Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Influence of Spiritual Coping and Social Support on the Mental Health and Quality of Life of the Saudi Informal Caregivers of Patients with Stroke

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Religion and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The research explored the influence of spiritual coping and social support on mental health and quality of life (QOL) of informal caregivers of stroke survivors in Saudi Arabia. The respondents were frequently using religious coping strategies than existential coping strategies. The respondents received higher support from significant others and lowest support from friends. The majority of the respondents had mild to moderate depression, while more than one-third had mild to severe anxiety. Psychological health received the highest QOL, while physical health received the poorest QOL. Spiritual coping and social support significantly influenced the informal caregivers’ mental health and QOL.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akosile, C. O., Banjo, T. O., Okoye, E. C., Ibikunle, P. O., & Odole, A. C. (2018). Informal caregiving burden and perceived social support in an acute stroke care facility. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Al Aseri, Z. A., Suriya, M. O., Hassan, H. A., Hasan, M., Sheikh, S. A., Al Tamimi, A., et al. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale in an emergency department in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional observational study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 15(1), 28.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Busaidi, I. S., & Alamri, Y. (2016). Poststroke anxiety and depression: Findings from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 25(7), 1653–1654.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Qadhi, W., Rahman, S., Ferwana, M. S., & Abdulmajeed, I. A. (2014). Adult depression screening in Saudi primary care: Prevalence, instrument and cost. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 190.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Asirvatham, A. R., & Marwan, M. Z. (2014). Stroke in Saudi Arabia: A review of the recent literature. Pan African Medical Journal, 17(1), 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babkair, L. A., Dickson, V. V., Chyun, D., & Almekhlafi, M. A. (2019). Dimensions of social support and post-stroke depressive symptoms in Saudi Arabia: A mixed methods approach (Doctoral dissertation). Available from https://sigma.nursingrepository.org/handle/10755/17508.

