Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence 5/2013

01-05-2013 | Empirical Research

Is Cyberbullying Worse than Traditional Bullying? Examining the Differential Roles of Medium, Publicity, and Anonymity for the Perceived Severity of Bullying

Auteurs: Fabio Sticca, Sonja Perren

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 5/2013

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Cyberbullying, a modern form of bullying performed using electronic forms of contact (e.g., SMS, MMS, Facebook, YouTube), has been considered as being worse than traditional bullying in its consequences for the victim. This difference was mainly attributed to some specific aspect that are believed to distinguish cyberbullying from traditional bullying: an increased potential for a large audience, an increased potential for anonymous bullying, lower levels of direct feedback, decreased time and space limits, and lower levels of supervision. The present studies investigated the relative importance of medium (traditional vs. cyber), publicity (public vs. private), and bully’s anonymity (anonymous vs. not anonymous) for the perceived severity of hypothetical bullying scenarios among a sample of Swiss seventh- and eight-graders (study 1: 49 % female, mean age = 13.7; study 2: 49 % female, mean age = 14.2). Participants ranked a set of hypothetical bullying scenarios from the most severe one to the least severe one. The scenarios were experimentally manipulated based on the aspect of medium and publicity (study 1), and medium and anonymity (study 2). Results showed that public scenarios were perceived as worse than private ones, and that anonymous scenarios were perceived as worse than not anonymous ones. Cyber scenarios generally were perceived as worse than traditional ones, although effect sizes were found to be small. These results suggest that the role of medium is secondary to the role of publicity and anonymity when it comes to evaluating bullying severity. Therefore, cyberbullying is not a priori perceived as worse than traditional bullying. Implications of the results for cyberbullying prevention and intervention are discussed.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Asarnow, J. R., Carlson, G. A., & Guthrie, D. (1987). Coping strategies, self-perceptions, hopelessness, and perceived family environments in depressed and suicidal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 361–366.PubMedCrossRef Asarnow, J. R., Carlson, G. A., & Guthrie, D. (1987). Coping strategies, self-perceptions, hopelessness, and perceived family environments in depressed and suicidal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 361–366.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Badiuk, B. B. (2006). Cyberbullying in the global village: The worldwide emergence of high-tech as a weapon for bullies. In A. Green (Ed.), Education students’ anthology (Vol. 9) (pp. 12–16). Winnipeg, MB: Faculty of Education. Badiuk, B. B. (2006). Cyberbullying in the global village: The worldwide emergence of high-tech as a weapon for bullies. In A. Green (Ed.), Education students’ anthology (Vol. 9) (pp. 12–16). Winnipeg, MB: Faculty of Education.
go back to reference Blake, P., & Louw, J. (2010). Exploring high school learners’ perceptions of bullying. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 22(2), 111–118.CrossRef Blake, P., & Louw, J. (2010). Exploring high school learners’ perceptions of bullying. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 22(2), 111–118.CrossRef
go back to reference Campbell, M. (2005). Cyber-bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 68–76.CrossRef Campbell, M. (2005). Cyber-bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 68–76.CrossRef
go back to reference Craig, W., & Pepler, D. (1997). Observations of bullying and victimization in the schoolyard. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 13, 41–50.CrossRef Craig, W., & Pepler, D. (1997). Observations of bullying and victimization in the schoolyard. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 13, 41–50.CrossRef
go back to reference Craig, W., Pepler, D., & Atlas, R. (2000). Observations of bullying in the playground and the classroom. School Psychology International, 21, 22–36.CrossRef Craig, W., Pepler, D., & Atlas, R. (2000). Observations of bullying in the playground and the classroom. School Psychology International, 21, 22–36.CrossRef
go back to reference Dooley, J. J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182–188.CrossRef Dooley, J. J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182–188.CrossRef
go back to reference Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2001). Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social Development, 10, 512–527.CrossRef Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2001). Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social Development, 10, 512–527.CrossRef
go back to reference Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496–505.PubMedCrossRef Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496–505.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30.CrossRef Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30.CrossRef
go back to reference Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRef Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRef
go back to reference Li, Q., Smith, P. K., & Cross, D. (2012). Research into cyberbullying: Context. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 3–12). Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRef Li, Q., Smith, P. K., & Cross, D. (2012). Research into cyberbullying: Context. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 3–12). Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRef
go back to reference Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F., & Alsaker, F. D. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties, 17(3), 403–420.CrossRef Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F., & Alsaker, F. D. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties, 17(3), 403–420.CrossRef
go back to reference Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega, R., et al. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 455–463. Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega, R., et al. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 455–463.
