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Gender Differences in Emotion Expression in Low-Income Adolescents Under Stress

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Abstract

Gender roles in mainstream US culture suggest that girls express more happiness, sadness, anxiety, and shame/embarrassment than boys, while boys express more anger and externalizing emotions, such as contempt. However, gender roles and emotion expression may be different in low-income and ethnically diverse families, as children and parents are often faced with greater environmental stressors and may have different gender expectations. This study examined gender differences in emotion expression in low-income adolescents, an understudied population. One hundred and seventy nine adolescents (aged 14–17) participated in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Trained coders rated adolescents’ expressions of happiness, sadness, anxiety, shame/embarrassment, anger, and contempt during the TSST using a micro-analytic coding system. Analyses showed that, consistent with gender roles, girls expressed higher levels of happiness and shame than boys; however, contrary to traditional gender roles, girls showed higher levels of contempt than boys. Also, in contrast to cultural stereotypes, there were no differences in anger between boys and girls. Findings suggest gender-role inconsistent displays of externalizing emotions in low-income adolescents under acute stress, and may reflect different emotion socialization experiences in this group.

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Acknowledgments

Support for this project was provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through grants K01-DA-024759 (Chaplin), P50-DA-16556 (Sinha), R01-DA-06025 (Mayes), R01-DA-017863 (Mayes), KO5-DA-020091 (Mayes), and a grant from the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation (Mayes). The authors gratefully acknowledge the study sponsors, the participating families, and the research staff that helped to collect, enter, and code the study data, particularly Ann L.B. Thomasson and Matthew B. Freiburger for their work as emotion coders.

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  1. Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Naaila Panjwani

  2. Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA

    Tara M. Chaplin

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Rajita Sinha

  4. Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Linda C. Mayes

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Correspondence to Tara M. Chaplin.

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Panjwani, N., Chaplin, T.M., Sinha, R. et al. Gender Differences in Emotion Expression in Low-Income Adolescents Under Stress. J Nonverbal Behav 40, 117–132 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-015-0224-6

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