Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-11-2007 | Original Paper

Development and Validation of the Adolescent Racial and Ethnic Socialization Scale (ARESS) in African American Families

Auteurs: Tiffany L. Brown, Ambika Krishnakumar

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 8/2007

Abstract

Racial and ethnic socialization are an integral part of African American parenting strategies. Varied conceptualizations and operationalizations of racial and ethnic socialization exist within the literature with limited evidence of the validity of existing measures. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive definition of racial and ethnic socialization and to validate a new measure termed the Adolescent Racial and Ethnic Socialization Scale (ARESS). Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), findings from 218 African American adolescents (grades 9–12) support the multidimensional nature of racial and ethnic socialization. Results also indicate that racial and ethnic socialization are distinct constructs reflecting the utility of this instrument for African American youth.

vorige artikel Antisocial Beliefs and Attitudes in Pre-adolescent and Adolescent Youth: the Development of the Antisocial Beliefs and Attitudes Scales (ABAS)

volgende artikel Book Reviews and the Need to Take Books More Seriously

Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the YSR and 1991profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

Achenbach, T. (1994). Child Behavior Checklist and related instruments. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 517–549). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Acock, A. (1997). Working with missing data. Family Science Review, 10, 76–102.

Bowman, P. J., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study of Black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2), 134–141.PubMedCrossRef

Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (1993). Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park: Sage.

Boykin, A. W., & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children (pp. 33–51). Newbury, CA: Sage.

Brody, G. H., Chen, Y., Murry, V., Ge, X., Simmons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development 77(5), 1170–1189.PubMedCrossRef

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–161). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Caughy, M., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American pre-schoolers. Child Development, 73(5), 1611–1625.PubMedCrossRef

Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805–816.PubMedCrossRef

Coard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventative interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13(3), 277–293.CrossRef

Davis, G. Y., & Stevenson, H. C. (2006). Racial socialization experiences and symptoms of depression among black youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(3), 303–317.CrossRef

Demo, D. H., & Hughes, M. (1990). Socialization and racial identity among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53(4), 364–374.CrossRef

Garcia Coll, C. T., Meyer, E. C., & Brillion, L. (1995). Ethnic and minority parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2 Biology and ecology of parenting (pp. 189–209). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Greene, B. A. (1992). Racial socialization as a tool in psychotherapy with African American children. In L. A. Vargas & J. D. Koss-Chioino (Eds.), Working with culture: Psychotherapeutic interventions with ethnic minority children and adolescents (pp. 63–81). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.

Harrison, A. O., Wilson, M. N., Pine, C. J., Chan, S. Q., & Buriel, R. (1990). Family ecologies of ethnic minority families. Child Development, 61, 347–362.CrossRef

Hayduk, L. (1987). Structural equation modeling with LISREL: Essentials and advances. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins Press. .

Hill, S. A. (2002). Teaching and doing gender in African American families. Sex Roles, 47(11–12), 493–506.CrossRef

Hoyle, R. H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and fundamental issues. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 1–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1999). The nature of parents’ race related communications to children: A developmental perspective. In L. Balter, & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology: A handbook of contemporary issues (pp. 467–490). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.

Hughes, D., Smith, E. P., Stevenson, H. C., Rodriquez, J., Johnson, D. J., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic and racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology,42(5), 747–770.

Lesane, C. L. (2002). Race socialization in Black families: A selective review of the literature. African American Research Perspectives, 8(1), 27–34.

Lesane-Brown, C., Caldwell, C., & Sellers, R. (2005). The comprehensive race socialization inventory. Journal of Black Studies, 36(2), 163–190.CrossRef

Marshall, S. (1995). Ethnic socialization of African American children: Implications for parenting, identity development, and academic achievement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(4), 377–396.CrossRef

Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In R. Linn (Ed.), Educational measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13–103). New York, NY: American Council on Education and Macmillan Publishing Company.

McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J, Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006). Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth. Child Development, 77(5), 1387–1402.PubMedCrossRef

Melby, J. N., Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Warner, T. D. (1995). The use of structural equation modeling in assessing the quality of marital observations. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(1), 280–293.CrossRef

Nyborg, V., & Curry, J. (2003). The impact of perceived racism: Psychological symptoms among African American boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 258–266.PubMedCrossRef

O’Brien Caughy, M., Randolph, S. M., & O’Campo, P. J. (2002). The Afrocentric home environment inventory: An observational measure of the racial socialization features of the home environment for African American preschool children. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(1), 37–52.CrossRef

Ogbu, J. (1981). Origins of human competence: A cultural ecological perspective. Child Development, 52(2), 413–429.CrossRef

Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (1998). Socialization in the family: Ethnic and ecological perspectives. In W. Damon (Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Series Eds.) Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3 social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 443–553). New York: Wiley.

Pedhazur, E. J. (1997). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction (3rd ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.

Phinney, J. S., & Chavira, V. (1995). Parental ethnic socialization and adolescent coping with problems related to ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(1), 31–53.CrossRef

Ponterotto, J. G., Utsey, S. O., & Pedersen, P. B. (2006). Preventing prejudice: A guide for counselors, educators, and parents (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Sanders Thompson, V. L. (1994). Socialization to race and its relationship to racial identification among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(2), 175–188.CrossRef

Schmitt, N. & Stults, D. M. (1986). Methodology review: Analysis of multitrait-multimethod matrices. Applied Psychological Measurement, 10, 1–22.CrossRef

Scott, L. D. Jr. (2003). The relation of racial identity and racial socialization to coping with discrimination among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Studies, 33(4), 520–538.CrossRef

Stevenson, H. C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G. Y. (2002). Developmental of the teenager experience of racial socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of the Black youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 28(2), 84–106.CrossRef

Stevenson, H. C., Reed, J., Bodison, P., & Bishop, A. (1997). Racism stress management: Racial social beliefs and the experience of depression and anger in African American youth. Youth and Society, 29, 197–222.CrossRef

Taylor, R. L. (1998). Black American families. In R. L. Taylor (Ed.), Minority families in the United States. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Thomas, A. J., & Speight, S. L. (1999). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(2), 152–170.CrossRef

Thornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. (1990). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents. Child Development, 61, 410–409.CrossRef

Titel: Development and Validation of the Adolescent Racial and Ethnic Socialization Scale (ARESS) in African American Families
Auteurs: Tiffany L. Brown
Ambika Krishnakumar
Publicatiedatum: 01-11-2007
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 8/2007
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9197-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2007

The Role of Peer Groups in Adolescents’ Educational Expectations and Adjustment

David A. Wolfe, Peter G. Jaffe, and Claire V. Crooks, Adolescent Risk Behaviors: Why Teens Experiment and Strategies to Keep Them Safe

Mother-Adolescent Health Communication: Are All Conversations Created Equally?

Construct Validity of Adolescent Antisocial Personality Disorder

The Effects of Gender and Family, Friend, and Media Influences on Eating Behaviors and Body Image During Adolescence

Book Reviews and the Need to Take Books More Seriously