Introduction
Methods
Study design and sample description
Germany | Italy | South Africa | Spain | Sweden | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data collection | School (pupils) | School (pupils) | School (pupils) | School (pupils) | Postal survey (from general population) |
Study design | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional & retest | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional & retest | Cross-sectional |
Mode of recruitment | Random sample | Convenience sample | Convenience sample | Convenience sample | Random sample |
Method of application | Paper–pencil | Paper–pencil | Paper–pencil | Paper–pencil | Paper–pencil |
N
| 756 | 415 | 258 | 973 | 407 |
Male | 385 | 199 | 130 | 494 | 208 |
Female | 371 | 216 | 128 | 479 | 199 |
Age-range | 10–18 | 8–15 | 13–19 | 8–18 | 8–16 |
Mean age (SD) | 13.8 (1.9) | 11.8 (2.2) | 15.5 (1.3) | 13.0 (2.7) | 13.2 (2.7) |
Instruments and variables
EQ-5D-Y
KIDSCREEN-27
PedsQL
Self-rated health
Cantril-ladder
Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Chronic condition
Statistical analysis
Results
Feasibility
Distribution of EQ-5D scores: frequencies of reported problems
Germany (n = 756) | Italy (n = 415) | South Africa (n = 258) | Spain (n = 973) | Sweden (n = 407) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| |
Mobility (walking about) | ||||||||||
No | 91.9 | 695 | 93.5 | 388 | 85.3 | 220 | 95.3 | 927 | 96.3 | 392 |
Some | 7.5 | 57 | 6.3 | 26 | 12.0 | 31 | 4.6 | 45 | 2.7 | 11 |
A lot of | 0.1 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 |
Missing values | 0.4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 4 |
Looking after myself | ||||||||||
No | 97.9 | 740 | 95.7 | 397 | 95.0 | 245 | 98.6 | 959 | 98.0 | 399 |
Some | 1.6 | 12 | 4.1 | 17 | 2.7 | 7 | 1.1 | 11 | 1.0 | 4 |
A lot of | 0.3 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.0 | 0 |
Missing values | 0.3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 4 |
Doing usual activities | ||||||||||
No | 93.3 | 705 | 84.3 | 350 | 82.6 | 213 | 93.7 | 912 | 95.8 | 390 |
Some | 6.2 | 47 | 14.9 | 62 | 14.7 | 38 | 5.7 | 55 | 2.7 | 11 |
A lot of | 0.3 | 2 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.3 | 1 |
Missing values | 0.3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 5 |
Having pain or discomfort | ||||||||||
No | 62.0 | 469 | 61.0 | 253 | 51.6 | 133 | 80.0 | 778 | 74.0 | 301 |
Some | 36.0 | 272 | 38.3 | 159 | 45.7 | 118 | 19.0 | 185 | 23.6 | 96 |
A lot of | 1.3 | 10 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.8 | 2 | 1.0 | 10 | 0.7 | 3 |
Missing values | 0.7 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 7 |
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy | ||||||||||
Not | 59.8 | 452 | 61.0 | 253 | 60.1 | 155 | 76.9 | 748 | 80.3 | 327 |
A bit | 35.8 | 271 | 34.7 | 144 | 34.1 | 88 | 22.0 | 214 | 18.2 | 74 |
Very | 3.8 | 29 | 4.3 | 18 | 3.9 | 10 | 1.1 | 11 | 0.5 | 2 |
Missing values | 0.5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 4 |
Reliability
Italy | Spain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kappa coefficient | Agreement (%) | Kappa coefficient | Agreement (%) | |
Mobility (walking about) | 0.222 | 91.5 | −0.003* | 99.4 |
Looking after myself | 0.000a
| 93.8 | 0.665* | 99.7 |
Doing usual activities | 0.352* | 82.9 | 0.557* | 97.5 |
Having pain or discomfort | 0.350* | 69.8 | 0.435* | 86.2 |
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy | 0.549* | 78.3 | 0.468* | 87.4 |
Convergent validity
Germany (n = 756a) | South Africa (n = 258a) | Spain (n = 973a) | Sweden (n = 407a) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
KIDSCREEN-10-HRQOL-index | ||||
Mobility (walking about) |
−0.14
|
−0.27
| 0.04 |
−0.17
|
Looking after myself | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
