Introduction
Development of Global and Domain-Specific Subjective Well-Being during Secondary Schooling
The Associations between Development of Subjective Well-Being and School Context: Ability Grouping and Achievement Composition
Ability grouping
Achievement composition
Educational System in Germany
The Selection of Covariates
The Current Study
Method
Data
Measures
Life satisfaction (Times 1–4)
School satisfaction (Times 1–4)
School track (Time 2)
School-level achievement (Time 3)
Covariates
Gender (Time 1)
Immigrant status (Time 1)
Family socioeconomic status (Time 1)
Prior achievement (Time 1)
Statistical Approach
Measurement invariance (MI)
Unconditional latent growth model
LGM with the effects of school tracks and school-level achievement
Missing data
Results
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations
Overall | Academic track | Non-academic track | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M/% | SD | M/% | SD | M/% | SD | |
Girl (T1) | 0.484 | − | 0.51 | − | 0.47 | − |
Family SES (T1) | 51.13 | 20.97 | 58.43 | 20.35 | 44.39 | 19.21 |
Immigrants (T1) | 0.45 | − | 0.39 | − | 0.50 | − |
Academic track (T2) | 0.43 | − | − | − | − | − |
Prior reading achievementa (T1) | 1.06 | 0.98 | 1.57 | 0.87 | 0.68 | 0.88 |
Prior math achievementa (T1) | 0.14 | 1.16 | 0.76 | 1.12 | −0.33 | 0.95 |
School-level reading achievementb (T3) | 0.10 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.46 | −0.43 | 0.79 |
School-level math achievementb(T3) | −0.77 | 0.94 | −0.04 | 0.62 | −1.31 | 0.74 |
Life satisfaction (T1) | 3.44 | 0.70 | 3.52 | 0.64 | 3.38 | 0.74 |
Life satisfaction (T2) | 3.36 | 0.71 | 3.40 | 0.65 | 3.33 | 0.76 |
Life satisfaction (T3) | 3.18 | 0.73 | 3.19 | 0.69 | 3.18 | 0.77 |
Life satisfaction (T4) | 3.13 | 0.74 | 3.13 | 0.73 | 3.13 | 0.75 |
School satisfaction (T1) | 3.04 | 0.74 | 3.18 | 0.68 | 2.93 | 0.77 |
School satisfaction (T2) | 3.27 | 0.63 | 3.39 | 0.50 | 3.18 | 0.70 |
School satisfaction (T3) | 2.64 | 0.72 | 2.76 | 0.70 | 2.54 | 0.71 |
School satisfaction (T4) | 2.57 | 0.78 | 2.65 | 0.74 | 2.51 | 0.80 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Girls | −0.052 | −0.019 | 0.037 | −0.031 | 0.024 | −0.005 | −0.085** | −0.129*** | −0.091** | 0.202*** | 0.076** | 0.078** | 0.070* | |
2. Family SES | −0.366*** | 0.346*** | 0.581*** | 0.468*** | 0.023 | 0.036 | −0.033 | 0.014 | 0.082** | 0.124*** | 0.078* | 0.044 | ||
3. Immigrants | −0.115*** | −0.465*** | −0.342*** | 0.012 | −0.033 | −0.002 | 0.043 | −0.019 | −0.100*** | −0.093** | 0.011 | |||
4. Academic track | 0.557*** | 0.712*** | 0.111*** | 0.044 | 0.012 | −0.001 | 0.169*** | 0.166*** | 0.152*** | 0.105*** | ||||
5. Prior performancea (T1) | 0.740*** | 0.030 | 0.023 | −0.031 | −0.018 | 0.170*** | 0.179*** | 0.148*** | 0.065* | |||||
6. School-level performanceb (T 3) | 0.112*** | 0.063* | −0.005 | −0.018 | 0.209*** | 0.250*** | 0.206*** | 0.092** | ||||||
7. Life satisfaction (T1) | 0.509*** | 0.311*** | 0.309*** | 0.383*** | 0.276*** | 0.235*** | 0.209*** | |||||||
8. Life satisfaction (T2) | 0.359*** | 0.330*** | 0.251*** | 0.401*** | 0.245*** | 0.202*** | ||||||||
9. Life satisfaction (T3) | 0.562*** | 0.130*** | 0.146*** | 0.295*** | 0.306*** | |||||||||
10. Life satisfaction (T4) | 0.145*** | 0.127*** | 0.243*** | 0.343*** | ||||||||||
11.School satisfaction (T1) | 0.388*** | 0.334*** | 0.280*** | |||||||||||
12. School satisfaction (T2) | 0.358*** | 0.244*** | ||||||||||||
13. School satisfaction (T3) | 0.613*** | |||||||||||||
14. School satisfaction (T4) |
Measurement Invariance for the Overall Group and Multiple-group Analyses across Time
Grouping | Construct | Invariance test | RMSEA | CFL | TLI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Life satisfaction | Configural | 0.020 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.022 |
Metric | 0.020 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.028 | ||
Scalar | 0.023 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.033 | ||
School satisfaction | Configural | 0.053 | 0.957 | 0.930 | 0.033 | |
Metric | 0.052 | 0.953 | 0.932 | 0.042 | ||
Scalar | 0.050 | 0.952 | 0.937 | 0.042 | ||
Multigroupa | Life satisfaction | Configural | 0.026 | 0.993 | 0.988 | 0.027 |
Metric | 0.025 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.054 | ||
Scalar | 0.029 | 0.988 | 0.985 | 0.057 | ||
School satisfaction | Configural | 0.055 | 0.952 | 0.923 | 0.037 | |
