Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-07-2015 | Empirical Research

The Dopamine D2 Receptor Polymorphism (DRD2 TaqIA) Interacts with Maternal Parenting in Predicting Early Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Evidence of Differential Susceptibility and Age Differences

Auteurs: Wenxin Zhang, Yanmiao Cao, Meiping Wang, Linqin Ji, Liang Chen, Kirby Deater-Deckard

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 7/2015

Abstract

Most gene-environment interaction research on depression has largely focused on negative environment and to a lesser extent on positive environment. Moreover, to date few studies have directly examined G × E at different periods in development, particularly during early adolescence. The present study addressed these issues by examining the concurrent and prospective longitudinal effects of maternal parenting, DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism, and their interaction on adolescent depressive symptoms in a sample of 1026 Chinese adolescents (M _age = 11.33 ± 0.47 years at T1, 50.3 % girls) in a three-wave longitudinal study from age 11 to 13. Results indicated that maternal positive and negative parenting significantly concurrently predicted adolescent depressive symptoms at all three waves, whereas TaqIA polymorphism had no main effect on depressive symptoms. TaqIA polymorphism interacted with negative parenting in predicting concurrent depressive symptoms at age 11 and 12. A1 carriers were more susceptible to negative parenting compared to A2A2 homozygotes, such that adolescents carrying A1 alleles experiencing high negative parenting reported more depressive symptoms but fared better when experiencing low negative parenting. However, the interaction became nonsignificant at age 13, indicating the interaction of TaqIA polymorphism and maternal parenting may vary with development. Also, there was no G × E effect on longitudinal change in depression. The findings provided evidence in support of the differential susceptibility hypothesis and shed light on the potential for dynamic change in gene-environment interactions over development.

vorige artikel Different Slopes for Different Folks: Genetic Influences on Growth in Delinquent Peer Association and Delinquency During Adolescence

volgende artikel Externalizing Problem Behavior in Adolescence: Dopaminergic Genes in Interaction with Peer Acceptance and Rejection

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Aronen, E. T., & Soininen, M. (2000). Childhood depressive symptoms predict psychiatric problems in young adults. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 465–470.

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Research review: Genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility in child development: The case of attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1160–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01801.x.PubMedCrossRef

Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300–304. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x.CrossRef

Belsky, J., Jonassaint, C., Pluess, M., Stanton, M., Brummett, B., & Williams, R. (2009). Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 746–754. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Belsky, J., Newman, D. A., Widaman, K. F., Rodkin, P., Pluess, M., Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). Differential susceptibility to effects of maternal sensitivity? A study of candidate plasticity genes. Development and Psychopathology. doi:10.1017/S0954579414000844.

Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885–908. doi:10.1037/a0017376.PubMedCrossRef

Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 57, 289–300. doi:10.2307/2346101.

Berman, S. M., & Noble, E. P. (1997). The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene and family stress; interactive effects on cognitive functions in children. Behavior Genetics, 27, 33–43. doi:10.1023/A:1025611208475.PubMedCrossRef

Berry, D., Deater-Deckard, K., McCartney, K., Wang, Z., & Petrill, S. A. (2013). Gene-environment interaction between DRD4 7-repeat VNTR and early maternal sensitivity predicts inattention trajectories across middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 291–306. doi:10.1017/S095457941200106X.PubMedCrossRef

Bilsky, S. A., Cole, D. A., Dukewich, T. L., Martin, N. C., Sinclair, K. R., Tran, C. V., & Maxwell, M. A. (2013). Does supportive parenting mitigate the longitudinal effects of peer victimization on depressive thoughts and symptoms in children? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 406–419. doi:10.1037/a0032501.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Block, J. H. (1981). The child-rearing practices report (CRPR): A set of Q items for the description of parental socialization attitudes and values. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Institute of Human Development.