−0.13
|
Doing usual activities |
−0.13
|
−0.32
|
−0.10
|
−0.19
|
Having pain or discomfort |
−0.28
|
−0.39
|
−0.15
|
−0.30
|
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy |
−0.45
|
−0.45
|
−0.14
|
−0.46
|
VASb
|
0.33
|
0.54
|
0.43
|
0.48
|
KIDSCREEN-27 physical well-being | ||||
Mobility (walking about) |
−0.10
|
−0.25
| −0.08 |
−0.15
|
Looking after myself | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.08 |
Doing usual activities |
−0.09
|
−0.21
| −0.09 |
−0.17
|
Having pain or discomfort |
−0.27
|
−0.26
|
−0.18
|
−0.22
|
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy |
−0.27
|
−0.29
|
−0.23
|
−0.34
|
VASb
|
0.33
|
0.55
|
0.46
|
0.47
|
KIDSCREEN-27 psychological well-being | ||||
Mobility (walking about) |
−0.10
|
−0.21
| −0.10 | −0.10 |
Looking after myself | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.08 |
Doing usual activities |
−0.09
|
−0.17
|
−0.14
|
−0.18
|
Having pain or discomfort |
−0.28
|
−0.34
|
−0.23
|
−0.27
|
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy |
−0.46
|
−0.52
|
−0.41
|
−0.49
|
VASb
|
0.33
|
0.48
|
0.21
|
0.48
|
Self-rated general health itemc
| ||||
Mobility (walking about) |
0.13
| 0.02 | −0.01 |
0.15
|
Looking after myself | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
Doing usual activities |
0.08
|
0.27
|
0.14
| 0.14 |
Having pain or discomfort |
0.36
|
0.26
|
0.21
|
0.25
|
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy |
0.26
|
0.25
|
0.20
|
0.42
|
VASb
|
−0.46
|
−0.56
|
−0.50
|
−0.51
|
Life satisfaction ladder | ||||
Mobility (walking about) | −0.07 |
−0.14
|
−0.12
|
−0.10
|
Looking after myself | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 |
Doing usual activities | −0.05 |
−0.17
|
−0.10
|
−0.10
|
Having pain or discomfort |
−0.20
|
−0.15
|
−0.18
|
−0.19
|
Feeling worried, sad or unhappy |
−0.32
|
−0.26
|
−0.31
|
−0.37
|
VASb
|
0.36
|
0.51
|
0.54
|
0.45
|
Known groups’ validity
n
| Germany | Italy | South Africa | Spain | Sweden | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic condition | Chronic condition | Chronic condition | Chronic condition | Chronic condition | ||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
642 | 95 | 382 | 33 | 188 | 42 | 818 | 155 | 378 | 18 | |
Mobilityb,c,d (walking about) | ||||||||||
No | 92.7 | 90.4 | 93.7 | 90.9 | 89.4 | 80.5 | 95.7 | 92.9 | 97.6 | 88.9 |
Some | 7.3 | 8.5 | 6.0 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 19.5 | 4.3 | 6.5 | 2.4 | 11.1 |
A lot of | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Looking after myselfd
| ||||||||||
No | 98.1 | 98.9 | 95.5 | 97.0 | 96.3 | 100 | 98.9 | 96.8 | 99.2 | 94.4 |
Some | 1.7 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 0 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 5.6 |
A lot of | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Doing usual activitiesa,b
| ||||||||||
No | 93.8 | 91.6 | 84.6 | 81.8 | 87.8 | 66.7 | 94.4 | 90.3 | 97.1 | 94.4 |
Some | 5.9 | 8.4 | 14.6 | 18.2 | 12.2 | 31.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 |
A lot of | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 5.6 |
Having pain or discomforta,b
| ||||||||||
No | 66.0 | 41.5 | 61.5 | 54.4 | 58.5 | 30.9 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 75.4 | 72.2 |
Some | 32.9 | 55.3 | 37.7 | 45.6 | 41.0 | 66.7 | 19.0 | 18.7 | 24.1 | 22.2 |
A lot of | 1.1 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 5.6 |
Feeling worried, sad or unhappya,b,d
| ||||||||||
Not | 60.8 | 54.3 | 62.0 | 48.5 | 63.8 | 42.9 | 77.8 | 72.3 | 82.3 | 61.1 |
A bit | 35.4 | 42.5 | 34.1 | 42.4 | 34.0 | 42.9 | 21.4 | 25.2 | 17.2 | 38.9 |
Very | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 9.1 | 2.1 | 14.2 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 |