Metric | 0.053 | 0.949 | 0.927 | 0.054 | ||
Scalar | 0.057 | 0.934 | 0.917 | 0.071 |
Development of Life Satisfaction and School Satisfaction across Time
Life satisfaction | School satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Construct | Parameter | SE | Parameter | SE |
Latent mean | ||||
Intercept | 3.402*** | 0.020 | 2.984*** | 0.028 |
Linear slope | −0.072*** | 0.006 | 0.859*** | 0.087 |
Quadratic | −0.438*** | 0.036 | ||
Cubic | 0.012*** | 0.001 | ||
Latent variance | ||||
Intercept | 0.269*** | 0.019 | 0.160*** | 0.016 |
Linear slope | 0.019*** | 0.002 | 0.015*** | 0.002 |
Covariance | ||||
Intercept with linear slope | −0.028*** | 0.005 | −0.013** | 0.004 |
The Effects of Ability Grouping and Achievement Composition on the Development of Life Satisfaction and School Satisfaction
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LGM + track | LGM + track+ school-level performance | LGM + track+ school-level performance +covariates | ||||
Construct | Parameter | SE | Parameter | SE | Parameter | SE |
Latent mean | ||||||
Intercept | 3.347*** | 0.023 | 3.377*** | 0.025 | 3.422*** | 0.064 |
Linear slope | −0.059*** | 0.008 | −0.070*** | 0.009 | −0.063** | 0.024 |
Latent variance | ||||||
Intercept | 0.265*** | 0.019 | 0.263*** | 0.019 | 0.239*** | 0.021 |
Linear slope | 0.019*** | 0.002 | 0.019*** | 0.002 | 0.018*** | 0.002 |
Intercept predicted by | ||||||
Girl (0 = boy) | −0.101* | 0.036 | ||||
Family SES | 0.000 | 0.001 | ||||
Immigrant (0 = no immigrant) | 0.011 | 0.045 | ||||
Prior performance | −0.073 | 0.043 | ||||
Academic track (0 = non-acad.) | 0.127*** | 0.036 | 0.055 | 0.044 | 0.106* | 0.054 |
School-level achievement | 0.053* | 0.024 | 0.087* | 0.039 | ||
Linear slope predicted by | ||||||
Girl (0 = boy) | −0.026 | 0.014 | ||||
Family SES | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Immigrant (0 = no immigrant) | −0.003 | 0.014 | ||||
Prior achievement | 0.022 | 0.017 | ||||
Academic track (0 = non-acad.) | −0.030** | 0.012 | −0.004 | 0.014 | −0.002 | 0.016 |
School-level achievement | −0.019** | 0.007 | −0.035* | 0.014 | ||
Covariance | ||||||
Intercept with linear slope | −0.027*** | 0.005 | −0.027*** | 0.005 | −0.027*** | 0.006 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LGM + track | LGM + track+ school-level performance | LGM + track+ school-level performance +covariates | ||||
Construct | Parameter | SE | Parameter | SE | Parameter | SE |
Latent mean | ||||||
Intercept | 2.881*** | 0.028 | 2.956*** | 0.030 | 2.849*** | 0.064 |
Linear slope | 0.922*** | 0.119 | 0.996*** | 0.124 | 1.151*** | 0.170 |
Quadratic | −0.465*** | 0.050 | −0.493*** | 0.052 | −0.525*** | 0.063 |
Cubic | 0.013*** | 0.001 | 0.013*** | 0.001 | 0.013*** | 0.002 |
Latent variance | ||||||
Intercept | 0.148*** | 0.015 | 0.136*** | 0.013 | 0.116*** | 0.015 |
Linear slope | 0.015*** | 0.002 | 0.015*** | 0.002 | 0.018*** | 0.002 |
Intercept predicted by | ||||||
Girl (0 = boy) | 0.172*** | 0.036 | ||||
Family SES | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
Immigrant (0 = no immigrant) | 0.092* | 0.036 | ||||
Prior achievement | 0.003 | 0.039 | ||||
Academic track (0 = nonacad.) | 0.238*** | 0.050 | 0.060 | 0.058 | 0.032 | 0.059 |
School-level achievement | 0.130*** | 0.030 | 0.164*** | 0.038 | ||
Linear slope predicted by | ||||||
Girl (0 = boy) | −0.115* | 0.052 | ||||
Family SES | −0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
Immigrant (0 = no immigrant) | −0.195*** | 0.055 | ||||
Prior achievement | −0.026 | 0.047 | ||||
Academic track (0 = nonacad.) | −0.148 | 0.181 | −0.330 | 0.242 | −0.242 | 0.232 |
School-level achievement | 0.137 | 0.112 | −0.074 | 0.118 | ||
Quadratic component | ||||||
Girl (0 = boy) | 0.027* | 0.013 | ||||
Family SES | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Immigrant (0 = no immigrant) | 0.048*** | 0.014 | ||||
Prior achievement | 0.009 | 0.012 | ||||
Academic track (0 = nonacad.) | 0.065 | 0.076 | 0.131 | 0.102 | 0.119 | 0.099 |
School-level achievement | −0.050 | 0.048 | 0.029 | 0.050 | ||
Cubic component | ||||||
Academic track | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.003 | 0.003 | −0.003 | 0.003 |
School-level achievement | 0.001 | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 | ||
Covariance | ||||||
Intercept with linear slope | −0.012* | 0.004 | −0.010** | 0.003 | −0.012** | 0.004 |