  • Baldacchino, D. R., & Buhagiar, A. (2003). Psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale in English, Maltese, back-translation and bilingual versions. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(6), 558–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balhara, Y. P. S., Verma, R., Sharma, S., & Mathur, S. (2012). A study of predictors of anxiety and depression among stroke patient–caregivers. Journal of Mid-Life Health, 3(1), 31.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonelli, R., Dew, R. E., Koenig, H. G., Rosmarin, D. H., & Vasegh, S. (2012). Religious and spiritual factors in depression: Review and integration of the research. Depression Research and Treatment, 2012, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caro, C. C., Costa, J. D., & Da Cruz, D. M. C. (2018). Burden and quality of life of family caregivers of stroke patients. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 32(2), 154–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chuluunbaatar, E., Chou, Y. J., & Pu, C. (2016). Quality of life of stroke survivors and their informal caregivers: A prospective study. Disability and Health Journal, 9(2), 306–312.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, J. P., Alquwez, N., Alqubeilat, H., & Colet, P. C. (2017a). Psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale Arabic version for Saudi nursing students. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 35(2), 198–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, J. P., Baldacchino, D. R., & Alquwez, N. (2016a). Validity and reliability of the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale Arabic version in Saudi patients undergoing haemodialysis. Journal of Renal Care, 42(2), 107–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, J. P., Colet, P. C., Alquwez, N., Inocian, E. P., Al-Otaibi, R. S., & Islam, S. M. S. (2017b). Influence of religiosity and spiritual coping on health-related quality of life in Saudi haemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International, 21(1), 125–132.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, J. P., Colet, P. C., Qubeilat, H., Al-Otaibi, J., Coronel, E. I., & Suminta, R. C. (2016b). Religiosity and health-related quality of life: A cross-sectional study on Filipino Christian hemodialysis patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(3), 895–908.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, J. P., Reyes, R. W. P., Colet, P. C., Estacio, J. C., Caldeira, S., Vitorino, L. M., et al. (2017c). Psychometric evaluation of the Filipino versions of the Duke University Religion Index and the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale in Filipino hemodialysis patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(4), 1381–1396.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, T. B., Cadilhac, D. A., Rubin, G., Crafti, N., & Pearce, D. C. (2008). Psychological distress and social support in informal caregivers of stroke survivors. Brain Impairment, 9(2), 152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S. (2013). Stress: Appraisal and coping. Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1913–1915). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gertrude, N., Kawuma, R., Nalukenge, W., Kamacooko, O., Yperzeele, L., Cras, P., et al. (2019). Caring for a stroke patient: The burden and experiences of primary caregivers in Uganda–A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 6(4), 1551–1558.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gholami, A., Jahromi, L. M., Zarei, E., & Dehghan, A. (2013). Application of WHOQOL-BREF in measuring quality of life in health-care staff. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(7), 809.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves, J. P., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2015). Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2937–2949.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harandi, T. F., Taghinasab, M. M., & Nayeri, T. D. (2017). The correlation of social support with mental health: A meta-analysis. Electronic Physician, 9(9), 5212.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Helgeson, V. S. (2003). Social support and quality of life. Quality of Life Research, 12(1), 25–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaracz, K., Grabowska-Fudala, B., Górna, K., & Kozubski, W. (2014). Caregiving burden and its determinants in Polish caregivers of stroke survivors. Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 10(5), 941.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazarian, S. S., & Merhi, R. (2012). Validation of the Arabic translation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Arabic MSPSS) in a Lebanese community sample. The Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 44(262), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (2015). Religion, spirituality, and health: A review and update. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 29(3), 19–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H. Y., Oh, J., Kawachi, I., Heo, J., Kim, S., Lee, J. K., et al. (2019). Positive and negative social support and depressive symptoms according to economic status among adults in Korea: Cross-sectional results from the Health Examinees-Gem Study. British Medical Journal Open, 9(4), e023036.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loh, A. Z., Tan, J. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2017). The global prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among caregivers of stroke survivors. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 18(2), 111–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovering, S. (2012). The Crescent of Care: A nursing model to guide the care of Arab Muslim patients. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care, 9, 171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lui, S. K., & Nguyen, M. H. (2018). Elderly stroke rehabilitation: overcoming the complications and its associated challenges. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2018, 9853837.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marima, P., Gunduza, R., Machando, D., & Dambi, J. M. (2019). Correlates of social support on report of probable common mental disorders in Zimbabwean informal caregivers of patients with stroke: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Memon, I., Abu-Shaheen, A., Heena, H., & Al-Tannir, M. (2019). Point prevalence study for stroke in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey. Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 8(2), 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon, B., Salini, P., Habeeba, K., Conjeevaram, J., & Munisusmitha, K. (2017). Female caregivers and stroke severity determines caregiver stress in stroke patients. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 20(4), 418.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nightingale, C. L., Curbow, B. A., Wingard, J. R., Pereira, D. B., & Carnaby, G. D. (2016). Burden, quality of life, and social support in caregivers of patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A pilot study. Chronic Illness, 12(3), 236–245.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oni, O. D., Olagunju, A. T., Okpataku, C. I., Erinfolami, A. R., & Adeyemi, J. D. (2019). Predictors of caregiver burden after stroke in Nigeria: Effect on psychosocial well-being. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(5), 457.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Panzeri, A., Ferrario, S. R., & Vidotto, G. (2019). Interventions for psychological health of stroke caregivers: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2045.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rachpukdee, S., Howteerakul, N., Suwannapong, N., & Tang-Aroonsin, S. (2013). Quality of life of stroke survivors: A 3-month follow-up study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 22(7), e70–e78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert, A. A., & Zamzami, M. M. (2014). Stroke in Saudi Arabia: A review of the recent literature. The Pan African Medical Journal, 17, 14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saffari, M., Koenig, H. G., O’Garo, K. N., & Pakpour, A. H. (2018). Mediating effect of spiritual coping strategies and family stigma stress on caregiving burden and mental health in caregivers of persons with dementia. Dementia, 2https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218798082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, P. C., Yip, P. K., Tai, J. J., & Lou, M. F. (2015). Needs of family caregivers of stroke patients: A longitudinal study of caregivers’ perspectives. Patient Preference and Adherence, 9, 449.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi, S., Koh, G. C., Luo, N., Tan, K. B., Hoenig, H., Matchar, D. B., et al. (2019). Dyadic approach to post-stroke hospitalizations: Role of caregiver and patient characteristics. BMC Neurology, 19(1), 267.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wan-Fei, K., Hassan, S. T. S., Sann, L. M., Ismail, S. I. F., Raman, R. A., & Ibrahim, F. (2017). Depression, anxiety and quality of life in stroke survivors and their family caregivers: A pilot study using an actor/partner interdependence model. Electronic Physician, 9(8), 4924.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 156.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Warapornmongkholkul, A., Howteerakul, N., Suwannapong, N., & Soparattanapaisarn, N. (2018). Self-efficacy, social support, and quality of life among primary family-member caregivers of patients with cancer in Thailand. Journal of Health Research, 32(2), 111–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wnuk, M., & Marcinkowski, J. T. (2014). Do existential variables mediate between religious-spiritual facets of functionality and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(1), 56–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1996). WHOQOL-BREF: introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: field trial version. December 1996 (No. WHOQOL-BREF). Geneva: World Health Organization.

  • World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014 (No. WHO/NMH/NVI/15.1). World Health Organization. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/148114.

  • Young, W. C., Nadarajah, S. R., Skeath, P. R., & Berger, A. M. (2015). Spirituality in the context of life-threatening illness and life-transforming change. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(3), 653–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Y., Hu, J., Efird, J. T., & McCoy, T. P. (2013). Social support, coping strategies and health-related quality of life among primary caregivers of stroke survivors in China. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(15–16), 2160–2171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3–4), 610–617.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdulrahman M. Alshahrani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

College of Medicine Institutional Review Board, King Saud University (Research Project No. E-19-3733).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alquwez, N., Alshahrani, A.M. Influence of Spiritual Coping and Social Support on the Mental Health and Quality of Life of the Saudi Informal Caregivers of Patients with Stroke. J Relig Health 60, 787–803 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01081-w

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01081-w

Keywords

Navigation