubMed Alvarado-Bolanos, A., Cervantes-Arriaga, A., Rodriguez-Violante, M., Llorens-Arenas, R., Calderon-Fajardo, H., Millan-Cepeda, R., et al. (2015). Convergent validation of EQ-5D-5L in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 358(1–2), 53–57.PubMed
A.23.
go back to reference Buchholz, I., Thielker, K., Feng, Y. S., Kupatz, P., & Kohlmann, T. (2015). Measuring changes in health over time using the EQ-5D 3L and 5L: A head-to-head comparison of measurement properties and sensitivity to change in a German inpatient rehabilitation sample. Quality of Life Research, 24(4), 829–835.PubMed Buchholz, I., Thielker, K., Feng, Y. S., Kupatz, P., & Kohlmann, T. (2015). Measuring changes in health over time using the EQ-5D 3L and 5L: A head-to-head comparison of measurement properties and sensitivity to change in a German inpatient rehabilitation sample. Quality of Life Research, 24(4), 829–835.PubMed
A.24.
go back to reference Conner-Spady, B. L., Marshall, D. A., Bohm, E., Dunbar, M. J., Loucks, L., Al, K. A., et al. (2015). Reliability and validity of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L in patients with osteoarthritis referred for hip and knee replacement. Quality of Life Research, 24(7), 1775–1784.PubMed Conner-Spady, B. L., Marshall, D. A., Bohm, E., Dunbar, M. J., Loucks, L., Al, K. A., et al. (2015). Reliability and validity of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L in patients with osteoarthritis referred for hip and knee replacement. Quality of Life Research, 24(7), 1775–1784.PubMed
A.25.
go back to reference Feng, Y., Devlin, N., & Herdman, M. (2015). Assessing the health of the general population in England: How do the three- and five-level versions of EQ-5D compare? Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 171.PubMedPubMedCentral Feng, Y., Devlin, N., & Herdman, M. (2015). Assessing the health of the general population in England: How do the three- and five-level versions of EQ-5D compare? Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 171.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.26.
go back to reference Gamst-Klaussen, T., Chen, G., Lamu, A. N., & Olsen, J. A. (2015). Health state utility instruments compared: inquiring into nonlinearity across EQ-5D-5L, SF-6D, HUI-3 and 15D. Quality of Life Research, 25(7), 1667–1678.PubMed Gamst-Klaussen, T., Chen, G., Lamu, A. N., & Olsen, J. A. (2015). Health state utility instruments compared: inquiring into nonlinearity across EQ-5D-5L, SF-6D, HUI-3 and 15D. Quality of Life Research, 25(7), 1667–1678.PubMed
A.27.
go back to reference Golicki, D., Niewada, M., Buczek, J., Karlinska, A., Kobayashi, A., Janssen, M. F., et al. (2015). Validity of EQ-5D-5L in stroke. Quality of Life Research, 24(4), 845–850.PubMed Golicki, D., Niewada, M., Buczek, J., Karlinska, A., Kobayashi, A., Janssen, M. F., et al. (2015). Validity of EQ-5D-5L in stroke. Quality of Life Research, 24(4), 845–850.PubMed
A.28.
go back to reference Golicki, D., Niewada, M., Karlinska, A., Buczek, J., Kobayashi, A., Janssen, M. F., et al. (2015). Comparing responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L, EQ-5D-3L and EQ VAS in stroke patients. Quality of Life Research, 24(6), 1555–1563.PubMed Golicki, D., Niewada, M., Karlinska, A., Buczek, J., Kobayashi, A., Janssen, M. F., et al. (2015). Comparing responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L, EQ-5D-3L and EQ VAS in stroke patients. Quality of Life Research, 24(6), 1555–1563.PubMed
A.29.
go back to reference Greene, M. E., Rader, K. A., Garellick, G., Malchau, H., Freiberg, A. A., & Rolfson, O. (2015). The EQ-5D-5L improves on the EQ-5D-3L for health-related quality-of-life assessment in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 473(11), 3383–3390.PubMed Greene, M. E., Rader, K. A., Garellick, G., Malchau, H., Freiberg, A. A., & Rolfson, O. (2015). The EQ-5D-5L improves on the EQ-5D-3L for health-related quality-of-life assessment in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 473(11), 3383–3390.PubMed
A.30.
go back to reference Luo, N., Wang, Y., How, C. H., Wong, K. Y., Shen, L., Tay, E. G., et al. (2015). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the EQ-5D-5L items for English-speaking Asians in Singapore. Quality of Life Research, 24(6), 1565–1574.PubMed Luo, N., Wang, Y., How, C. H., Wong, K. Y., Shen, L., Tay, E. G., et al. (2015). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the EQ-5D-5L items for English-speaking Asians in Singapore. Quality of Life Research, 24(6), 1565–1574.PubMed
A.31.
go back to reference Mitchell, P. M., Al-Janabi, H., Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., & Coast, J. (2015). The relative impacts of disease on health status and capability wellbeing: A multi-country study. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0143590.PubMedPubMedCentral Mitchell, P. M., Al-Janabi, H., Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., & Coast, J. (2015). The relative impacts of disease on health status and capability wellbeing: A multi-country study. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0143590.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.32.
