Skip to main content
Log in

A Call for Qualitative Power Analyses

  • Published:
Quality & Quantity Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of sampling and sample size considerations in all qualitative research. Such considerations would help qualitative researchers to select sample sizes and sampling designs that are most compatible with their research purposes. First, we discuss the importance of sampling in qualitative research. Next, we outline 24 designs for selecting a sample in qualitative research. We then discuss the importance of selecting a sample size that yields data that have a realistic chance of reaching data saturation, theoretical saturation, or informational redundancy. Based on the literature, we then provide sample size guidelines for several qualitative research designs. As such, we provide a framework for making sampling and sample size considerations in interpretive research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • K. Charmaz (2000) Grounded theory: objectivist and constructivist methods N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of qualitative research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 509–5535

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Connolly (1998) ‘Dancing to the wrong tune’: ethnography generalization and research on racism in schools P. Connolly B. Troyna (Eds) Researching Racism in Education: Politics, Theory, and Practice Open University Press Buckingham, UK 122–139

    Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Constas (1992) ArticleTitleQualitative data analysis as a public event: the documentation of category development procedures American Educational Research Journal 29 253–266 Occurrence Handle10.2307/1163368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.P. Crowley (1994/1995) ArticleTitleUsing qualitative methods in special education research Exceptionality 5 55–70 Occurrence Handle10.1207/s15327035ex0502_1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Creswell (1998) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions Sage Thousand Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Creswell (2002) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research Pearson Education Upper Saddle River, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (2000) The discipline and practice of qualitative research N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Donmoyer (1990) Generalizability and the single-case study E.W. Eisner A. Peshkin (Eds) Qualitative Inquiry in Education: The Continuing Debate Teachers College Press New York 175–200

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Flick (1998) An Introduction to Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Applications Sage London

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Fontana J.H. Frey (2000) The interview: from structured questions to negotiated text N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 645–672

    Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Greenwood M. Levin (2000) Reconstructing the relationships between universities and society through action research N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 85–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, E. S. (1983). Auditing Naturalistic Inquiries: The Development and Application of a Model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.

  • B. Johnson L. Christensen (2004) Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches EditionNumber2 Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon

    Google Scholar 

  • S.R. Jones (2002) ArticleTitleWriting the word: methodological strategies and issues in qualitative research Journal of College Student Development 43 461–473

    Google Scholar 

  • E.A. Kemper S. Stringfield C. Teddlie (2003) Mixed methods sampling strategies in social science research A. Tashakkori C. Teddlie (Eds) Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 273–296

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Krueger (2000) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Kuzel (1992) Sampling in qualitative inquiry B.F. Crabtree W.L. Miller (Eds) Doing qualitative research. Research Methods for Primary Care NumberInSeriesVol. 3 Sage Newbury Park, CA 31–44

    Google Scholar 

  • B.E. Langford G. Schoenfeld G. Izzo (2002) ArticleTitleNominal grouping sessions vs. focus groups Qualitative Market Research 5 58–70 Occurrence Handle10.1108/13522750210414517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y.S. Lincoln E.G. Guba (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry Sage Beverly Hills, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. A. (1995, February). Diversity and Methodology I a Changing World. Paper presented at the Fourth Puerto Rican Congress of Research in Education, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

  • J.A. Maxwell (1996) Qualitative Research Design Sage Newbury Park, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Miles A.M. Huberman (1984) Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods Sage Beverly Hills, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Miles A.M. Huberman (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. 2nd ed., Qualitative Research Methods Series 16. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • J.M. Morse (1994) Designing funded qualitative research N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 220–235

    Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Morse (1995) ArticleTitleThe significance of saturation Qualitative Health Research 5 147–149

    Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Onwuegbuzie (2003) ArticleTitleEffect sizes in qualitative research: a prolegomenon Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology 37 393–409 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1027379223537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Daniel, L. G. (2003, February 12). Typology of analytical and interpretational errors in quantitative and qualitative educational research. Current Issues in Education [On-line], 6(2). Available: http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number2/.

  • A.J. Onwuegbuzie Q.G. Jiao S.L. Bostick (2004) Library Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Applications Scarecrow Press Lanham, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J. & Leech, N. L. (2005, March). Generalization Practices in Qualitative Research: Trends in the Literature. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Educational Research Association, Sarasota, FL.

  • A.J. Onwuegbuzie N.L. Leech (2005) ArticleTitleTaking the “Q” out of research: teaching research methodology courses without the divide between quantitative and qualitative paradigms Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology 39 267–296 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s11135-004-1670-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.Q. Patton (1990) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods EditionNumber2 Sage Newbury Park, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Pelto G. Pelto (1975) ArticleTitleIntracultural diversity: some theoretical issues American Ethnologist 2 1–18 Occurrence Handle10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Poggie SuffixJr. (1972) ArticleTitleToward control in key informant data Human Organizational 31 23–30

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Sandelowski (1995) ArticleTitleFocus on qualitative methods: sample sizes in qualitative research Research in Nursing & Health 18 179–183

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Sandelowski J. Barroso (2003a) ArticleTitleCreating metasummaries of qualitative findings Nursing Research 52 226–233 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00006199-200307000-00004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Sandelowski J. Barroso (2003b) ArticleTitleClassifying the findings in qualitative studies Qualitative Health Research 13 905–923 Occurrence Handle10.1177/1049732303253488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Sankoff (1971) ArticleTitleQuantitative aspects of sharing and variability in a cognitive model Ethnology 10 389–408

    Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Schwandt (2000) Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 189–213

    Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Stake (2000) Case studies N.K. Denzin Y.S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research EditionNumber2 Sage Thousand Oaks, CA 435–454

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Strauss J. Corbin (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques Sage Newbury Park, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • The American Heritage College dictionary, 3rd ed. (1993). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie.

Additional information

An earlier version of this article received the 2004 Southwest Educational Research Association (SERA) Outstanding Paper Award.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Onwuegbuzie, A.J., Leech, N.L. A Call for Qualitative Power Analyses. Qual Quant 41, 105–121 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-1098-1

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-1098-1

Keywords

Navigation