Introduction
Two Peer Effect Explanations
Differential Peer Exposure Explanation
Differential Peer Reaction Explanation
Current Study
Methods
Participants
Variables
Student resistance
Predictors of student resistance
Student resistance control variables
Friendships networks
Predictors of friendship networks
Friendship network control variables
Plan of Analyses
Hybrid models
SIENA models
Testing the hypotheses
Results
Descriptive Results
W1 | W2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (s.d.) | Range | % missing | Mean (s.d.) | Range | % missing | |
Time-varying variables | ||||||
Student resistance | 0.72 (0.60) | 0–4.0 | 7.98 | 0.75 (0.60) | 0–4.0 | 16.94 |
Student resistance boys | 0.78 (0.63) | 0–4.0 | 7.90 | 0.82 (0.62) | 0–4.0 | 16.14 |
Student resistance girls | 0.67 (0.58) | 0–3.2 | 7.36 | 0.68 (0.57) | 0–4.0 | 17.86 |
Resistance friends | 0.66 (0.44) | 0–4 | 12.46 | 0.63 (0.45) | 0–3.8 | 19.16 |
Resistance friends of boys | 0.69 (0.44) | 0–4 | 11.63 | 0.67 (0.46) | 0–3.8 | 19.42 |
Resistance friends of girls | 0.62 (0.43) | 0–2.6 | 12.61 | 0.59 (0.43) | 0–2.55 | 18.99 |
Resistance non-friends | 0.73 (0.22) | 0.1–2.3 | 12.46 | 0.75 (0.21) | 0.26–1.56 | 19.16 |
Resistance male non-friends | 0.79 (0.34) | 0–3.2 | 12.67 | 0.82 (0.31) | 0–2.6 | 19.95 |
Resistance female non-friends | 0.67 (0.29) | 0–2.1 | 12.74 | 0.70 (0.30) | 0–2.2 | 19.97 |
Status friends | 3.87 (1.63) | 0–9.2 | 12.00 | 3.36 (1.74) | 0–8.7 | 19.05 |
Status non-friends | 2.52 (0.65) | 0.4–4.7 | 12.00 | 2.42 (0.64) | 0–4.5 | 19.05 |
Status adolescent | 3.15 (1.95) | 0–13 | 0 | 2.73 (1.89) | 0–11 | 0 |
Proportion non-befriended boys | 0.49 (0.14) | 0.0–1.0 | 0 | 0.49 (0.14) | 0.1–0.9 | 0 |
Time-constant variables | ||||||
Boy | .49 | 0/1 | 0.39 | |||
Parental education | 3.18 (1.47) | 0–6 | 0.6 |
W1 | W2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (s.d.) | Range | % missing | Mean (s.d.) | Range | % missing | |
Friendships | ||||||
Outdegree | 3.811 (1.330) | 0–5 | 11.45% absent 5.40 % join class in w2 | 3.554 (1.663) | 11.65% absent 4.84% leave class in w2 | |
Density | 15.03% (3.079) | 0–100 | 14.272% (3.171) | 0–100 | ||
Reciprocity | 69.030% (10.031) | 0–100 | 66.202% (10.351) | 0–100 | ||
Transitivity | 55.717% (11.966) | 0–100 | 54.780% (9.613) | 0–100 | ||
Proportion same-sex | 90.004% (29.429) | 0–100 | 85.878% (22.129) | 0–100 | ||
Resistance friendsa
| 2.308 (0.827) | 1–8 | 2.403 (0.775) | 1–6 | ||
Jaccard index (w1–w2) | 0.445 (0.101) | 0.220–0.823 | ||||
Student resistance adolescent | 2.38 (1.22) | 1–9 | 9.93%b
| 2.44 (1.23) | 1–9 | 10.97%b
|
Student resistance boys | 2.43 (1.19) | 1–9 | 6.85%b
| 2.59 (1.28) | 1–9 | 8.26%b
|
Student resistance girls | 2.25 (1.24) | 1–7 | 5.68%b
| 2.27 (1.154) | 1–7 | 8.73%b
|
Individual independent variablesc
| ||||||
Boy | 49.17% | 1/0 | 4.96% | |||
Native | 62.47% | 1/0 | 4.48% | |||
Parental education | 3.413 (1.432) | 0–6 | 5.12% |
Hybrid Models
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | Coef. | S.E. | |
Within individual effects | ||||||||||||||
Time | 0.032** | 0.012 | 0.028**
| 0.011 | 0.026**
| 0.011 | 0.026**
| 0.010 | 0.026*
| 0.010 | 0.027**