go back to reference Mulhern, B., O’Gorman, H., Rotherham, N., & Brazier, J. (2015). Comparing the measurement equivalence of EQ-5D-5L across different modes of administration. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 191.PubMedPubMedCentral Mulhern, B., O’Gorman, H., Rotherham, N., & Brazier, J. (2015). Comparing the measurement equivalence of EQ-5D-5L across different modes of administration. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 191.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.33.
go back to reference O’Leary, E., Drummond, F. J., Gavin, A., Kinnear, H., & Sharp, L. (2015). Psychometric evaluation of the EORTC QLQ-PR25 questionnaire in assessing health-related quality of life in prostate cancer survivors: A curate’s egg. Quality of Life Research, 24(9), 2219–2230.PubMed O’Leary, E., Drummond, F. J., Gavin, A., Kinnear, H., & Sharp, L. (2015). Psychometric evaluation of the EORTC QLQ-PR25 questionnaire in assessing health-related quality of life in prostate cancer survivors: A curate’s egg. Quality of Life Research, 24(9), 2219–2230.PubMed
A.34.
go back to reference Pan, C. W., Sun, H. P., Wang, X., Ma, Q., Xu, Y., Luo, N., et al. (2015). The EQ-5D-5L index score is more discriminative than the EQ-5D-3L index score in diabetes patients. Quality of Life Research, 24(7), 1767–1774.PubMed Pan, C. W., Sun, H. P., Wang, X., Ma, Q., Xu, Y., Luo, N., et al. (2015). The EQ-5D-5L index score is more discriminative than the EQ-5D-3L index score in diabetes patients. Quality of Life Research, 24(7), 1767–1774.PubMed
A.35.
go back to reference Pattanaphesaj, J., & Thavorncharoensap, M. (2015). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to EQ-5D-3L in the Thai diabetes patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 14.PubMedPubMedCentral Pattanaphesaj, J., & Thavorncharoensap, M. (2015). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to EQ-5D-3L in the Thai diabetes patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 14.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.36.
go back to reference Richardson, J., Chen, G., Khan, M. A., & Iezzi, A. (2015). Can multi-attribute utility instruments adequately account for subjective well-being? Medical Decision Making, 35(3), 292–304.PubMed Richardson, J., Chen, G., Khan, M. A., & Iezzi, A. (2015). Can multi-attribute utility instruments adequately account for subjective well-being? Medical Decision Making, 35(3), 292–304.PubMed
A.37.
go back to reference Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., & Khan, M. A. (2015). Why do multi-attribute utility instruments produce different utilities: The relative importance of the descriptive systems, scale and ‘micro-utility’ effects. Quality of Life Research, 24(8), 2045–2053.PubMedPubMedCentral Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., & Khan, M. A. (2015). Why do multi-attribute utility instruments produce different utilities: The relative importance of the descriptive systems, scale and ‘micro-utility’ effects. Quality of Life Research, 24(8), 2045–2053.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.38.
go back to reference Richardson, J., Khan, M. A., Iezzi, A., & Maxwell, A. (2015). Comparing and explaining differences in the magnitude, content, and sensitivity of utilities predicted by the EQ-5D, SF-6D, HUI 3, 15D, QWB, and AQoL-8D multiattribute utility instruments. Medical Decision Making, 35(3), 276–291.PubMed Richardson, J., Khan, M. A., Iezzi, A., & Maxwell, A. (2015). Comparing and explaining differences in the magnitude, content, and sensitivity of utilities predicted by the EQ-5D, SF-6D, HUI 3, 15D, QWB, and AQoL-8D multiattribute utility instruments. Medical Decision Making, 35(3), 276–291.PubMed
A.39.
go back to reference Sakthong, P., Sonsa-Ardjit, N., Sukarnjanaset, P., & Munpan, W. (2015). Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in Thai patients with chronic diseases. Quality of Life Research, 24(12), 3015–3022.PubMed Sakthong, P., Sonsa-Ardjit, N., Sukarnjanaset, P., & Munpan, W. (2015). Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in Thai patients with chronic diseases. Quality of Life Research, 24(12), 3015–3022.PubMed
A.40.
go back to reference Scalone, L., Cortesi, P. A., Ciampichini, R., Cesana, G., & Mantovani, L. G. (2015). Health Related Quality of Life norm data of the general population in Italy: Results using the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L instruments. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health, 12(3), e11457. Scalone, L., Cortesi, P. A., Ciampichini, R., Cesana, G., & Mantovani, L. G. (2015). Health Related Quality of Life norm data of the general population in Italy: Results using the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L instruments. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health, 12(3), e11457.
A.41.
go back to reference Shiroiwa, T., Fukuda, T., Ikeda, S., Igarashi, A., Noto, S., Saito, S., et al. (2015). Japanese population norms for preference-based measures: Eq-5d-3 l, Eq-5d-5 l, and Sf-6d. Value. Health, 18(7), A738. Shiroiwa, T., Fukuda, T., Ikeda, S., Igarashi, A., Noto, S., Saito, S., et al. (2015). Japanese population norms for preference-based measures: Eq-5d-3 l, Eq-5d-5 l, and Sf-6d. Value. Health, 18(7), A738.
