Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acculturative Dissonance and Risks for Proactive and Reactive Aggression Among Latino/a Adolescents: Implications for Culturally Relevant Prevention and Interventions

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
The Journal of Primary Prevention Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is a dearth of studies concerning the functions of aggression among Latino/a youth despite the fact they are one of the fastest growing youth populations in the United States. We examined individual, peer, cultural, and community level indicators of reactive and proactive aggression and determined whether these relationships were moderated by acculturative dissonance (e.g., culturally specific family conflicts arising from the acculturation process) among a sample of Latino/a adolescents who were predominantly of Mexican heritage. Consistent with prior evidence, results revealed that peer delinquency was uniquely associated with proactive aggression, whereas impulsivity was uniquely associated with reactive aggression. Further, acculturative dissonance was uniquely associated with proactive but not reactive aggression. No moderating effects for acculturative dissonance were found, indicating that the significant risk factors in our study were associated with proactive and reactive aggression regardless of the level of acculturative dissonance experienced. Notably, acculturative dissonance was a unique risk factor for proactive aggression and thus may be an important target for prevention and interventions among Latino/a youth. Consequently, interventions designed to prevent culturally specific family conflicts and promote family functioning may be particularly useful in mitigating the risk of aggression intended to achieve social and material awards among in this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aceves, M. J., Hinshaw, S. P., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Page-Gould, E. (2010). Seek help from teachers or fight back? Student perceptions of teachers’ actions during conflicts and responses to peer victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 658–669.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basáñez, T., Dennis, J. M., Crano, W. D., Stacy, A. W., & Unger, J. B. (2014). Measuring acculturation gap conflicts among Hispanics: Implications for psychosocial and academic adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 35(13), 1727–1753. doi:10.1177/0192513X13477379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturation: A conceptual overview. In M. C. Bornstein, & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and parent–child relationships: Measurement and development (pp. 13−30). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H., Canino, G. J., Davies, M., Duarte, C. S., Febo, V., Ramírez, R., & Loeber, R. (2006a). A study of disruptive behavior disorders in Puerto Rican youth: I. background, design, and survey methods. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1032–1041. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000227879.65651.cf.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H. R., Davies, M., & Duarte, C. S. (2006b). A study of disruptive behavior disorders in Puerto Rican youth: II. Baseline prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates in two sites. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1042–1053. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000227878.58027.3d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H., & Cote, L. R. (2006). Introduction to Acculturation and Parent-Child Relationships. In M. C. Bornstein &, L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and parent–child relationships: Measurement and development. (pp. 3–12). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1999). Environments in developmental perspective: Theoretical and operational models. In S. L. Friedman & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts (pp. 3–28). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Rosenberg, G., Brook, D. W., Balka, E. B., & Meade, M. (2004). Correlates of aggression in African American and Puerto Rican children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 165(2), 185–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bui, H. N., & Thongniramol, O. (2005). Immigration and self-reported delinquency: The interplay of immigration generations, gender, race, and ethnicity. Journal of Crime and Justice, 28, 71–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buriel, R., Calzada, S., & Vasquez, R. (1982). The relationship of traditional Mexican American culture to adjustment and delinquency among three generations of Mexican American male adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(1), 41–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79(5), 1185–1229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carvajal, S. C., Hanson, C. E., Romero, A. J., & Coyle, K. K. (2002). Behavioural risk factors and protective factors in adolescents: A comparison of Latinos and non-Latino whites. Ethnicity & Health, 7(3), 181–193. doi:10.1080/1355785022000042015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes, R. C., Padilla, A. M., Napper, L. E., & Goldbach, J. T. (2013). Acculturation-related stress and mental health outcomes among three generations of Hispanic adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35, 451–468. doi:10.1177/0739986313500924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 779–862). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, D., Ciofu, A., & Cervantes, R. (2014). Exploring culturally based intrafamilial stressors among Latino adolescents. Family Relations, 63, 693–706. doi:10.1111/fare.12095.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, D., Huang, S., Arzon, M., Freitas, D., Malcolm, S., & Prado, G. (2011). The role of attitudes, family, peer and school on alcohol use, rule breaking and aggressive behavior in Hispanic delinquent adolescents. The Open Family Studies Journal, 4(Suppl 1–M4), 38–45.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinh, K. T., Roosa, M. W., Tein, J., & Lopez, V. A. (2002). The relationship between acculturation and problem behavior proneness in a Hispanic youth sample: A longitudinal mediation model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(3), 295–309. doi:10.1023/A:1015111014775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146–1158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Félix-Ortiz, M., Fernandez, A., & Newcomb, M. D. (1998). The role of intergenerational discrepancy of cultural orientation in drug use among Latina adolescents. Substance Use and Misuse, 33(4), 967–994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2007). Pathways from proactive and reactive aggression to substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 355–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2008a). The relation between childhood proactive and reactive aggression and substance use initiation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 261–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Hendrickson, M., Rubens, S. L., Gabrielli, J., & Evans, S. (2013). The role of peer rejection in the link between reactive aggression and academic performance. Child & Youth Care Forum, 42, 193–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Rathert, J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2012a). Proactive and reactive aggression. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 2164–2170). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Stauffacher, K., Ostrov, J. M., & Colder, C. R. (2008b). Replication and extension of Little et al’.s (2003) forms and functions of aggression measure. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 238–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Vitulano, M., Wynn, P., Wimsatt, A., Gaertner, A., & Rathert, J. (2010). Influence of perceived neighborhood safety on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 757–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Wimsatt, A., Elkins, S., & Grassetti, S. (2012b). Contextual influences of proactive and reactive subtypes of aggression. Child Indicators Research, 5, 123–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fite, P. J., Wynn, P., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2009). The effect of neighborhood disadvantage on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 37, 542–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). The antisocial process screening device. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuligni, A. J. (1998). Authority, autonomy, and parent–adolescent conflict and cohesion: A study of adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, Filipino, and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 782–792. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.782.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, A. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67, 1891–1914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gendreau, P. L., & Archer, J. (2005). Subtypes of aggression in humans and animals. In R. E. Tremblay, W. W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 25–46). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales, N. A., Deardorff, J., Formoso, D., Barr, A., & Barrera, M, Jr. (2006). Family mediators of the relation between acculturation and adolescent mental health. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 55(3), 318–330. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00405.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales, N. A., Knight, G. P., Morgan-Lopez, A., Saenz, D., & Sirolli, A. (2002). Acculturation and the mental health of Latino youths: An integration and critique of the literature. In J. M. Contreras, K. A. Kerns, & A. M. Neal-Barnett (Eds.), Latino children and families in the United States (pp. 45–74). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, W. C., & Wood, J. J. (2009). Acculturative family distancing: Links with self-reported symptomatology among Asian Americans and Latinos. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 40(1), 123–138. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.1987-13085-00110.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 567–589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le, T. N., & Stockdale, G. (2008). Acculturative dissonance, ethnic identity, and youth violence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(1), 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little, T. D., Jones, S. M., Henrich, C. C., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the ‘‘whys’’ from the ‘‘whats’’ of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 122–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo-Blanco, E., Unger, J. B., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Ritt-Olson, A., & Soto, D. (2012). Acculturation, enculturation, and symptoms of depression in Hispanic youth: The roles of gender, Hispanic cultural values, and family functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(10), 1350–1365. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9774-7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lui, P. P. (2014). Intergenerational cultural conflict, mental health, and educational outcomes among Asian and Latino/a Americans: Qualitative and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin,. doi:10.1037/a0038449.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado-Molina, M. M., Reingle, J. M., Tobler, A. L., Jennings, W. G., & Komro, K. A. (2010). Trajectories of physical aggression among Hispanic urban adolescents and young adults: An application of latent trajectory modeling from ages 12 to 18. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ, 35(3), 121–133. doi:10.1007/s12103-010-9074-2.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsiglia, F. F., Parsai, M., & Kulis, S. (2009). Effects of familism and family cohesion on problem behaviors among adolescents in Mexican immigrant families in the southwest United States. Journal of ethnic and cultural diversity in social work, 18, 203–220.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Hilt, L. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Racial/ethnic differences in internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(5), 801–816. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9128-1.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., & Cui, L. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G. (2009). Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP, 30(3), 255–263.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pardini, D. A., & Fite, P. J. (2010). Symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and callous-unemotional traits as unique predictors of psychosocial maladjustment in males: advancing an evidence base for DSM-V. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1134–1144.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. (2003). Ethnic identity and acculturation. In K. Chun, P. Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 63–81). Washington: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S. (2011). Increasing our understanding of the acculturation gap: A way forward. Human Development, 53(6), 350–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S., & Baldelomar, O. A. (2011). Identity development in multiple cultural contexts. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Bridging cultural and developmental approaches to psychology: New syntheses in theory, research, and policy (pp. 161–186). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (1996). Immigrant America (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press and Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). The role of proactive aggression and reactive aggression in the formation and development of boys’ friendships. Developmental Psychology, 36, 233–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reingle, J. M., Maldonado-Molina, M. M., Jennings, W. G., & Komro, K. A. (2012). Racial/Ethnic differences in trajectories of aggression in a longitudinal sample of high-risk, urban youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(1), 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.008.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, J. M., & Fraser, M. W. (2001). Resilience in childhood: The role of risk and protection. In J. M. Richman & M. W. Fraser (Eds.), The context of youth violence: Resilience, risk, and protection (pp. 1–12). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (2001). Psychosocial adversity: Risk, resilience, and recovery. In J. M. Richman & M. W. Fraser (Eds.), The context of youth violence: Resilience, risk, and protection (pp. 1–12). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samaniego, R. Y., & Gonzales, N. A. (1999). Multiple mediators of the effects of acculturation status on delinquency for Mexican American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(2), 189–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–24. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213570036?accountid=14556.

  • Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., & Jarvis, L. H. (2007). Ethnic identity and acculturation in Hispanic early adolescents: Mediated relationships to academic grades, prosocial behaviors, and externalizing symptoms. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 364–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluzki, C. E. (1979). Migration and family conflict. Family Process, 18, 379–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smokowski, P. R., & Bacallao, M. L. (2006). Acculturation and aggression in Latino adolescents: A structural model focusing on cultural risk factors and assets. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 659–673.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smokowski, P. R., Buchanan, R. L., & Bacallao, M. (2009a). Acculturation and adjustment in Latino adolescents: How cultural risk factors and assets influence multiple domains of adolescent mental health. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 371–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smokowski, P. R., David-Feron, C., & Stroupe, N. (2009b). Acculturation and violence in minority adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 215–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, I., Fagan, J., & Baskin, D. (1993). Sociocultural influences on the explanation of delinquency for Puerto Rican youths. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15(1), 36–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L. (2010). Adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szapocznik, J., & Kurtines, W. M. (1993). Family psychology and cultural diversity: Opportunities for theory, research, and application. American Psychologist, 48(4), 400–407. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szapocznik, J., Santisteban, D., Kurtines, W., Perez-Vidal, A., & Hervis, O. (1984). Bicultural effectiveness training: A treatment intervention for enhancing intercultural adjustment in Cuban American families. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6(4), 317–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. L., Biafora, F. A, Jr, Warheit, G., & Gil, A. (1997). Family factors, theft, vandalism, and major deviance among a multiracial/multiethnic sample of adolescent girls. Journal of Social Distress & the Homeless, 6(1), 71–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, J. B., Ritt-Olson, A., Soto, D. W., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2009). Parent–child acculturation discrepancies as a risk factor for substance use among Hispanic adolescents in Southern California. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11(3), 149–157. doi:10.1007/s10903-007-9083-5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A., Gil, A. G., Warheit, G. J., Zimmerman, R. S., & Apospori, E. (1993). Acculturation and delinquent behavior among Cuban American adolescents: Toward an empirical model. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(1), 113–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A., Khoury, E. L., Zimmerman, R. S., Gil, A. G., & Warheit, G. J. (1995). Cultural conflicts and problem behaviors of Latino adolescents in home and school environments. Journal of Community Psychology, 23(2), 167–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A., & Sribney, W. M. (2008). Latino population demographics, risk factors, and depression: A case study of the Mexican American prevalence and services survey. In S. A. Aguilar-Gaxiola & P. Thomas (Eds.), Depression in Latinos: Assessment, treatment, and prevention (pp. 29–52). New York: Springer Science + Business Media.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., & Brendgen, M. (2011). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: Etiologies, development, and consequences. In T. Bliesner, A. Beelman, & M. Stemmler (Eds.), Antisocial behavior and crime: Contributions of theory and evaluation research in prevention and intervention. Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williford, A., & DePaolis, K. J. (2012). Identifying predictors of instrumental and reactive aggression among low-income, minority adolescent girls. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 3, 145–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zayas, L., Gulbas, L. E., Fedoravicius, N., & Cabassa, L. J. (2010). Patterns of distress, precipitating events, and reflections on suicide attempts by young Latinas. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 1773–1779.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, 1545 Lilac Lane, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA

    Anne Williford & Michelle Johnson-Motoyama

  2. Department of Clinical Child Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Paula J. Fite & Andrew L. Frazer

Authors
  1. Anne Williford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paula J. Fite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michelle Johnson-Motoyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrew L. Frazer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne Williford.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Williford, A., Fite, P.J., Johnson-Motoyama, M. et al. Acculturative Dissonance and Risks for Proactive and Reactive Aggression Among Latino/a Adolescents: Implications for Culturally Relevant Prevention and Interventions. J Primary Prevent 36, 405–418 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-015-0403-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-015-0403-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation