Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Ultimate Goal of Prevention and the Larger Context for Translation

  • Published:
Prevention Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Type II translational research tends to emphasize getting evidence-based programs implemented in real world settings. To fully realize the aspirations of prevention scientists, we need a broader strategy for translating knowledge about human wellbeing into population-wide improvements in wellbeing. Far-reaching changes must occur in policies and cultural practices that affect the quality of family, school, workplace, and community environments. This paper describes a broad cultural movement, not unlike the tobacco control movement, that can make nurturing environments a fundamental priority of public policy and daily life, thereby enhancing human wellbeing far beyond anything achieved thus far.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramowitz, M., & Albrecht, J. (2013). The community loss index: A new social indicator. Social Service Review, 87, 677–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abroms, L. C., & Maibach, E. W. (2008). The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 219–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., Pollard, J. A., Catalano, R. F., & Baglioni, A. J., Jr. (2002). Measuring risk and protective factors for substance use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors. Evaluation Review, 26, 355–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bradley, R. H., & Bradley, R. H. (2005). Those who have, receive: The Matthew effect in early childhood intervention in the home environment. Review of Educational Research, 75, 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, S. A., Murray, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2005). Empirically supported treatments or type I errors? Problems with the analysis of data from group-administered treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 924–935.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J. (2007). Making policy work: The lesson from medicine (commentary). Education Week. Online at http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/05/23/38baron.h26.html?qs=Baron

  • Biglan, A. (2004). Direct written testimony in the case of the U.S.A. vs. Phillip Morris et al. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

  • Biglan, A. (2011). Corporate externalities: A challenge to the further success of prevention science. Prevention Science, 12, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A. (2015a). The nurture effect: How the science of human behavior can improve our lives and our world. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A. (2015b). Evolving a more nurturing capitalism: A new Powell memo. This View of Life. Available at https://evolution-institute.org/article/evolving-a-more-nurturing-capitalism-a-new-powell-memo/.

  • Biglan, A., & Cody, C. (2013). Integrating the human sciences to evolve effective policies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 90S, S152–S162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., Ary, D., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2000a). The value of interrupted time-series experiments for community intervention research. Prevention Science, 1, 31–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., Ary, D. V., Smolkowski, K., Duncan, T. E., & Black, C. (2000b). A randomized control trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 9, 24–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., Brennan, P. A., Foster, S. L., & Holder, H. D. (2004). Helping adolescents at risk: Prevention of multiple problem behaviors. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2013). A framework for intentional cultural change. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2, 95–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., Flay, B. R., Embry, D. D., & Sandler, I. (2012). Nurturing environments and the next generation of prevention research and practice. American Psychologist, 67, 257–271.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., Severson, H., Ary, D. V., Faller, C., Gallison, C., Thompson, R., et al. (1987). Do smoking prevention programs really work? Attrition and the internal and external validity of an evaluation of a refusal skills training program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 159–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biglan, A., & Taylor, T. K. (2000). Why have we been more successful in reducing tobacco use than violent crime? American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 269–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bracht, N. (1999). Health promotion at the community level. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardosos, G. (2005). Societies in transition to the network society. In M. Castells & G. Cardoso (Eds.), The network society: From knowledge to policy (pp. 23–70). Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins Center for Transatlantic Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61, 889–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conger, R. D., Patterson, G. R., & Ge, X. (1995). It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents’ stress on adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 66, 80–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’Agostino, R. B., Massaro, J. M., & Sullivan, L. M. (2003). Non‐inferiority trials: design concepts and issues–the encounters of academic consultants in statistics. Statistics in Medicine, 22, 169–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., & Snyder, J. (2004). An introduction to the special issue on advances in process and dynamic system analysis of social interaction and the development of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 575–578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eamon, M. K. (2001). The effects of poverty on children’s socioemotional development: An ecological systems analysis. Social Work, 46, 256–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H., Van Nguyen, T., & Caspi, A. (1995). Linking family hardship to children’s lives. Child Development, 56, 361–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Embry, D. D., & Biglan, A. (2008). Evidence-based kernels: Fundamental units of behavioral influence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 75–113.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E., Jones, D., Greenberg, M. T., Osgood, D. W., & Bontempo, D. (2010). Effects of the communities that care model in Pennsylvania on change in adolescent risk and problem behaviors. Prevention Science, 11, 163–171.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, P. A., & Chamberlain, P. (2000). Multidimensional treatment foster care a program for intensive parenting, family support, and skill building. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8, 155–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flay, B. R. (1986). Efficacy and effectiveness trials (and other phases of research) in the development of health promotion programs. Preventive Medicine, 15, 451–474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., et al. (2005). Standards of evidence: criteria for efficacy, effectiveness, and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2005). Evaluating fidelity: Predictive validity for a measure of competent adherence to the Oregon model of parent management training. Behavior Therapy, 36, 3–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galobardes, B., Lynch, J. W., & Smith, G. D. (2004). Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: Systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 7–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, R. E., & Steiner, J. F. (2012). Comparative effectiveness research to accelerate translation: Recommendations for an emerging field of science. In R. C. Brownson, G. Colditz, & E. Proctor (Eds.), Dissemination and implementation research in health: Translating science and practice (pp. 72–93). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, D. C, Cook, T. D., Gardner, F. E. M., Gorman-Smith, D., Howe, G. W., Sandler, I. N., Zafft, K. M. (2015). Standards of evidence for efficacy, effectiveness, and scale-up research in prevention science: Next generation. Prevention Science.

  • Gould, E., & Wething, H. (2012). US poverty rates higher, safety net weaker than in peer countries. Economic Policy Institute Issue brief #339. Available online at http://www.epi.org/publication/ib339-us-poverty-higher-safety-net-weaker/.