A.42.
go back to reference Wang, Y., Tan, N. C., Tay, E. G., Thumboo, J., & Luo, N. (2015). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 103.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang, Y., Tan, N. C., Tay, E. G., Thumboo, J., & Luo, N. (2015). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, 103.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.43.
go back to reference White, J., Withers, K. L., Lencioni, M., Carolan-Rees, G., Wilkes, A. R., Wood, K. A., et al. (2015). Cardiff cardiac ablation patient-reported outcome measure (C-CAP): validation of a new questionnaire set for patients undergoing catheter ablation for cardiac arrhythmias in the UK. Quality of Life Research, 25(6), 1571–1583.PubMedPubMedCentral White, J., Withers, K. L., Lencioni, M., Carolan-Rees, G., Wilkes, A. R., Wood, K. A., et al. (2015). Cardiff cardiac ablation patient-reported outcome measure (C-CAP): validation of a new questionnaire set for patients undergoing catheter ablation for cardiac arrhythmias in the UK. Quality of Life Research, 25(6), 1571–1583.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.44.
go back to reference Yang, F., Lau, T., Lee, E., Vathsala, A., Chia, K. S., & Luo, N. (2015). Comparison of the preference-based EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(9), 1019–1026.PubMed Yang, F., Lau, T., Lee, E., Vathsala, A., Chia, K. S., & Luo, N. (2015). Comparison of the preference-based EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(9), 1019–1026.PubMed
A.45.
go back to reference Augustovski, F., Rey-Ares, L., Irazola, V., Garay, O. U., Gianneo, O., Fernandez, G., et al. (2016). An EQ-5D-5L value set based on Uruguayan population preferences. Quality of Life Research, 25(2), 323–333.PubMed Augustovski, F., Rey-Ares, L., Irazola, V., Garay, O. U., Gianneo, O., Fernandez, G., et al. (2016). An EQ-5D-5L value set based on Uruguayan population preferences. Quality of Life Research, 25(2), 323–333.PubMed
A.46.
go back to reference Chen, P., Lin, K. C., Liing, R. J., Wu, C. Y., Chen, C. L., & Chang, K. C. (2016). Validity, responsiveness, and minimal clinically important difference of EQ-5D-5L in stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Quality of Life Research, 25(6), 1585–1596.PubMed Chen, P., Lin, K. C., Liing, R. J., Wu, C. Y., Chen, C. L., & Chang, K. C. (2016). Validity, responsiveness, and minimal clinically important difference of EQ-5D-5L in stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Quality of Life Research, 25(6), 1585–1596.PubMed
A.47.
go back to reference Ferreira, L. N., Ferreira, P. L., Pereira, L. N., & Antunes, P. (2016). Comparing Eq-5d-3 l and Eq-5d-5 l in a general population. Value in Health, 19(7), A477. Ferreira, L. N., Ferreira, P. L., Pereira, L. N., & Antunes, P. (2016). Comparing Eq-5d-3 l and Eq-5d-5 l in a general population. Value in Health, 19(7), A477.
A.48.
go back to reference Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Collado-Mateo, D., Olivares, P. R., & Adsuar, J. C. (2016). Application of EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in patients suffering from urinary incontinence. Actas Urologicas Espanolas, 40(7), 457–462.PubMed Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Collado-Mateo, D., Olivares, P. R., & Adsuar, J. C. (2016). Application of EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in patients suffering from urinary incontinence. Actas Urologicas Espanolas, 40(7), 457–462.PubMed
A.49.
go back to reference Lamu, A. N., & Olsen, J. A. (2016). The relative importance of health, income and social relations for subjective well-being: An integrative analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 152, 176–185.PubMed Lamu, A. N., & Olsen, J. A. (2016). The relative importance of health, income and social relations for subjective well-being: An integrative analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 152, 176–185.PubMed
A.50.
go back to reference McCaffrey, N., Kaambwa, B., Currow, D. C., & Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5L: South Australian population norms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 133.PubMedPubMedCentral McCaffrey, N., Kaambwa, B., Currow, D. C., & Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5L: South Australian population norms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 133.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.51.
go back to reference Nolan, C. M., Longworth, L., Lord, J., Canavan, J. L., Jones, S. E., Kon, S. S., et al. (2016). The EQ-5D-5L health status questionnaire in COPD: Validity, responsiveness and minimum important difference. Thorax, 71(6), 493–500.PubMedPubMedCentral Nolan, C. M., Longworth, L., Lord, J., Canavan, J. L., Jones, S. E., Kon, S. S., et al. (2016). The EQ-5D-5L health status questionnaire in COPD: Validity, responsiveness and minimum important difference. Thorax, 71(6), 493–500.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.52.
go back to reference Oremus, M., Xie, F., Pullenayegum, E., & Gaebel, K. (2016). Can the general public use vignettes to discriminate between Alzheimer’s disease health states? BMC Geriatrics, 16, 36.PubMedPubMedCentral Oremus, M., Xie, F., Pullenayegum, E., & Gaebel, K. (2016). Can the general public use vignettes to discriminate between Alzheimer’s disease health states? BMC Geriatrics, 16, 36.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.53.
