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02-11-2015 | Empirical Research

Sex Differences in Sources of Resilience and Vulnerability to Risk for Delinquency

Auteurs: Jamie Newsome, Jamie C. Vaske, Krista S. Gehring, Danielle L. Boisvert

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 4/2016

Abstract

Research on adolescent risk factors for delinquency has suggested that, due to genetic differences, youth may respond differently to risk factors, with some youth displaying resilience and others a heightened vulnerability. Using a behavioral genetic design and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study examines whether there are sex differences in the genetic and environmental factors that influence the ways in which adolescents respond to cumulative risk for violent, nonviolent, and overall delinquency in a sample of twins (152 MZ male, 155 MZ female, 140 DZ male, 130 DZ female, and 204 DZ opposite-sex twin pairs). The results revealed that males tended to show greater vulnerability to risk for all types of delinquency, and females exhibited greater resilience. Among males, additive genetic factors accounted for 41, 29, and 43 % of the variance in responses to risk for violent, nonviolent, and overall delinquency, respectively. The remaining proportion of variance in each model was attributed to unique environmental influences, with the exception of 11 % of the variance in nonviolent responses to risk being attributed to common environmental factors. Among females, no significant genetic influences were observed; however, common environmental contributions to differences in the ways females respond to risk for violent, nonviolent, and overall delinquency were 44, 42, and 45 %, respectively. The remaining variance was attributed to unique environmental influences. Overall, genetic factors moderately influenced males’ responses to risk while environmental factors fully explain variation in females’ responses to risk. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of improving the understanding of relationships between risks and outcomes, as well as informing policy and practice with adolescent offenders.

vorige artikel Adolescent and Parental Contributions to Parent–Adolescent Hostility Across Early Adolescence

volgende artikel Dual Trajectories of Gang Affiliation and Delinquent Peer Association During Adolescence: An Examination of Long-Term Offending Outcomes

An alternative approach involves trichotomizing risk factors to account for potential promotive effects. Although the aim of this study is to examine differences in response to risks specifically, an alternate cumulative risk index was created in which the risk factors were trichotomized to explore for the possible impact of promotive factors. The alternative index was a slightly worse predictor of delinquency, and the resultant measures of differential responses to risk were strongly correlated (r = .98) with those used in this study.

Marijuana use, cigarette use, and neighborhood safety were initially operationalized as dichotomous measures.

Unique environmental estimates also include measurement error (Plomin et al. 1997).

It is also possible to test for qualitative sex differences to determine whether the specific genetic and environmental factors that are account for variation in a trait differ in males and females. Our preliminary analyses, however, did not reveal significant qualitative differences. The results of the qualitative sex limitation models are available upon request.

Variance in a phenotype = a² + c² + e² = 100 %.

While researchers have attempted to create measures of self-control using various items in the Add Health (see Beaver et al. 2009; Perrone et al. 2004), these items were included in other measures of risk in the current study.

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Titel: Sex Differences in Sources of Resilience and Vulnerability to Risk for Delinquency
Auteurs: Jamie Newsome
Jamie C. Vaske
Krista S. Gehring
Danielle L. Boisvert
Publicatiedatum: 02-11-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 4/2016
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0381-2

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