  • Greene, C. J., Morland, L. A., Durkalski, V. L., & Frueh, B. C. (2008). Noninferiority and equivalence designs: Issues and implications for mental health research. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 433–439.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, J. S., & Pierson, P. (2010). Winner-take-all politics: Public policy, political organization, and the precipitous rise of top incomes in the U.S. Politics & Society, 38, 152–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, J. S., Pierson, P., & Moyers, B. D. (2012). Winner-take-all politics. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J., Oesterle, S., Brown, E. C., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2014). Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the communities that care prevention system: A community-randomized trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 122–129.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S. W., Clingempeel, W. G., Brondino, M. J., & Pickrel, S. G. (2002). Four-year follow-up of multisystemic therapy with substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 868–874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine. (2007). Ending the tobacco problem: A blueprint for the nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. (2006). The ghost map. New York: Riverhead Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonkman, H. B., Haggerty, K. P., Steketee, M., Fagan, A., Hanson, K., & Hawkins, J. D. (2009). Communities that care, core elements and context: research of implementation in two countries. Social Development Issues, 30, 42–57.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jordá, V., & Sarabia, J. M. (2015). International convergence in well-being indicators. Social Indicators Research, 120, 1–27

  • Kellam, S. G., Koretz, D., & Mościcki, E. K. (1999). Core elements of developmental epidemiologically based prevention research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 463–482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Sidora, K., Henderson Jr, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., ... & Glazner, J. (2000). Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: a 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 1983–1989.

  • Komro, K. A., Biglan, A., Flay, B. R., & Promise Neighborhoods Research Consortium. (2011). Creating nurturing environments: A science-based framework for promoting child health and development within high-poverty neighborhoods. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 111–134.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Komro, K. A., Tobler, A. L., Delisle, A. L., Ryan, J. O., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2013). Beyond the clinic: Improving child health through evidence-based community development. BMC Pediatrics, 13, 172. Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/13/172.

  • Komro, K., O’Mara, R. J., & Wagenaar, A. (April 10, 2012). Mechanisms of legal effect: Perspectives from public health. Public Health Law Research Methods Monograph Series. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2042591.

  • Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Clark, O. (2003). Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review. British Medical Journal, 326, 1167–1170.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, E., Zhu, S. H., & Tedeschi, G. J. (2010). Smoking cessation quitlines: An under-recognized intervention success story. American Psychologist, 65, 252–261.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McElwee, S. (2013 November). GOP is an anti-science party of nuts (sorry, Atlantic). Salon. http://www.salon.com/2013/11/13/gop_is_an_anti_science_party_of_nuts_sorry_atlantic

  • McLean, B., & Nocera, J. (2010). All the devils are here: Unmasking the men who bankrupted the world. London: Penguin UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mrazek, P., Biglan, A., & Hawkins, J.D. (2004). Community-monitoring systems: Tracking and improving the well-being of America’s children and adolescents. Falls Church, VA: SPR at http://www.preventionresearch.org/advocacy/community-monitoring-systems/.

  • Murray, D. M. (1998). Design and analysis of group-randomized trials. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Cancer Institute (2008). The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 19. Bethesda, MD: USDHHS.

  • National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy: Concepts and methods. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D. L. (2006). The nurse–family partnership: An evidence‐based preventive intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 5–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., & Luckey, D. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 637–643.

  • Patterson, G. R., Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2010). Cascading effects following intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 949–970.

  • Petrosino, A., & Soydan, H. (2005). The impact of program developers as evaluators on criminal recidivism: Results from meta-analyses of experimental and quasi-experimental research. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 435–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S. S., & Basu, S. (2012). Increase in state suicide rates in the USA during economic recession. The Lancet, 380, 1813–1814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 90, 24–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-positive parenting program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 71–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., & Sharma, M. (2010). Globalization, threatened identities, coping and well-being. Psychological Studies, 55, 313–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities. JAMA, 301, 2252–2259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., & Greenberg, M. (2011). Impact challenges in community science-with-practice: Lessons from PROSPER on transformative practitioner-scientist partnerships and prevention infrastructure development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48, 106–119.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., Guyll, M., Redmond, C., Greenberg, M., & Feinberg, M. (2011). Six-year sustainability of evidence-based intervention implementation quality by community-university partnerships: The PROSPER study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48, 412–425.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47, 6–22.

  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: USDHHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2006). Civil Action No. 99–2496 (DDC 2012), Final Order.

  • Valentine, J. C., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Collins, L. M., Flay, B. R., et al. (2011). Replication in prevention science. Prevention Science, 12, 103–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar, A. C., & Burris, S. C. (Eds.). (2013). Public health law research: Theory and methods. New York: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenaar, A. C., Maldonado-Molina, M., & Wagenaar, B. H. (2009). Effects of alcohol tax increases on disease mortality in Alaska: Time-series analyses from 1976 to 2004. 99, 1464–1470.

  • Warren, K. (2014). A fighting chance. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Mihalic, S. F. (2001). The incredible years: Parent, teacher and child training series. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2009). The spirit level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. London: Bloomsbury Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. S. (2011). The neighborhood project: Using evolution to improve my city, one block at a time. New York: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. S., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2014). Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37, 395–416.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2012). The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioral health of children and youth: Implications for prevention. American Psychologist, 67, 272–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1R01AA021726) and the National Institute of Child Health and Development (1R01HD060922) provided financial support for the author during his work on this manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIAAA, NICHD, or the National Institutes of Health. The author thanks Christine Cody for her editorial assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anthony Biglan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

This article has no methods section and provides no other information on studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Biglan, A. The Ultimate Goal of Prevention and the Larger Context for Translation. Prev Sci 19, 328–336 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0635-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0635-6

Keywords

Navigation