go back to reference Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., Khan, M. A., Chen, G., & Maxwell, A. (2016). Measuring the sensitivity and construct validity of 6 utility instruments in 7 disease areas. Medical Decision Making, 36(2), 147–159.PubMed Richardson, J., Iezzi, A., Khan, M. A., Chen, G., & Maxwell, A. (2016). Measuring the sensitivity and construct validity of 6 utility instruments in 7 disease areas. Medical Decision Making, 36(2), 147–159.PubMed
A.54.
go back to reference Rogers, K. D., Pilling, M., Davies, L., Belk, R., Nassimi-Green, C., & Young, A. (2016). Translation, validity and reliability of the British Sign Language (BSL) version of the EQ-5D-5L. Quality of Life Research, 25(7), 1825–1834.PubMedPubMedCentral Rogers, K. D., Pilling, M., Davies, L., Belk, R., Nassimi-Green, C., & Young, A. (2016). Translation, validity and reliability of the British Sign Language (BSL) version of the EQ-5D-5L. Quality of Life Research, 25(7), 1825–1834.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.55.
go back to reference Wang, P., Luo, N., Tai, E. S., & Thumboo, J. (2016). The EQ-5D-5L is more discriminative than the EQ-5D-3L in patients with diabetes in Singapore. Value in Health Regional Issues, 9, 57–62.PubMed Wang, P., Luo, N., Tai, E. S., & Thumboo, J. (2016). The EQ-5D-5L is more discriminative than the EQ-5D-3L in patients with diabetes in Singapore. Value in Health Regional Issues, 9, 57–62.PubMed
A.56.
go back to reference Whitehurst, D. G., Mittmann, N., Noonan, V. K., Dvorak, M. F., & Bryan, S. (2016). Health state descriptions, valuations and individuals’ capacity to walk: A comparative evaluation of preference-based instruments in the context of spinal cord injury. Quality of Life Research, 25, 2481–2496.PubMed Whitehurst, D. G., Mittmann, N., Noonan, V. K., Dvorak, M. F., & Bryan, S. (2016). Health state descriptions, valuations and individuals’ capacity to walk: A comparative evaluation of preference-based instruments in the context of spinal cord injury. Quality of Life Research, 25, 2481–2496.PubMed
A.57.
go back to reference Bhadhuri, A., Jowett, S., Jolly, K., & Al-Janabi, H. (2017). A comparison of the validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D for measuring health spillovers: A study of the family impact of meningitis. Medical Decision Making, 37(8), 882–893.PubMed Bhadhuri, A., Jowett, S., Jolly, K., & Al-Janabi, H. (2017). A comparison of the validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D for measuring health spillovers: A study of the family impact of meningitis. Medical Decision Making, 37(8), 882–893.PubMed
A.58.
go back to reference Feng, Y., Herdman, M., van Nooten, F., Cleeland, C., Parkin, D., Ikeda, S., et al. (2017). An exploration of differences between Japan and two European countries in the self-reporting and valuation of pain and discomfort on the EQ-5D. Quality of Life Research, 26(8), 2067–2078.PubMedPubMedCentral Feng, Y., Herdman, M., van Nooten, F., Cleeland, C., Parkin, D., Ikeda, S., et al. (2017). An exploration of differences between Japan and two European countries in the self-reporting and valuation of pain and discomfort on the EQ-5D. Quality of Life Research, 26(8), 2067–2078.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.59.
go back to reference Fermont, J. M., Blazeby, J. M., Rogers, C. A., Wordsworth, S., on behalf of the By-Band-Sleeve Study Management Group. (2017). The EQ-5D-5L is a valid approach to measure health related quality of life in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189190. Fermont, J. M., Blazeby, J. M., Rogers, C. A., Wordsworth, S., on behalf of the By-Band-Sleeve Study Management Group. (2017). The EQ-5D-5L is a valid approach to measure health related quality of life in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189190.
A.60.
go back to reference Huber, M. B., Felix, J., Vogelmann, M., & Leidl, R. (2017). Health-related quality of life of the general German population in 2015: Results from the EQ-5D-5L. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 426.PubMedCentral Huber, M. B., Felix, J., Vogelmann, M., & Leidl, R. (2017). Health-related quality of life of the general German population in 2015: Results from the EQ-5D-5L. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 426.PubMedCentral
A.61.
go back to reference Konnopka, A., & Koenig, H. H. (2017). The “no problems”-problem: An empirical analysis of ceiling effects on the EQ-5D 5L. Quality of Life Research, 26(8), 2079–2084.PubMed Konnopka, A., & Koenig, H. H. (2017). The “no problems”-problem: An empirical analysis of ceiling effects on the EQ-5D 5L. Quality of Life Research, 26(8), 2079–2084.PubMed
A.62.
go back to reference Nguyen, L. H., Tran, B. X., Hoang Le, Q. N., Tran, T. T., & Latkin, C. A. (2017). Quality of life profile of general Vietnamese population using EQ-5D-5L. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 199.PubMedPubMedCentral Nguyen, L. H., Tran, B. X., Hoang Le, Q. N., Tran, T. T., & Latkin, C. A. (2017). Quality of life profile of general Vietnamese population using EQ-5D-5L. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 199.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.63.