Burmeister, M., McInnis, M. G., & Zöllner, S. (2008). Psychiatric genetics: Progress amid controversy. Nature Reviews Genetics, 9, 527–540. doi:10.1038/nrg2381.PubMedCrossRef

Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., & Poulton, R. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301(5631), 386–389. doi:10.1126/science.1083968.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, C., Chen, C., Moyzis, R., Stern, H., He, Q., Li, H., et al. (2011). Contributions of dopamine-related genes and environmental factors to highly sensitive personality: A multi-step neuronal system-level approach. PLoS One, 6, e21636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021636.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Chen, X., & Li, B. S. (2000). Depressed mood in Chinese children: Development significance for social and school adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 472–479. doi:10.1080/016502500750038026.CrossRef

Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2000). Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 401–419. doi:10.1037//0893-3200.14.3.401.PubMedCrossRef

Cheung, A. K., Harden, K. P., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2014). Gene × Environment interactions in early externalizing behaviors: Parental emotional support and socioeconomic context as moderators of genetic influences? Behavior Genetics, 44, 468–486. doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9664-8.PubMedCrossRef

Cinciripini, P. M., Wetter, D. W., Tomlinson, G. E., Tsoh, J. Y., De Moor, C. A., Cinciripini, L. G., & Minna, J. D. (2004). The effects of the DRD2 polymorphism on smoking cessation and negative affect: Evidence for a pharmacogenetic effect on mood. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6, 229–239. doi:10.1080/14622200410001676396.PubMedCrossRef

Cole, D. A., & Martin, N. C. (2005). The longitudinal structure of the children’s depression inventory: Testing a latent trait-state model. Psychological Assessment, 17, 144–155. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.144.PubMedCrossRef

Cole, D. A., Tram, J. M., Martin, J. M., Hoffman, K. B., Ruiz, M. D., Jacquez, F. M., & Maschman, T. L. (2002). Individual differences in the emergence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A longitudinal investigation of parent and child reports. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 156–165. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.111.1.156.PubMedCrossRef

Dannlowski, U., Domschke, K., Birosova, E., Lawford, B., Young, R., Voisey, J., & Zwanzger, P. (2013). Dopamine D3 receptor gene variation: impact on electroconvulsive therapy response and ventral striatum responsiveness in depression. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 16, 1443–1459. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001659.PubMedCrossRef

De Goede, I. H., Branje, S. J., & Meeus, W. H. (2009). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 75–88. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9286-7.PubMedCrossRef

Eley, T. C., Sugden, K., Corsico, A., Gregory, A. M., Sham, P., McGuffin, P., & Craig, I. W. (2004). Gene-environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 9, 908–915. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001546.PubMedCrossRef

Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 7–28. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000611.PubMedCrossRef

Elovainio, M., Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Lehtimäki, T., Airla, N., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2007). Genetic variants in the DRD2 gene moderate the relationship between stressful life events and depressive symptoms in adults: Cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 391–395. doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31806bf365.PubMedCrossRef

England, M. J., & Sim, L. J. (Eds.). (2009). Depression in parents, parenting, and children: Opportunities to improve identification, treatment, and prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and adolescent depression self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 12–33. doi:10.1177/0743554897121003.CrossRef

Gaté, M. A., Watkins, E. R., Simmons, J. G., Byrne, M. L., Schwartz, O. S., Whittle, S., & Allen, N. B. (2013). Maternal parenting behaviors and adolescent depression: The mediating role of rumination. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 348–357. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.755927.PubMedCrossRef

Gundlah, C., Lu, N. Z., & Bethea, C. L. (2002). Ovarian steroid regulation of monoamine oxidase-A and B mRNAs in the macaque dorsal raphe and hypothalamic nuclei. Psychopharmacology, 160, 271–282. doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0959-0.PubMedCrossRef

Hasler, G., Pine, D. S., Kleinbaum, D. G., Gamma, A., Luckenbaugh, D., Ajdacic, V., & Angst, J. (2005). Depressive symptoms during childhood and adult obesity: The Zurich Cohort Study. Molecular Psychiatry, 10, 842–850. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001671.PubMedCrossRef

Hipwell, A., Keenan, K., Kasza, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Bean, T. (2008). Reciprocal influences between girls’ conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: A six year prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 663–677. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9206-4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Holshausen, K., Bowie, C. R., & Harkness, K. L. (2014). The relation of childhood maltreatment to psychotic symptoms in adolescents and young adults with depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.952010.

