Skip to main content
Log in

Demography of Exercise among Californians of Korean Descent: A Cross-Sectional Telephone Survey

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study describes aerobic exercise and walking for exercise behaviors among the Korean American population, a rapidly growing minority. Data for this study were drawn from a representative survey of Californians of Korean descent (N = 2,830) conducted by telephone; 86% of eligible participants completed interviews in either Korean or English. Sample characteristics closely approximated those for Koreans in the 2000 United States Census for California. The data show that 32.8% of Koreans vigorously exercise or walk for exercise, but walking regimens and more vigorous modes of exercise are employed by different subgroups. Women, less acculturated, married persons, and less well educated are particularly low in vigorous exercise. Korean Americans walk for exercise much less than majority groups, although they engage in vigorous physical activity on a roughly equivalent basis. Interventions to promote physical activity should be adapted not only for the Korean culture but also for specific subgroups defined demographically.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA. 1995;273:1093–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Centers for Disease Control. Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. 1996. Retrieved June 16, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/chapcon.htm.

  3. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. Williams and Wilkins: Lippincott; 2000, p 27.

  4. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 1995;273:402–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Coleman KJ, Raynor HR, Mueller DM, Cerny FJ, Dorn JM, Epstein LH. Providing sedentary adults with choices for meeting their walking goals. Prev Med. 1999;28:510–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare & Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs., 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Seoul, Korea, 2002.

  7. Kim HR, Moon SS, Chang SR. 2001 Seoul Metropolitan Health Interview Survey, Seoul Metropolitan Government & Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Seoul, Korea, 2002.

  8. Lee SK, Sobal J, Frongillo EA Jr. Acculturation and health in Korean Americans. 2000. Social Science and Medicine Jul;51(2):159–73.

  9. Asian/Pacific Islander Data Consortium, (ACCIS). (1992). Our ten years of growth: A demographic analysis on Asian Pacific Islander Americans. A CCIS Newsbrief. Asian and Pacific Islander Center for Census Information and Services. San Francisco, Fall 1992/Winter 1993.

  10. US Census, 2000. Population Change by Race and Ethnicity, 1990–2000. Korean American Coalition-Census Information Center in partnership with Center for Korean American and Korean Studies, California State University, Los Angeles. Retrieved October 2, 2003, from http://www.calstatela.edu/centers/ckaks/census_tables.html.

  11. Centers for Disease Control. Behavioral Risk Factor Survey of Korean Americans—Alameda County, California, 1994. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1997;46(33):774–7.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Im EO, Choe MA. Physical activity of Korean immigrant women in the U.S.: needs and attitudes. Int J Nurs Stud. 2001;38:567–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hinton WL, Chen J, Du N, Tran CG, Lu F, Miranda J, et al. DSM-III-R disorders in Vietnamese refugees: prevalence and correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181:113–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hinton WL, Tiet Q, Tran CG, Chesney M. Predictors of depression among Vietnamese refugees: a longitudinal study of new arrivals. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997;185:39–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Williams CL, Berry JW. Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: application of psychological theory and practice. Am Psychol. 1991;46:632–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ben-Porath Y. The psycho-social adjustment. In: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), ed. Mental Health Services for Refugees, Refugee Mental Health Program, U.S. DHHS. Washington, DC: U.S. DHHS; 1991:1–23.

  17. Tran CG, Des Jardins K. Domestic violence in Vietnamese refugee, Korean immigrant communities. In: Chin JL, editors. Relationships among Asian American Women. Washington DC, U.S.: American Psychological Association; 2000:71–96.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Song YJ, Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Paik HY, Park HR, Lee J, et al. Acculturation and health risk behaviors among Californians of Korean descent. Prev Med. 2004;30:147–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Lee J, Zakarian J, Park H, Paik H, et al. Tobacco use and acculturation among Californians of Korean descent: a behavioral epidemiological analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6(3):481–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Korea National Statistical Office 1998 Annual Report on Statistics of Population [press release about birth, death, marriage, and divorce]. August 23, 1999.

  21. Frey JH. Survey research by telephone. 2nd ed. Newbury Park CA: Sage; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  22. US Census Bureau, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin 2000. Compiled by Grieco EM and Cassidy RC. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. March 2001. Retrieved November 12, 2003, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1.pdf.

  23. Rauh MJ, Hovell MF, Hofstetter CR, Sallis JF, Gleghorn A. Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in Latinos. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;21(5):966–971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Sallis JF, Hovell MF, Hofstetter CR, Faucher P, Elder JP, Blanchard J, et al. A multivariate study of determinants of vigorous exercise in a community sample. Prev Med. 1989;18:20–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Thornberry OT, Wilson RW, Golden PM. The 1985 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Survey. Public Health Report. 1986;101:566–70.

  26. World Health Organization Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet (North American Edition). 2004;363:157–63.

    Google Scholar 

  27. World Health Organization. The Asia-Pacific perspective: re-defining obesity and its treatment. WHO: Western Pacific Region; 2000.

  28. Lauderdale DS, Rathouz PJ. Body Mass Index in a U.S. sample of Asian Americans: effects of nativity, Years since immigration and socioeconomic status. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(9):118–1194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Suinn RM, Rickard-Figueroa K, Lew S, Vigil P. The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation to U.S. Society Scale: an initial report. Educ Psychol Meas. 1987;47:401–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Suinn RM, Khoo G, Ahuna C. The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation to U.S. Society Scale: cross-cultural information. J Multicult Couns Devel. 1995;23:139–48.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Schoenborn CA, Barnes PM. Leisure-time physical activity among adults: United States, 1997–1998. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics; no. 325. Hyatsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  32. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Office of Public Health and Science. Healthy People 2010. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.healthypeople.gov.

  33. National Asian Women’s Health Organization. Smoking among Asian Americans: a National Tobacco Survey, 1998. Retrieved May 26, 2006, from http://www.nawho.org/pubs/NAWHOTobacco.pdf.

  34. Kuo J, Porter K. Health Status of Asian Americans: United States, 1992–1994. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics; no. 298. Hyatsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Im EO, Choe MA. Korea women’s attitudes toward physical activity. Res Nurs Health. 2004;27(1), 4–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lee KY. International comparison of time-use survey. 2001. Korean Office of Statistics, In-depth analysis on 1999 Korea National Time-Use Survey: Valuation of household work and allocation of time-use, Seoul, Korea.

  37. Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs (KIHASA), Morbidity and Health Behaviors of Koreans; in-depth analysis on 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, Seoul, Korea. 2003.

Download references

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support from the Tobacco Related Disease Research Program (grant 9RT-0073 to C. Richard Hofstetter) and thank the 2830 Korean study participants for their help in conducting the original study. We also wish to thank the anonymous referee for this journal whose many comments greatly improved the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Richard Hofstetter.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hofstetter, C.R., Irvin, V., Schmitz, K. et al. Demography of Exercise among Californians of Korean Descent: A Cross-Sectional Telephone Survey. J Immigrant Minority Health 10, 53–65 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-007-9050-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-007-9050-1

Keywords

Navigation