go back to reference Poor, A. K., Rencz, F., Brodszky, V., Gulacsi, L., Beretzky, Z., Hidvegi, B., et al. (2017). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L in psoriasis patients. Quality of Life Research, 26(12), 3409–3419.PubMed Poor, A. K., Rencz, F., Brodszky, V., Gulacsi, L., Beretzky, Z., Hidvegi, B., et al. (2017). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L in psoriasis patients. Quality of Life Research, 26(12), 3409–3419.PubMed
A.64.
go back to reference Yfantopoulos, J., Chantzaras, A., & Kontodimas, S. (2017). Assessment of the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L instruments in psoriasis. Archives of Dermatological Research, 309(5), 357–370.PubMed Yfantopoulos, J., Chantzaras, A., & Kontodimas, S. (2017). Assessment of the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L instruments in psoriasis. Archives of Dermatological Research, 309(5), 357–370.PubMed
A.65.
go back to reference Yfantopoulos, J. N., & Chantzaras, A. E. (2017). Validation and comparison of the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L instruments in Greece. The European Journal of Health Economics, 18(4), 519–531.PubMed Yfantopoulos, J. N., & Chantzaras, A. E. (2017). Validation and comparison of the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L instruments in Greece. The European Journal of Health Economics, 18(4), 519–531.PubMed
A.66.
go back to reference Batt, K., Boggio, L., Neff, A., Buckner, T. W., Wang, M., Quon, D., et al. (2018). Patient-reported outcomes and joint status across subgroups of US adults with hemophilia with varying characteristics: Results from the Pain, Functional Impairment, and Quality of Life (P-FiQ) study. European Journal of Haematology, 100(Suppl 1), 14–24.PubMed Batt, K., Boggio, L., Neff, A., Buckner, T. W., Wang, M., Quon, D., et al. (2018). Patient-reported outcomes and joint status across subgroups of US adults with hemophilia with varying characteristics: Results from the Pain, Functional Impairment, and Quality of Life (P-FiQ) study. European Journal of Haematology, 100(Suppl 1), 14–24.PubMed
A.67.
go back to reference Bewick, J., Morris, S., Hopkins, C., Erskine, S., & Philpott, C. M. (2018). Health utility reporting in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Clinical Otolaryngology, 43(1), 90–95.PubMed Bewick, J., Morris, S., Hopkins, C., Erskine, S., & Philpott, C. M. (2018). Health utility reporting in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Clinical Otolaryngology, 43(1), 90–95.PubMed
A.68.
go back to reference Bilbao, A., Garcia-Perez, L., Arenaza, J. C., Garcia, I., Ariza-Cardiel, G., Trujillo-Martin, E., et al. (2018). Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis: Reliability, validity and responsiveness. Quality of Life Research, 27(11), 2897–2908.PubMed Bilbao, A., Garcia-Perez, L., Arenaza, J. C., Garcia, I., Ariza-Cardiel, G., Trujillo-Martin, E., et al. (2018). Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis: Reliability, validity and responsiveness. Quality of Life Research, 27(11), 2897–2908.PubMed
A.69.
go back to reference Buckner, T. W., Sidonio, R., Jr., Guelcher, C., Kessler, C. M., Witkop, M., Clark, D., et al. (2018). Reliability and validity of patient-reported outcome instruments in US adults with hemophilia B and caregivers in the B-HERO-S study. European Journal of Haematology, 101(6), 781–790.PubMed Buckner, T. W., Sidonio, R., Jr., Guelcher, C., Kessler, C. M., Witkop, M., Clark, D., et al. (2018). Reliability and validity of patient-reported outcome instruments in US adults with hemophilia B and caregivers in the B-HERO-S study. European Journal of Haematology, 101(6), 781–790.PubMed
A.70.
go back to reference Camacho, E. M., Shields, G., Lovell, K., Coventry, P. A., Morrison, A. P., & Davies, L. M. (2018). A (five-)level playing field for mental health conditions?: Exploratory analysis of EQ-5D-5L-derived utility values. Quality of Life Research, 27(3), 717–724.PubMed Camacho, E. M., Shields, G., Lovell, K., Coventry, P. A., Morrison, A. P., & Davies, L. M. (2018). A (five-)level playing field for mental health conditions?: Exploratory analysis of EQ-5D-5L-derived utility values. Quality of Life Research, 27(3), 717–724.PubMed
A.71.
go back to reference Campbell, J. A., Hensher, M., Neil, A., Venn, A., Wilkinson, S., & Palmer, A. J. (2018). An exploratory study of long-term publicly waitlisted bariatric surgery patients’ quality of life before and 1 year after bariatric surgery, and considerations for healthcare planners. Pharmacoeconomics-Open, 2(1), 63–76.PubMed Campbell, J. A., Hensher, M., Neil, A., Venn, A., Wilkinson, S., & Palmer, A. J. (2018). An exploratory study of long-term publicly waitlisted bariatric surgery patients’ quality of life before and 1 year after bariatric surgery, and considerations for healthcare planners. Pharmacoeconomics-Open, 2(1), 63–76.PubMed
A.72.
go back to reference Cheung, P. W. H., Wong, C. K. H., & Cheung, J. P. Y. (2018). Differential psychometric properties of EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level and short-form 6-dimension utility measures in low back pain. Spine, 44(11), E679–E686. Cheung, P. W. H., Wong, C. K. H., & Cheung, J. P. Y. (2018). Differential psychometric properties of EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level and short-form 6-dimension utility measures in low back pain. Spine, 44(11), E679–E686.
