Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

I Am so Happy ‘Cause My Best Friend Makes Me Feel Unique: Friendship, Personal Sense of Uniqueness and Happiness

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Happiness Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Decades of empirical research leave no doubt that friendship experiences are consistent correlates of happiness. Yet, little is known about how friendships are related to happiness. The present study examined personal sense of uniqueness as a mediator of the relationship between same-sex best friendship quality and happiness in three samples each employing a different measure of happiness (n = 2,429). Results provided support to the mediational model in every sample and showed that it was gender invariant. The findings suggest that one reason why the quality of friendships is related to happiness is because friendship experiences promote individuals’ feelings of uniqueness. The implications of the findings for friendship and happiness research are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aalsma, M. C., Lapsley, D. K., & Flannery, D. J. (2006). Personal fables, narcissism, and adolescent adjustment. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 481–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci, T. C. (2001). Social relations: An examination of social networks, social support and sense of control. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 427–453). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldassare, M., Rosenfield, S., & Rook, K. (1984). The types of social relations predicting elderly well-being. Research on Aging, 6, 549–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bukowski, W. M., Boivin, M., & Hoza, B. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. J., & Warren, H. B. (1995). Need for uniqueness: Shopping mall preference and choice activity. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 23, 4–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camfield, L., Choudhury, K., & Devine, J. (2009). Well-being, happiness, and why relationships matter: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 71–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Y. K., & Lee, R. P. L. (2006). Network size, social support and happiness in later life: A comparative study of Beijing and Hong Kong. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 87–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M. (2010). Close relationships and happiness among emerging adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 293–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., Jaafar, J., Bilyk, N., & Ariff, M. R. M. (2012a). Social skills, friendship and happiness: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Social Psychology, 152, 379–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., & Orthel, H. (2011). Friendship, real-ideal discrepancies, and well-being: Gender differences in college students. The Journal of Psychology, 145, 173–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., Orthel, H., & Andelin, A. K. (in press). Friendship and happiness. In I. Boniwell & S. David (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness. London: Oxford University Press.

  • Demir, M., & Özdemir, M. (2010). Friendship, need satisfaction and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 243–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., Özdemir, M., & Marum, K. P. (2011a). Perceived autonomy support, friendship maintenance, and happiness. The Journal of Psychology, 145, 537–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., Özdemir, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrow with friends: Best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 243–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., Özen, A., Aysun, D., Bilyk, N., & Tyrell, F. (2011b). I matter to my friend, therefore I am happy: Friendship, mattering, and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 983–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., & Şimşek, Ö. F. (2012). Personality, sence of uniqueness, and happiness. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Demir, M., & Weitekamp, L. (2007). I am so happy’ cause today I found my friend: Friendship and personality as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 181–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Rethinking happiness: The science of psychological wealth. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 463–473). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J., & Klemmack, D. (1973). Correlates of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 497–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38, 1025–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 338, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, D. C., Bae, A., Pidada, S., & Lee, O. (2006). Friendships of Indonesian, S. Korean and U.S. college students. Personal Relations, 13, 69–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fromkin, H. L. (1972). Feelings of interpersonal undistinctiveness: An unpleasant affective state. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6, 178–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, W. (1996). The measurement of friendship perceptions: Conceptual and methodological issues. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 41–65). New York: Cambridge University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladow, N. W., & Ray, M. P. (1986). The impact of informal support systems on the well being of low income single parents. Family Relations: Journal of Applied Family Child Studies, 35, 113–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, K., Krcmar, M., Walters, L. H., Rubin, D. L., & Hale, J. L. (2000). Target adolescent risk-taking behaviors: The contributions of egocentrism and sensation-seeking. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 439–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, R. B. (1988). Friendship. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (pp. 391–408). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, R. T., Rodzon, K. S., Kurai, M., & Sanchez, A. H. (2010). A validation of well-being and happiness surveys for administration via the internet. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 775–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussong, A. M. (2000). Perceived peer context and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 391–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jőreskog, K. G., & Sőrbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. S., & Drolet, A. (2003). Choice and self-expression: A cultural analysis of variety-seeking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 373–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 785–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapsley, D. K. (1993). Toward an integrated theory of adolescent ego development: The ‘new look’ at adolescent egocentrism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 562–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapsley, D. K., & Hill, P. L. (2010). Subjective invulnerability, optimism bias and adjustment in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 847–857.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapsley, D. K., & Rice, K. G. (1988). The “new look” at the imaginary audience and personal fable: Toward a general model of adolescent ego development. In D. K. Lapsley & F. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity: Integrative approaches (pp. 109–129). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Law, C. A. (2005). Psychological well-being and uniqueness seeking behavior (Doctoral thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa). Retrieved from http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/836.

  • Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 482–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, R. J., Winstead, B. A., & Derlega, V. J. (1989). Gender differences in volunteering for friendship research. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4, 623–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling, K., Beenen, G., Ludford, P., Wang, X., Chang, K., Li, X., Cosley, D., Frankowski, D., Terveen, L., Rashid, A. M., Resnick, P., & Kraut, R. (2005). Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(4), article 10. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue4/ling.html.

  • Linley, P., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Osborne, G., & Hurling, R. (2009). Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 878–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L. (1995). The relationship between subjective well-being and psychosocial variables in Taiwan. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 351–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, R. E., & Dyrenforth, P. S. (2006). Does the existence of social relationships matter for subjective well-being? In K. D. Vohs & E. J. Finkel (Eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyke, J. A. (2009). Insight, but not self-reflection, is related to subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 66–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, M., & Harris, J. (1997). Individual differences in the pursuit of self-uniqueness through consumption. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1861–1883.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, M., & Snyder, C. R. (2002). Uniqueness seeking. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 395–410). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. New York: Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., & Diener, E. (2005a). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005b). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2006). What are the differences between happiness and self-esteem? Social Indicators Research, 78, 363–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D., Lockwood, C., Brown, C., Wang, W., & Hoffman, J. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, S. K. (2001). Do I matter? Construct validation of adolescents’ perceived mattering to parents and friends. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 473–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Stapp, J., & Santee, R. T. (1985). Individuation: Conceptual analysis and assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 729–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattei, D., & Schaefer, C. E. (2004). An investigation of validity of the subjective happiness scale. Psychological Reports, 94, 288–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, M. J., & Aboud, F. E. (1999). Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: McGill Friendship Questionnaires. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31, 130–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millstein, S. G., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2002). Judgments about risk and perceived invulnerability in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 399–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monsour, M. (1997). Cross-sex friendships and communication across the lifecycle: A review of the literature. Communication Yearbook, 20, 375–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monsour, M. (2002). Women and men as friends: Relationships across the lifespan in the 21st century. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okun, M. A., & Keith, V. M. (1998). Effects of positive and negative social exchanges with various sources on depressive symptoms in younger and older adults. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53B, P4–P20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pangle, L. (2003). Aristotle and the philosophy of friendship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15, 187–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, H. T. (2001). Relationship experiences and emotional well-being. In C. D. Ryff & B. H. Singer (Eds.), Emotion, social relationships and health (pp. 57–95). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, H. T., Collins, W., & Berscheid, E. (2000). The relationship context of human behavior and development. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 844–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reisman, J. M. (1981). Adult friendships. In S. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships: Vol. 2. Developing personal relationships (pp. 205–230). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Requena, F. (1995). Friendship and subjective well-being in Spain: A cross-national comparison with the United States. Social Indicators Research, 35, 271–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richey, M. H., & Richey, H. W. (1980). The significance of best-friend relationships in adolescence. Psychology in the Schools, 17, 536–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigdon, E. E. (1999). Using the Friedman method of ranks for model comparison in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 3, 219–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. London: Constable.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. R. (1995). A way of being. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saphire-Bernstein, S., & Taylor, S. E. (in press). Relationships and well-being. In I. Boniwell & S. David (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness. London: Oxford University Press.