| 0.011 | 0.024**
| 0.010 |
Resistance friends | 0.115**
| 0.020 | 0.117**
| 0.020 | 0.158**
| 0.022 | 0.079 | 0.054 | 0.116**
| 0.020 | 0.118**
| 0.020 | ||
Resistance non-friends (nf) | 0.120**
| 0.052 | 0.166**
| 0.051 | 0.111*
| 0.050 | 0.303 | 0.229 | ||||||
Resistance male nf | 0.069+
| 0.040 | ||||||||||||
Resistance female nf | 0.119**
| 0.037 | ||||||||||||
Status adolescent | −0.002 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.004 | −0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
Status friends | −0.012**
| 0.004 | −0.024**
| 0.004 | −0.024**
| 0.004 | −0.024**
| 0.004 | −0.019**
| 0.004 | −0.024**
| 0.004 | −0.024**
| 0.004 |
Status non-friends | −0.018 | 0.016 | −0.022 | 0.014 | −0.020 | 0.013 | −0.020 | 0.013 | −0.020 | 0.013 | −0.020 | 0.013 | −0.019 | 0.013 |
Proportion non-befriended boys | 0.118 | 0.133 | 0.134 | 0.128 | 0.109 | 0.129 | 0.095 | 0.124 | 0.087 | 0.133 | 0.123 | 0.124 | 0.142 | 0.128 |
Between individual effects | ||||||||||||||
Boy | 0.125**
| 0.022 | 0.106**
| 0.016 | 0.093**
| 0.025 | 0.093**
| 0.025 | 0.138 a **
| 0.035 | 0.008b
| 0.065 | 0.121 | 0.026 |
Resistance friends | 0.552**
| 0.024 | −0.625**
| 0.053 | −0.625**
| 0.053 | −0.623**
| 0.053 | −0.625**
| 0.053 | 0.044 | 0.041 | ||
Resistance non-friends (nf) | −5.725**
| 0.247 | −5.725**
| 0.247 | −5.715**
| 0.247 | −5.732**
| 0.246 | ||||||
Resistance male nf | −1.350**
| 0.066 | ||||||||||||
Resistance female nf | −1.242**
| 0.080 | ||||||||||||
Status adolescent | −0.013*
| 0.005 | −0.003 | 0.005 | −0.003 | 0.006 | −0.003 | 0.006 | −0.003 | 0.006 | −0.003 | 0.006 | −0.013 | 0.005 |
Status friends | −0.057**
| 0.007 | −0.103**
| 0.007 | 0.064**
| 0.016 | 0.064**
| 0.016 | 0.070**
| 0.017 | 0.063**
| 0.016 | −0.064**
| 0.011 |
Status non-friends | −0.022 | 0.017 | −0.008 | 0.012 | 0.100 | 0.088 | 0.100 | 0.088 | 0.096 | 0.088 | 0.079 | 0.091 | −0.164*
| 0.049 |
Proportion non-befriended boys | −0.117 | 0.086 | 0.001 | 0.052 | 0.853**
| 0.176 | 0.853**
| 0.176 | 0.793**
| 0.188 | 0.854**
| 0.176 | 0.273+
| 0.139 |
Parental education | −0.029**
| 0.006 | −0.023**
| 0.005 | −0.011**
| 0.004 | −0.011**
| 0.004 | −0.011**
| 0.004 | −0.011**
| 0.004 | −0.016**
| 0.005 |
Interactions | ||||||||||||||
Boy * time | 0.029+
| 0.018 | 0.030+
| 0.017 | 0.030+
| 0.017 | 0.030+
| 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.016 | 0.028 | 0.017 | 0.032*
| 0.016 |
Boy * resistance friends (w.i.) | −0.082*
| 0.036 | −0.225**
| 0.081 | ||||||||||
Boy * resistance non-friends (w.i.) | −0.097 | 0.085 | −0.411 | 0.284 | ||||||||||
Boy * status friends (b.i.) | −0.014 | 0.009 | ||||||||||||
Boy * status non-friends (b.i.) | 0.035 | 0.026 | ||||||||||||
Status friends (b.i.) * resistance friends (w.i.) | 0.026+
| 0.016 | ||||||||||||
Boy * status friends (b.i.) * resistance friends (w.i.) | 0.049*
| 0.024 | ||||||||||||
Boy * resistance male nf (w.i.) | −0.027 | 0.052 | ||||||||||||
Boy * resistance female nf (w.i.) | −0.064 | 0.070 | ||||||||||||
Status non-friends (b.i.) * resistance non-friends (w.i.) | −0.060 | 0.093 | ||||||||||||
Boy * status non-friends (b.i.) * resistance non-friends (w.i.) | 0.145 | 0.125 | ||||||||||||