A.73.
go back to reference Conner-Spady, B. L., Marshall, D. A., Bohm, E., Dunbar, M. J., & Noseworthy, T. W. (2018). Comparing the validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L to the Oxford hip and knee scores and SF-12 in osteoarthritis patients 1 year following total joint replacement. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1311–1322.PubMed Conner-Spady, B. L., Marshall, D. A., Bohm, E., Dunbar, M. J., & Noseworthy, T. W. (2018). Comparing the validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L to the Oxford hip and knee scores and SF-12 in osteoarthritis patients 1 year following total joint replacement. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1311–1322.PubMed
A.74.
go back to reference Crick, K., Al Sayah, F., Ohinmaa, A., & Johnson, J. A. (2018). Responsiveness of the anxiety/depression dimension of the 3- and 5-level versions of the EQ-5D in assessing mental health. Quality of Life Research, 27(6), 1625–1633.PubMed Crick, K., Al Sayah, F., Ohinmaa, A., & Johnson, J. A. (2018). Responsiveness of the anxiety/depression dimension of the 3- and 5-level versions of the EQ-5D in assessing mental health. Quality of Life Research, 27(6), 1625–1633.PubMed
A.75.
go back to reference Easton, T., Milte, R., Crotty, M., & Ratcliffe, J. (2018). An empirical comparison of the measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U for older people in residential care. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1283–1294.PubMedPubMedCentral Easton, T., Milte, R., Crotty, M., & Ratcliffe, J. (2018). An empirical comparison of the measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L, DEMQOL-U and DEMQOL-Proxy-U for older people in residential care. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1283–1294.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.76.
go back to reference Efthymiadou, O., Mossman, J., & Kanavos, P. (2018). Differentiation of health-related quality of life outcomes between five disease areas: Results from an international survey of patients. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 34(5), 498–506.PubMed Efthymiadou, O., Mossman, J., & Kanavos, P. (2018). Differentiation of health-related quality of life outcomes between five disease areas: Results from an international survey of patients. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 34(5), 498–506.PubMed
A.77.
go back to reference Engel, L., Chen, G., Richardson, J., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2018). The impact of depression on health-related quality of life and wellbeing: Identifying important dimensions and assessing their inclusion in multi-attribute utility instruments. Quality of Life Research, 27(11), 2873–2884.PubMed Engel, L., Chen, G., Richardson, J., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2018). The impact of depression on health-related quality of life and wellbeing: Identifying important dimensions and assessing their inclusion in multi-attribute utility instruments. Quality of Life Research, 27(11), 2873–2884.PubMed
A.78.
go back to reference Fan, X., Wang, D., Hellman, B., Janssen, M. F., Bakker, G., Coghlan, R., et al. (2018). Assessment of health-related quality of life between people with Parkinson’s disease and non-Parkinson’s: Using data drawn from the ‘100 for Parkinson’s’ Smartphone-Based Prospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2538.PubMedCentral Fan, X., Wang, D., Hellman, B., Janssen, M. F., Bakker, G., Coghlan, R., et al. (2018). Assessment of health-related quality of life between people with Parkinson’s disease and non-Parkinson’s: Using data drawn from the ‘100 for Parkinson’s’ Smartphone-Based Prospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2538.PubMedCentral
A.79.
go back to reference Gamst-Klaussen, T., Gudex, C., & Olsen, J. A. (2018). Exploring the causal and effect nature of EQ-5D dimensions: An application of confirmatory tetrad analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 153.PubMedPubMedCentral Gamst-Klaussen, T., Gudex, C., & Olsen, J. A. (2018). Exploring the causal and effect nature of EQ-5D dimensions: An application of confirmatory tetrad analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 153.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.80.
go back to reference Ge, L., Ong, R., Yap, C. W., & Heng, B. H. (2018). Effects of chronic diseases on health-related quality of life and self-rated health among three adult age groups. Nursing & Health Sciences, 21(2), 214–222. Ge, L., Ong, R., Yap, C. W., & Heng, B. H. (2018). Effects of chronic diseases on health-related quality of life and self-rated health among three adult age groups. Nursing & Health Sciences, 21(2), 214–222.