Johnson, L. J., & Tricker, P. J. (2010). Epigenomic plasticity within populations: Its evolutionary significance and potential. Heredity, 105, 113–121. doi:10.1038/hdy.2010.25.PubMedCrossRef

Kapur, S., & Mann, J. (1992). Role of the dopaminergic system in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 32, 1–17. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90137-O.PubMedCrossRef

Katz, L. F., & Hunter, E. C. (2007). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and adolescent depressive symptomatology. Social Development, 16, 343–360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00388.x.CrossRef

Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (2001). Gender differences in the rates of exposure to stressful life events and sensitivity to their depressogenic effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 587–593. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.587.PubMedCrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1002–1014. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01129-5.PubMedCrossRef

Kochanska, G. (1997). Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 33, 228–240. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.228.PubMedCrossRef

Kochanska, G., Kim, S., Barry, R. A., & Philibert, R. A. (2011). Children’s genotypes interact with maternal responsive care in predicting children’s competence: Diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility? Development and Psychopathology, 23, 605–616. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000071.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory (CDI) manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems Inc.

Lansford, J. E., Criss, M. M., Laird, R. D., Shaw, D. S., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Reciprocal relations between parents’ physical discipline and children’s externalizing behavior during middle childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 225–238. doi:10.1017/S0954579410000751.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Lee, S. H., Ham, B. J., Cho, Y. H., Lee, S. M., & Shim, S. H. (2007). Association study of dopamine receptor D2 TaqIA polymorphism and reward-related personality traits in healthy Korean young females. Neuropsychobiology, 56(2–3), 146–151. doi:10.1159/000115781.PubMedCrossRef

Lenroot, R. K., & Giedd, J. N. (2011). Annual research review: Developmental considerations of gene by environment interactions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 429–441. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02381.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Lerner, R. M. (1985). Adolescent maturational changes and psychosocial development: A dynamic interactional perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 355–372. doi:10.1007/BF02089239.PubMedCrossRef

McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002.PubMedCrossRef

Meyer, B. M., Huemer, J., Rabl, U., Boubela, R. N., Kalcher, K., Berger, A., & Pezawas, L. (2014). Oppositional COMT Val158Met al connectivity in adolescents and adults. Brain Structure and Function. doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0895-5.PubMedCentral

Mills-Koonce, W. R., Gariépy, J. L., Propper, C., Sutton, K., Calkins, S., Moore, G., & Cox, M. (2007). Infant and parent factors associated with early maternal sensitivity: A caregiver-attachment systems approach. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 114–126. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.11.010.PubMedCrossRef

Monroe, S. M., & Harkness, K. L. (2005). Life stress, the “kindling” hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: Considerations from a life stress perspective. Psychological Review, 112, 417–445. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.112.2.417.PubMedCrossRef

Monroe, S. M., & Reid, M. W. (2008). Gene-environment interactions in depression research genetic polymorphisms and life-stress polyprocedures. Psychological Science, 19, 947–956. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02181.x.PubMedCrossRef

Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 406–425. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406.PubMedCrossRef

Moretti, M. M., & Craig, S. G. (2013). Maternal versus paternal physical and emotional abuse, affect regulation and risk for depression from adolescence to early adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 4–13. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.09.015.PubMedCrossRef

Natsuaki, M. N., Biehl, M. C., & Ge, X. (2009). Trajectories of depressed mood from early adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of pubertal timing and adolescent dating. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 47–74. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00581.x.CrossRef

Nederhof, E., Belsky, J., Ormel, J., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2012). Effects of divorce on Dutch boys’ and girls’ externalizing behavior in Gene × Environment perspective: Diathesis stress or differential susceptibility in the Dutch tracking adolescents’ individual lives survey study? Development and Psychopathology, 24, 929–939. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000454.PubMedCrossRef

Nelemans, S. A., Hale, W. W, I. I. I., Branje, S. J., Hawk, S. T., & Meeus, W. H. (2014). Maternal criticism and adolescent depressive and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms: A 6-year longitudinal community study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 755–766. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9817-x.PubMedCrossRef

Noble, E. P., Blum, K., Ritchie, T., Montgomery, A., & Sheridan, P. J. (1991). Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with receptor-binding characteristics in alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 648–654. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810310066012.PubMedCrossRef

Noble, E. P., Gottschalk, L. A., Fallon, J. H., Ritchie, T. L., & Wu, J. C. (1997). D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism and brain regional glucose metabolism. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 74, 162–166. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<162:AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-W.PubMedCrossRef

Nolan, S. A., Flynn, C., & Garber, J. (2003). Prospective relations between rejection and depression in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 745–755. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.745.PubMedCrossRef

Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., & Caspi, A. (2008). Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 673–716. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000333.PubMedCrossRef

Petersen, I. T., Bates, J. E., Goodnight, J. A., Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dick, D. M. (2012). Interaction between serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and stressful life events in adolescents’ trajectories of anxious/depressed symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1463–1475. doi:10.1037/a0027471.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Plomin, R., Kennedy, J. K., & Craig, I. W. (2006). The quest for quantitative trait loci associated with intelligence. Intelligence, 34, 513–526. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.01.001.CrossRef

Pohjalainen, T., Rinne, J. O., Någren, K., Lehikoinen, P., Anttila, K., Syvälahti, E. K., & Hietala, J. (1998). The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene predicts low D2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Molecular Psychiatry, 3, 256–260. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000350.PubMedCrossRef

Propper, C., Willoughby, M., Halpern, C. T., Carbone, M. A., & Cox, M. (2007). Parenting quality, DRD4, and the prediction of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in early childhood. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 619–632. doi:10.1002/dev.20249.PubMedCrossRef

Roisman, G. I., Newman, D. A., Fraley, R. C., Haltigan, J. D., Groh, A. M., & Haydon, K. C. (2012). Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis-stress: Recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 389–409. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000065.PubMedCrossRef

Rutter, M. (2007). Gene-environment interdependence. Developmental Science, 10, 12–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00557.x.PubMedCrossRef

Steinberg, L. (2014). Adolescence (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

van der Voort, A., Linting, M., Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Schoenmaker, C., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014). The development of adolescents’ internalizing behavior: Longitudinal effects of maternal sensitivity and child inhibition. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 528–540. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9976-7.PubMedCrossRef

van Roekel, E., Goossens, L., Scholte, R. H., Engels, R. C., & Verhagen, M. (2011). The dopamine D2 receptor gene, perceived parental support, and adolescent loneliness: Longitudinal evidence for gene-environment interactions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 1044–1051. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02424.x.PubMedCrossRef

Vaske, J., Beaver, K. M., Wright, J. P., Boisvert, D., & Makarios, M. (2009a). Moderating effects of DRD2 on depression. Stress and Health, 25, 453–462. doi:10.1002/smi.1277.CrossRef

Vaske, J., Makarios, M., Boisvert, D., Beaver, K. M., & Wright, J. P. (2009b). The interaction of DRD2 and violent victimization on depression: An analysis by gender and race. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112, 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.027.PubMedCrossRef

Vaughan, C. A., Foshee, V. A., & Ennett, S. T. (2010). Protective effects of maternal and peer support on depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 261–272. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9362-9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D’Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., & Meaney, M. J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847–854. doi:10.1038/nn1276.PubMedCrossRef

Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., & Vos, T. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 382(9904), 1575–1586. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6.CrossRef

Yang, Y. J., & Yeh, K. H. (2006). Differentiating the effects of enacted parental support on adolescent adjustment in Taiwan: Moderating role of relationship intimacy. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 161–166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00193.x.CrossRef

Young, J. F., Berenson, K., Cohen, P., & Garcia, J. (2005). The role of parent and peer support in predicting adolescent depression: A longitudinal community study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 407–423. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00105.x.CrossRef

Titel: The Dopamine D2 Receptor Polymorphism (DRD2 TaqIA) Interacts with Maternal Parenting in Predicting Early Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Evidence of Differential Susceptibility and Age Differences
Auteurs: Wenxin Zhang
Yanmiao Cao
Meiping Wang
Linqin Ji
Liang Chen
Kirby Deater-Deckard
Publicatiedatum: 01-07-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 7/2015
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0297-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2015

Elaine Clanton Harpine: After-School Prevention Programs for At-Risk Students: Promoting Engagement and Academic Success

Judith A. Ryder: Girls & Violence: Tracing the Roots of Criminal Behavior

Fabian Saleh and Albert Grudzinskas (Eds.): Adolescent Sexual Behavior in the Digital Age: Considerations for Clinicians, Legal Professionals and Educators

Simona Giordano: Children with Gender Identity Disorder: A Clinical Ethical Legal Analysis

DRD4 Genotype and the Developmental Link of Peer Social Preference with Conduct Problems and Prosocial Behavior Across Ages 9–12 Years

The Expression of Genetic Risk for Aggressive and Non-aggressive Antisocial Behavior is Moderated by Peer Group Norms