go back to reference Mishna, F., Saini, M., & Solomon, S. (2009). Ongoing and online: Children and youth’s perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1222–1228.CrossRef Mishna, F., Saini, M., & Solomon, S. (2009). Ongoing and online: Children and youth’s perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1222–1228.CrossRef
go back to reference Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). Victimization of youths on the Internet. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 8(1/2), 1–39. Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). Victimization of youths on the Internet. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 8(1/2), 1–39.
go back to reference Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviors and definition in three European countries. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(02), 129–142.CrossRef Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010). Cyberbullying: Labels, behaviors and definition in three European countries. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20(02), 129–142.CrossRef
go back to reference Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying in schools. What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying in schools. What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.
go back to reference Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169.CrossRef Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169.CrossRef
go back to reference Perren, S., & Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger, E. (2012). Cyberbullying and traditional bullying in adolescence: Differential roles of moral disengagement, moral emotions, and moral values. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 195–209.CrossRef Perren, S., & Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger, E. (2012). Cyberbullying and traditional bullying in adolescence: Differential roles of moral disengagement, moral emotions, and moral values. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 195–209.CrossRef
go back to reference Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813–819.PubMedCrossRef Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813–819.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 144–151.CrossRef Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 144–151.CrossRef
go back to reference Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). Development, evaluation, and diffusion of a national antibullying program, KiVa. In B. Doll, W. Pfohl, & J. Yoon (Eds.), Handbook of youth prevention science (pp. 238–252). New York: Routledge. Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). Development, evaluation, and diffusion of a national antibullying program, KiVa. In B. Doll, W. Pfohl, & J. Yoon (Eds.), Handbook of youth prevention science (pp. 238–252). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter: Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 68–676. Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter: Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 68–676.
go back to reference Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Klessinger, N. (2000). Long-term effects of avoidant coping on adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 617–630.CrossRef Seiffge-Krenke, I., & Klessinger, N. (2000). Long-term effects of avoidant coping on adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 617–630.CrossRef
go back to reference Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154.PubMedCrossRef Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Smith, P. K. (2011). Cyberbullying and cyber aggression. In S. R. Jimerson, A. B. Nickerson, M. J. Mayer, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: International research and practice. New York: Routledge. Smith, P. K. (2011). Cyberbullying and cyber aggression. In S. R. Jimerson, A. B. Nickerson, M. J. Mayer, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: International research and practice. New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippet, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 49, 376–385.CrossRef Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippet, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 49, 376–385.CrossRef
go back to reference Smith, P. K., & Slonje, R. (2010). Cyberbullying: the nature and extent of a new kind of bullying, in and out of school. In S. Jimerson, S. Swearer, & D. Espelage (Eds.), The international handbook of school bullying (pp. 249–262). New York: Routledge. Smith, P. K., & Slonje, R. (2010). Cyberbullying: the nature and extent of a new kind of bullying, in and out of school. In S. Jimerson, S. Swearer, & D. Espelage (Eds.), The international handbook of school bullying (pp. 249–262). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Spears, B., Slee, P., Owens, L., & Johnson, B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 189–196.CrossRef Spears, B., Slee, P., Owens, L., & Johnson, B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 189–196.CrossRef
go back to reference Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S., Alsaker, F. D., & Perren, S. (in press). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology. Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S., Alsaker, F. D., & Perren, S. (in press). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology.
go back to reference Tokunaga, R. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277–287.CrossRef Tokunaga, R. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277–287.CrossRef
go back to reference Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499–503.CrossRef Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499–503.CrossRef
go back to reference Willemse, I., Waller, G., & Süss, D. (2010). JAMES—Jugend. Aktivitäten, Medien—Erhebung Schweiz. Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, Zürich. Willemse, I., Waller, G., & Süss, D. (2010). JAMESJugend. Aktivitäten, MedienErhebung Schweiz. Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, Zürich.
Metagegevens
Titel
Is Cyberbullying Worse than Traditional Bullying? Examining the Differential Roles of Medium, Publicity, and Anonymity for the Perceived Severity of Bullying
Auteurs
Fabio Sticca
Sonja Perren
Publicatiedatum
01-05-2013
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 5/2013
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9867-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2013

Journal of Youth and Adolescence 5/2013 Naar de uitgave