A.81.
go back to reference Hernandez, G., Garin, O., Pardo, Y., Vilagut, G., Pont, A., Suarez, M., et al. (2018). Validity of the EQ-5D-5L and reference norms for the Spanish population. Quality of Life Research, 27(9), 2337–2348.PubMed Hernandez, G., Garin, O., Pardo, Y., Vilagut, G., Pont, A., Suarez, M., et al. (2018). Validity of the EQ-5D-5L and reference norms for the Spanish population. Quality of Life Research, 27(9), 2337–2348.PubMed
A.82.
go back to reference Huber, M., Vogelmann, M., & Leidl, R. (2018). Valuing health-related quality of life: Systematic variation in health perception. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 156.PubMedPubMedCentral Huber, M., Vogelmann, M., & Leidl, R. (2018). Valuing health-related quality of life: Systematic variation in health perception. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 156.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.83.
go back to reference Janssen, M. F., Bonsel, G. J., & Luo, N. (2018). Is EQ-5D-5L better than EQ-5D-3L? A head-to-head comparison of descriptive systems and value sets from seven countries. Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 675–697.PubMedPubMedCentral Janssen, M. F., Bonsel, G. J., & Luo, N. (2018). Is EQ-5D-5L better than EQ-5D-3L? A head-to-head comparison of descriptive systems and value sets from seven countries. Pharmacoeconomics, 36(6), 675–697.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.84.
go back to reference Kohler, S., Sidney Annerstedt, K., Diwan, V., Lindholm, L., Randive, B., Vora, K., et al. (2018). Postpartum quality of life in Indian women after vaginal birth and cesarean section: A pilot study using the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18(1), 427.PubMedPubMedCentral Kohler, S., Sidney Annerstedt, K., Diwan, V., Lindholm, L., Randive, B., Vora, K., et al. (2018). Postpartum quality of life in Indian women after vaginal birth and cesarean section: A pilot study using the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18(1), 427.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.85.
go back to reference Lagendijk, M., van Egdom, L. S. E., van Veen, F. E. E., Vos, E. L., Mureau, M. A. M., van Leeuwen, N., et al. (2018). Patient-reported outcome measures may add value in breast cancer surgery. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 25(12), 3563–3571.PubMed Lagendijk, M., van Egdom, L. S. E., van Veen, F. E. E., Vos, E. L., Mureau, M. A. M., van Leeuwen, N., et al. (2018). Patient-reported outcome measures may add value in breast cancer surgery. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 25(12), 3563–3571.PubMed
A.86.
go back to reference Marti-Pastor, M., Pont, A., Avila, M., Garin, O., Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., et al. (2018). Head-to-head comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in general population health surveys. Population Health Metrics, 16(1), 14.PubMedPubMedCentral Marti-Pastor, M., Pont, A., Avila, M., Garin, O., Vilagut, G., Forero, C. G., et al. (2018). Head-to-head comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in general population health surveys. Population Health Metrics, 16(1), 14.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.87.
go back to reference McClure, N. S., Sayah, F. A., Ohinmaa, A., & Johnson, J. A. (2018). Minimally important difference of the EQ-5D-5L index score in adults with type 2 diabetes. Value in Health, 21(9), 1090–1097.PubMed McClure, N. S., Sayah, F. A., Ohinmaa, A., & Johnson, J. A. (2018). Minimally important difference of the EQ-5D-5L index score in adults with type 2 diabetes. Value in Health, 21(9), 1090–1097.PubMed
A.88.
go back to reference Purba, F. D., Hunfeld, J. A. M., Iskandarsyah, A., Fitriana, T. S., Sadarjoen, S. S., Passchier, J., et al. (2018). Quality of life of the Indonesian general population: Test-retest reliability and population norms of the EQ-5D-5L and WHOQOL-BREF. PLoS ONE, 13(5), e0197098.PubMedPubMedCentral Purba, F. D., Hunfeld, J. A. M., Iskandarsyah, A., Fitriana, T. S., Sadarjoen, S. S., Passchier, J., et al. (2018). Quality of life of the Indonesian general population: Test-retest reliability and population norms of the EQ-5D-5L and WHOQOL-BREF. PLoS ONE, 13(5), e0197098.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.89.
go back to reference Szentes, B. L., Kreuter, M., Bahmer, T., Birring, S. S., Claussen, M., Waelscher, J., et al. (2018). Quality of life assessment in interstitial lung diseases: A comparison of the disease-specific K-BILD with the generic EQ-5D-5L. Respiratory Research, 19(1), 101.PubMedPubMedCentral Szentes, B. L., Kreuter, M., Bahmer, T., Birring, S. S., Claussen, M., Waelscher, J., et al. (2018). Quality of life assessment in interstitial lung diseases: A comparison of the disease-specific K-BILD with the generic EQ-5D-5L. Respiratory Research, 19(1), 101.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.90.
go back to reference Tamasi, B., Brodszky, V., Pentek, M., Gulacsi, L., Hajdu, K., Sardy, M., et al. (2018). Validity of the EQ-5D in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. British Journal of Dermatology, 180(4), 802–809. Tamasi, B., Brodszky, V., Pentek, M., Gulacsi, L., Hajdu, K., Sardy, M., et al. (2018). Validity of the EQ-5D in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. British Journal of Dermatology, 180(4), 802–809.
A.91.
go back to reference Thaweethamcharoen, T., Noparatayaporn, P., Sritippayawan, S., & Aiyasanon, N. (2018). Comparison of EQ-5D-5L, VAS, and SF-6D in Thai patients on peritoneal dialysis. Value in Health Regional Issues, 18, 59–64.PubMed Thaweethamcharoen, T., Noparatayaporn, P., Sritippayawan, S., & Aiyasanon, N. (2018). Comparison of EQ-5D-5L, VAS, and SF-6D in Thai patients on peritoneal dialysis. Value in Health Regional Issues, 18, 59–64.PubMed
A.92.
go back to reference Whalley, D., Globe, G., Crawford, R., Doward, L., Tafesse, E., Brazier, J., et al. (2018). Is the EQ-5D fit for purpose in asthma? Acceptability and content validity from the patient perspective. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 160.PubMedPubMedCentral Whalley, D., Globe, G., Crawford, R., Doward, L., Tafesse, E., Brazier, J., et al. (2018). Is the EQ-5D fit for purpose in asthma? Acceptability and content validity from the patient perspective. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 160.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.93.
go back to reference Wijnen, B. F. M., Mosweu, I., Majoie, M., Ridsdale, L., de Kinderen, R. J. A., Evers, S., et al. (2018). A comparison of the responsiveness of EQ-5D-5L and the QOLIE-31P and mapping of QOLIE-31P to EQ-5D-5L in epilepsy. The European Journal of Health Economics, 19(6), 861–870.PubMed Wijnen, B. F. M., Mosweu, I., Majoie, M., Ridsdale, L., de Kinderen, R. J. A., Evers, S., et al. (2018). A comparison of the responsiveness of EQ-5D-5L and the QOLIE-31P and mapping of QOLIE-31P to EQ-5D-5L in epilepsy. The European Journal of Health Economics, 19(6), 861–870.PubMed
A.94.
go back to reference Chuang, L. H., Cohen, A. T., Agnelli, G., Gumbs, P. D., Bauersachs, R., Kroep, S., et al. (2019). Comparison of quality of life measurements: EQ-5D-5L versus disease/treatment-specific measures in pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Quality of Life Research, 28(5), 1155–1177.PubMed Chuang, L. H., Cohen, A. T., Agnelli, G., Gumbs, P. D., Bauersachs, R., Kroep, S., et al. (2019). Comparison of quality of life measurements: EQ-5D-5L versus disease/treatment-specific measures in pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Quality of Life Research, 28(5), 1155–1177.PubMed
A.95.
go back to reference Gandhi, M., Ang, M., Teo, K., Wong, C. W., Wei, Y. C., Tan, R. L., et al. (2019). EQ-5D-5L is more responsive than EQ-5D-3L to treatment benefit of cataract surgery. Patient, 12(4), 383–392.PubMed Gandhi, M., Ang, M., Teo, K., Wong, C. W., Wei, Y. C., Tan, R. L., et al. (2019). EQ-5D-5L is more responsive than EQ-5D-3L to treatment benefit of cataract surgery. Patient, 12(4), 383–392.PubMed
A.96.
go back to reference Gao, L., Moodie, M., & Chen, G. (2019). Measuring subjective wellbeing in patients with heart disease: Relationship and comparison between health-related quality of life instruments. Quality of Life Research, 28(4), 1017–1028.PubMed Gao, L., Moodie, M., & Chen, G. (2019). Measuring subjective wellbeing in patients with heart disease: Relationship and comparison between health-related quality of life instruments. Quality of Life Research, 28(4), 1017–1028.PubMed
A.97.
go back to reference Hernandez, G., Garin, O., Dima, A. L., Pont, A., Marti Pastor, M., Alonso, J., et al. (2019). EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) validity in assessing the quality of life in adults with asthma: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(1), e10178.PubMedPubMedCentral Hernandez, G., Garin, O., Dima, A. L., Pont, A., Marti Pastor, M., Alonso, J., et al. (2019). EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) validity in assessing the quality of life in adults with asthma: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(1), e10178.PubMedPubMedCentral
A.98.
go back to reference Kouwenberg, C. A. E., Kranenburg, L. W., Visser, M. S., Busschbach, J. J., & Mureau, M. A. M. (2019). The validity of the EQ-5D-5L in measuring quality of life benefits of breast reconstruction. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 72(1), 52–61. Kouwenberg, C. A. E., Kranenburg, L. W., Visser, M. S., Busschbach, J. J., & Mureau, M. A. M. (2019). The validity of the EQ-5D-5L in measuring quality of life benefits of breast reconstruction. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 72(1), 52–61.
A.99.
go back to reference Rencz, F., Lakatos, P. L., Gulacsi, L., Brodszky, V., Kurti, Z., Lovas, S., et al. (2019). Validity of the EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L in patients with Crohn’s disease. Quality of Life Research, 28(1), 141–152.PubMed Rencz, F., Lakatos, P. L., Gulacsi, L., Brodszky, V., Kurti, Z., Lovas, S., et al. (2019). Validity of the EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L in patients with Crohn’s disease. Quality of Life Research, 28(1), 141–152.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L: a systematic review of the literature
Auteurs
You-Shan Feng
Thomas Kohlmann
Mathieu F. Janssen
Ines Buchholz
Publicatiedatum
07-12-2020
Uitgeverij
Springer International Publishing
Gepubliceerd in
Quality of Life Research / Uitgave 3/2021
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02688-y

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2021

Quality of Life Research 3/2021 Naar de uitgave