Variance components | ||||||||||||||
Class-level variance | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.878 | 0.313 | 1.878 | 0.313 | 1.868 | 0.312 | 1.879 | 0.314 | 0.388 | 0.054 |
Individual-level variance | 0.238 | 0.009 | 0.218 | 0.086 | 0.095 | 0.006 | 0.095 | 0.006 | 0.095 | 0.006 | 0.095 | 0.006 | 0.154 | 0.007 |
Time variance | 0.119 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.004 | 0.116 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.004 | 0.117 | 0.004 |
SIENA Models
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | S.E. | Fisher test | Coef. | S.E. | Fisher test | Coef. | S.E. | Fisher test | Coef. | S.E. | Fisher test | |
Network formation | ||||||||||||
Outdegree |
−4.545
**
|
0.633
|
FL
|
−4.447
**
|
0.616
|
FL
|
−4.264**
| 0.063 | FL |
−4.289
**
| 0.651 | FL |
Reciprocity |
1.572**
|
0.067
|
FR
|
1.562**
|
0.065
|
FR
|
1.566**
|
0.065
|
FR
|
1.568
**
|
0.065
|
FR
|
Transitive triplets |
0.556
**
|
0.025
|
FR
|
0.558
**
|
0.024
|
FR
|
0.556
**
|
0.024
|
FR
| 0.558
**
| 0.024 | FR |
3-cycle |
−0.463
**
| 0.053 | FL |
−0.461
**
|
0.053
|
FL
|
−0.463**
| 0.052 | FL |
−0.466
**
| 0.054 | FL |
Outdegree activity |
−0.072
|
0.169
|
−0.076
|
0.164
|
−0.036
|
0.167
|
−0.018 | 0.172 | ||||
Outdegree activity sqrt |
1.173
+
|
0.640
|
1.151
+
|
0.621
|
0.972
|
0.633
| 0.935 | 0.654 | ||||
Resistance alter | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
Resistance ego |
0.017
|
0.027
| 0.026 | 0.028 |
0.023
|
0.029
| 0.019 | 0.026 | ||||
Resistance homophily | 0.383*
| 0.137 | FR | 0.365*
| 0.138 | FR | 0.366* | 0.136 | FR | 0.387
*
| 0.140 | FR |
National-Origin homophily | 0.178+a
| 0.089 | FR | 0.189*a
| 0.088 | FR | 0.182
+ a
| 0.089 | FR | 0.184
+ a
| 0.088 | FR |
Native alter |
−0.136+a
| 0.071 | FL |
−0.136+a
| 0.071 | FL |
−0.136
+ a
| 0.071 | FL |
−0.129
+ a
| 0.071 | FL |
Native ego | 0.139a
| 0.094 | FR | 0.133a
| 0.093 | FR | 0.137a
| 0.095 | FR | 0.134a
| 0.094 | FR |
Boy alter |
−0.009 | 0.043 |
−0.011 | 0.043 |
−0.012 | 0.043 |
−0.011 | 0.042 | ||||
Boy ego | 0.057a
| 0.090 | FR | 0.055a
| 0.089 | FR | 0.061a
| 0.090 | FR | 0.049a
| 0.091 | FR |
Sex homophily | 0.430**
| 0.047 | FR | 0.430**a
| 0.047 | FR | 0.429**
| 0.047 | FR | 0.428**
| 0.047 | FR |
Behavior | ||||||||||||
Linear shape |
−0.004
|
0.128
|
−0.022
|
0.133
|
−0.022 | 0.130 | 0.003 | 0.135 | ||||
Quadratic shape |
−0.050
*
|
0.024
|
FL
|
−0.074*
|
0.026
|
FL
|
−0.067*
| 0.026 | FL |
−0.066
*
|
0.026
|
FL
|
Resistance friends |
0.232
**
|
0.066
|
FR
|
0.234
**
|
0.064
|
FR
|
0.221**
|
0.065
|
FR
| |||
Boy | 0.237**
| 0.065 | FR |
0.217
**
|
0.071
|
FR
|
0.218
**
|
0.071
|
FR
|
0.217
**
|
0.071
|
FR
|
Parental education |
−0.036
|
0.025
|
FL
|
−0.030
|
0.025
|
−0.027
|
0.024
|
−0.025
|
0.025
| |||
Status friends |
−0.008 | 0.029 |
−0.008 | 0.030 |
−0.008 | 0.029 |
−0.013 | 0.030 | ||||
Boy * resistance friendsb
| N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | ||||||||
Boy * status friendsb
| N.A. | N.A. | ||||||||||
Status friends * resistance friendsb
| N.A. | N.A. | ||||||||||
Boy* status friends * resistance friendsb
| N.A. | N.A. |