Top

Gepubliceerd in:

07-01-2015 | Empirical Research

Prospective Effects of Family Cohesion on Alcohol-Related Problems in Adolescence: Similarities and Differences by Race/Ethnicity

Auteurs: Ben T. Reeb, Sut Yee Shirley Chan, Katherine J. Conger, Monica J. Martin, Nicole D. Hollis, Joyce Serido, Stephen T. Russell

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 10/2015

Abstract

Research increasingly finds that race/ethnicity needs to be taken into account in the modelling of associations between protective factors and adolescent drinking behaviors in order to understand family effects and promote positive youth development. The current study examined racial/ethnic variation in the prospective effects of family cohesion on adolescent alcohol-related problems using a nationally representative sample. Data were drawn from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and included 10,992 (50 % female) non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic Black, Latino, and non-Hispanic White 7th–12th graders. Consistent with Hirschi’s social control theory of youth delinquency, higher levels of family cohesion predicted lower levels of future adolescent alcohol-related problems, independent of race/ethnicity, sex, age, baseline alcohol-related problems, and family socioeconomic status. Findings from moderation analyses indicated that the magnitude of associations differed across groups such that the protective effect of family cohesion was strongest among White adolescents. For Latino adolescents, family cohesion was not associated with alcohol-related problems. Future longitudinal cross-racial/ethnic research is needed on common and unique mechanisms underlying differential associations between family processes and adolescent high-risk drinking. Understanding these processes could help improve preventive interventions, identify vulnerable subgroups, and inform health policy aimed at reducing alcohol-related health disparities.

vorige artikel Marijuana Use from Middle to High School: Co-occurring Problem Behaviors, Teacher-Rated Academic Skills and Sixth-Grade Predictors

volgende artikel Increased Pre- and Early-Adolescent Stress in Youth with a Family History of Substance Use Disorder and Early Substance Use Initiation

Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Alvarez, J., Jason, L. A., Olson, B. D., Ferrari, J. R., & Davis, M. I. (2007). Substance abuse prevalence and treatment among Latinos and Latinas. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 6, 115–141. doi:10.1300/J233v06n02_08.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Schulenberg, J. E., & Wallace, J. M. (2011). Racial/ethnic differences in the relationship between parental education and substance use among U.S. 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students: Findings from the Monitoring the Future project. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 279–285.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Baer, J. (2002). Is family cohesion a risk or protective factor during adolescent development? Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 668–675. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00668.x.CrossRef

Barber, B. K., & Buehler, C. (1996). Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 433–441. doi:10.2307/353507.CrossRef

Barnes, G. M., Hoffman, J. H., Welte, J. W., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2006). Effects of parental monitoring and peer deviance on substance use and delinquency. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 1084–1104. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00315.x.CrossRef

Bentley, K. S., & Fox, R. A. (1991). Mothers and fathers of young children: Comparison of parenting styles. Psychological Reports, 69, 320–322. doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.69.1.320.CrossRefPubMed

Bonomo, Y., Coffey, C., Wolfe, R., Lynskey, M., Bowes, G., & Patton, G. (2001). Adverse outcomes of alcohol use in adolescents. Addiction, 96, 1485–1496. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9610148512.x.CrossRefPubMed

Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Gordon, A. S., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. (1990). The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 116, 111–267.PubMed

Brown, A. (2014, June 26). US Hispanic and Asian populations growing, but for different reasons. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/26/u-s-hispanic-and-asian-populations-growing-but-for-different-reasons/

Carlo, G. (2014). Central and South American immigrant families. In M. J. Coleman & L. H. Ganong (Eds.), The social history of the American family: An encyclopedia (Vol. 1, pp. 172–178). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chantala, K. (2006). Guidelines for analyzing Add Health data. Chapel Hill: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Chapple, C. L., Hope, T. L., & Whiteford, S. W. (2005). The direct and indirect effects of parental bonds, parental drug use, and self-control on adolescent substance use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 14, 17–38. doi:10.1300/J029v14n03_02.CrossRef

Chen, P., & Jacobson, K. C. (2012). Developmental trajectories of substance use from early adolescence to young adulthood: Gender and racial/ethnic differences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 154–163. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.05.013.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Choquet, M., Hassler, C., Morin, D., Falissard, B., & Chau, N. (2008). Perceived parenting styles and tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among French adolescents: Gender and family structure differentials. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43, 73–80. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm060.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, D. B. (2004). The natural history of adolescent alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 99, 5–22. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00851.x.CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation: Analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Coker, J. K., & Borders, L. D. (2001). An analysis of environmental and social factors affecting adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79, 200–208. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01961.x.CrossRef

Dawson, D. A., & Room, R. (2000). Towards agreement on ways to measure and report drinking patterns and alcohol-related problems in adult general population surveys: The Skarpö conference overview. Journal of Substance Abuse, 12, 1–21. doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(00)00037-7.CrossRefPubMed

Deković, M., Janssens, J. M., & As, N. (2003). Family predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescence. Family Process, 42, 223–235. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.42203.x.CrossRefPubMed

Devos-Comby, L., & Lange, J. E. (2008). Standardized measures of alcohol-related problems: A review of their use among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 349–361. doi:10.1037/0893-164x.22.3.349.CrossRefPubMed

DeWit, D. J., Adlaf, E. M., Offord, D. R., & Ogborne, A. C. (2000). Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 745–750. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.745.CrossRefPubMed

Dick, D. M., Aliev, F., Viken, R., Kaprio, J., & Rose, R. J. (2011). Rutgers alcohol problem index scores at age 18 predict alcohol dependence diagnoses 7 years later. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 1011–1014. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01432.x.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Donovan, J. E. (2004). Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 529.e7–529.e18. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.003.CrossRef

Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Pemberton, M., & Hicks, K. A. (2001). Parent–child communication about adolescent tobacco and alcohol use: What do parents say and does it affect youth behavior? Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 48–62. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00048.x.CrossRef

Fang, L., Schinke, S. P., & Cole, K. C. (2009). Underage drinking among young adolescent girls: The role of family processes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 708–714. doi:10.1037/a0016681.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Feaster, D. J., Robbins, M. S., Henderson, C., Horigian, V., Puccinelli, M. J., Burlew, A. K., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Equivalence of family functioning and externalizing behaviors in adolescent substance users of different race/ethnicity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38, 113–124. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.01.010.CrossRef

Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2004). The social epidemiology of substance use. Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 36–52. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxh007.CrossRefPubMed

García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vasquez Garcia, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies of minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x.CrossRefPubMed

Gibson, C., Schreck, C. J., & Miller, J. M. (2004). Binge drinking and negative alcohol-related behaviors: A test of self-control theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.06.003.CrossRef

Gil, A. G., Vega, W. A., & Biafora, F. (1998). Temporal influences of family structure and family risk factors on drug use initiation in a multiethnic sample of adolescent boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 373–393. doi:10.1023/A:1022807221074.CrossRef

Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirshi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.06.003.

Gutman, L. M., Eccles, J. S., Peck, S., & Malanchuk, O. (2011). The influence of family relations on trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use from early to late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 119–128. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.01.005.CrossRefPubMed

Habib, C., Santoro, J., Kremer, P., Toumbourou, J. W., Evie, L., & Williams, J. (2010). The importance of family management, closeness with father and family structure in early adolescent alcohol use. Addiction, 105, 1750–1758. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03021.x.CrossRefPubMed

Hall, G. C. N., & Maramba, G. G. (2001). In search of cultural diversity: Recent literature in cross-cultural and ethnic minority psychology. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 12–26. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.7.1.12.CrossRefPubMed

Harris, K. M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Chantala, K., & Udry, J. R. (2006). Longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in leading health indicators from adolescence to young adulthood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 74–81. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.1.74.CrossRefPubMed

Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64.CrossRefPubMed

Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory. Criminology, 39, 707–736. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00938.x.CrossRef

Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Holmbeck, G. N. (2002). Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 87–96. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.87.CrossRefPubMed

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2010). Monitoring the Future: National results on adolescent drug use. Overview of key findings, 2009. NIH Publication No. 10-7583. National Institutes of Health.

Katz, J. H. (1985). The sociopolitical nature of counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 615–624. doi:10.1177/0011000085134005.CrossRef

Kempf, K. L. (1993). The empirical status of Hirschi’s control theory. New Directions in Criminological Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory, 4, 143–185.

Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Allegrante, J. P., & Helgason, A. R. (2009). Parental divorce and adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use: Assessing the importance of family conflict. Acta Paediatrica, 98, 537–542. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01133.x.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, C., Mun, E. Y., White, H. R., & Simon, P. (2010). Substance use trajectories of black and white young men from adolescence to emerging adulthood: A two-part growth curve analysis. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9, 301–319. doi:10.1080/15332640.2010.522898.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Liddle, H. A. (2004). Family-based therapies for adolescent alcohol and drug use: Research contributions and future research needs. Addiction, 99, 76–92. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00856.x.CrossRefPubMed

Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Papandonatos, G., Kazura, A., Stanton, C., & Niaura, R. (2002). Differentiating stages of smoking intensity among adolescents: Stage-specific psychological and social influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 998–1009. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.998.CrossRefPubMed

Maggs, J. L., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Initiation and course of alcohol consumption among adolescents and young adults. In M. C. Lowman, G. Boyd, V. Faden, E. Witt, & D. Lagressa (Eds.), Recent developments in alcoholism (pp. 29–47). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/0-306-48626-1_2.

Marshal, M. P., & Chassin, L. (2000). Peer influence on adolescent alcohol use: The moderating role of parental support and discipline. Applied Developmental Science, 4, 80–88. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0402_3.CrossRef

Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Hecht, M. L., & Sills, S. (2004). Ethnicity and ethnic identity as predictors of drug norms and drug use among preadolescents in the US Southwest. Substance Use and Misuse, 39, 1061–1094. doi:10.1081/JA-120038030.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Parsai, M., Villar, P., & Garcia, C. (2009a). Cohesion and conflict: Family influences on adolescent alcohol use in immigrant Latino families. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8, 400–412. doi:10.1080/15332640903327526.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Marsiglia, F. F., Parsai, M., & Kulis, S. (2009b). Effects of familism and family cohesion on problem behaviors among adolescents in Mexican immigrant families in the southwest United States. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 18, 203–220. doi:10.1080/15313200903070965.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

McCambridge, J., McAlaney, J., & Rowe, R. (2011). Adult consequences of late adolescent alcohol consumption: A systematic review of cohort studies. PLoS Medicine, 8, 1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000413.CrossRef

Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: Associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 39–47. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5.CrossRef

Miller, K. S., Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. A. (1999). Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority samples: The role of family variables. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 85–98. doi:10.2307/353885.CrossRef

Miotto, K., Heydari, A., Tartter, M., Chang, E., Thomas, P. S., & Ray, L. A. (2013). Adolescent alcohol use. In R. Rosner (Ed.), Clinical handbook of adolescent addiction (pp. 177–189). Chichester: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118340851.ch18.

Miranda, A. O., Estrada, D., & Firpo-Jimenez, M. (2000). Differences in family cohesion, adaptability, and environment among Latino families in dissimilar stages of acculturation. The Family Journal, 8, 341–350. doi:10.1177/1066480700084003.CrossRef

Nash, S. G., McQueen, A., & Bray, J. H. (2005). Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: Family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37, 19–28. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2003). Alcohol Alert No. 59: Underage drinking: A major public health challenge. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2006). Alcohol Alert No. 67: Underage drinking: Why do adolescents drink, what are the risks, and how can underage drinking be prevented?. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18, 3–28. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00003.x.CrossRefPubMed

Ramirez, J. R., Crano, W. D., Quist, R., Burgoon, M., Alvaro, E. M., & Grandpre, J. (2004). Acculturation, familism, parental monitoring, and knowledge as predictors of marijuana and inhalant use in adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 3–11. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.3.CrossRefPubMed

Rowe, D. C., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Flannery, D. J. (1994). No more than skin deep: Ethnic and racial similarity in developmental process. Psychological Review, 101, 396–413. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.3.396.CrossRef

Ryan, S. M., Jorm, A. F., & Lubman, D. I. (2010). Parenting factors associated with reduced adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 774–783. doi:10.1080/00048674.2010.501759.CrossRefPubMed

Schulenberg, J. E. (2006). Understanding the multiple contexts of adolescent risky behavior and positive development: Advances and future directions. Applied Developmental Science, 10, 107–113. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads1002_6.CrossRef

Shieh, G. (2011). Clarifying the role of mean centering in multicollinearity of interaction effects. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 462–477. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.2010.02002.x.CrossRefPubMed

Smit, E., Verdurmen, J., Monshouwer, K., & Smit, F. (2008). Family interventions and their effect on adolescent alcohol use in general populations: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97, 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.032.CrossRefPubMed

Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 2, 55–87. doi:10.1891/194589501787383444.CrossRef

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental health findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies. NSDUH series H-39. HHS publication SMA 10-4609.

Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the culturally different: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.

Szapocznik, J., Prado, G., Burlew, A. K., Williams, R. A., & Santisteban, D. A. (2007). Drug abuse in African American and Hispanic adolescents: Culture, development, and behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 77–105. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091408.CrossRefPubMed

Tittle, C. R., Ward, D. A., & Grasmick, H. G. (2003). Self-control and crime/deviance: Cognitive vs. behavioral measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 333–365. doi:10.1023/B:JOQC.0000005439.45614.24.CrossRef

US Census Bureau. (2010). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2014 from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/

Udry, J. R. (2003). The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), Waves I & II, 1994–1996. Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina. doi:10.1037/e384982004-001.

Urberg, K., Goldstein, M. S., & Toro, P. A. (2005). Supportive relationships as a moderator of the effects of parent and peer drinking on adolescent drinking. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00084.x.CrossRef

Vakalahi, H. F. (2001). Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors: A literature review. Journal of Drug Education, 31, 29–46. doi:10.2190/QP75-P9AR-NUVJ-FJCB.CrossRefPubMed

Vega, W. A., & Sribney, W. (2003). Parental risk factors and social assimilation in alcohol dependence of Mexican Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 64, 167–175.CrossRef

Velleman, R. D., & Templeton, L. J. (2007). Substance misuse by children and young people: The role of the family and implications for intervention and prevention. Pediatrics and Child Health, 17, 25–30. doi:10.1016/j.paed.2006.12.002.CrossRef

Velleman, R. D., Templeton, L. J., & Copello, A. G. (2005). The role of the family in preventing and intervening with substance use and misuse: A comprehensive review of family interventions, with a focus on young people. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 93–109. doi:10.1080/09595230500167478.CrossRefPubMed

Vespa, J., Lewis, J. M., & Kreider, R. M. (2013). America’s families and living arrangements: 2012. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Wagner, E. F., Lloyd, D. A., & Gil, A. G. (2002). Racial/ethnic and gender differences in the incidence and onset age of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 63, 609–619.CrossRef

Wu, L. T., Woody, G. E., Yang, C., Pan, J. J., & Blazer, D. G. (2011). Racial/ethnic variations in substance-related disorders among adolescents in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 1176–1185. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.120.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Yager, T. J., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2000). Social expectations among African American, Hispanic, and European American adolescents. Cross-Cultural Research, 34, 283–305. doi:10.1177/106939710003400305.CrossRef

Zielinski, D. S., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2006). Ecological influences on the sequelae of child maltreatment: A review of the literature. Child Maltreatment, 11, 49–62. doi:10.1177/1077559505283591.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Prospective Effects of Family Cohesion on Alcohol-Related Problems in Adolescence: Similarities and Differences by Race/Ethnicity
Auteurs: Ben T. Reeb
Sut Yee Shirley Chan
Katherine J. Conger
Monica J. Martin
Nicole D. Hollis
Joyce Serido
Stephen T. Russell
Publicatiedatum: 07-01-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 10/2015
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0250-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 10/2015

Transitions in Current Substance Use from Adolescence to Early-Adulthood

Differential Susceptibility: The Genetic Moderation of Peer Pressure on Alcohol Use

Befriending Risky Peers: Factors Driving Adolescents’ Selection of Friends with Similar Marijuana Use

Marijuana Use from Middle to High School: Co-occurring Problem Behaviors, Teacher-Rated Academic Skills and Sixth-Grade Predictors

Ethnic Discrimination, Acculturative Stress, and Family Conflict as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms and Cigarette Smoking Among Latina/o Youth: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress

Gender Differences in the Effect of Depressive Symptoms on Prospective Alcohol Expectancies, Coping Motives, and Alcohol Outcomes in the First Year of College