  • Segrin, C., & Taylor, M. (2007). Positive interpersonal relationships mediate the association between social skills and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 637–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K., & Hoon, T. (2007). The multiple determination of well-being: Independent effects of positive traits, needs, goals, selves, social supports, and cultural contexts. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 565–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T., Houser-Marko, L., Jones, T., & Turban, D. (2005). Doing one’s duty: Chronological age, felt autonomy, and subjective well-being. European Journal of Personality, 19, 97–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). Is it possible to become happier? (And if so, how?). Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 129–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonson, I., & Nowlis, S. M. (2000). The role of explanations and need for uniqueness in consumer decision making: Unconventional choices based on reasons. Journal of Consumer Research, 27, 49–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şimşek, Ö. F., & Yalinçetin, B. (2010). I feel unique, therefore I am: The development and preliminary validation of the personal sense of uniqueness (PSU) scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 576–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sing, K., & Jha, S. (2008). Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 40–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., & Feldman, D. B. (2000). Hope for the many: An empowering social agenda. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 402–415). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 518–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980). Uniqueness: The human pursuit of difference. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 893–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swain, S. O. (1992). Men’s friendships with women: Intimacy, sexual boundaries, and the informant role. In P. M. Nardi (Ed.), Men’s friendships (pp. 153–171). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swami, V., Stieger, S., Voracek, M., Dressler, S. G., Eisma, L., & Furman, A. (2009). Psychometric evaluation of the Tagalog and German subjective happiness scales and a cross-cultural comparison. Social Indicators Research, 93, 393–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). MA: Allyn& Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tesser, A., Beach, S. R. H., Mendolia, M., Crepaz, N., Davies, B., & Pennebaker, J. (1998). Similarity and uniqueness focus: A paper tiger and a surprise. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1190–1204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. (2000). Ten commandments of structural equation modeling. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics (pp. 261–283). Washington, DC: APA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian, K. T., & McKenzie, K. (2001). The long-term predictive validity of the consumers’ need for uniqueness scale. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 10, 171–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vassar, M. (2008). A note on the score reliability for the satisfaction with life scale: An RG study. Social Indicators Research, 86, 47–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vignoles, V. L. (2000). The distinctiveness principle: Identity, meaning, and the bounds of cultural relativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 337–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. (2002). Sources of distinctiveness: Position, difference, and separateness in the identities of Anglican parish priests. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 761–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. (2004). Combining individuality and relatedness: Representations of the person among the Anglican clergy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 113–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohs, K. D., & Finkel, E. J. (2006). Self and relationships: The interplay between intrapersonal and interpersonal processes. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walen, H. R., & Lachman, M. E. (2000). Social support and strain from partner, family, and friends: Costs and benefits for men and women in adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 5–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, P. E., & Smith, J. L. (2007). Opposing standards within the cultural worldview: Terror management and American women’s desire for uniqueness versus inclusiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 103–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R., & Vroman, K. (2011). Happiness inducing behaviors in everyday life: An empirical assessment of “the how of happiness”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 1063–1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, G. (1930). Happiness among adult students of education. The Journal of Educational Psychology, 21, 79–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whisman, M. A., Sheldon, C. T., & Goering, P. (2000). Psychiatric disorders and dissatisfaction with social relationships: Does type of relationship mater? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 803–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 294–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. H. (1985). The acquaintance description form. In S. Duck & D. Perlman (Eds.), Understanding personal relationships (pp. 39–62). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, P. H. (1989). Gender differences in adults’ same- and cross-gender friendships. In R. G. Adams & R. Blieszner (Eds.), Older adult friendship: Structure and process (pp. 197–221). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5106, USA

    Melikşah Demir & Amanda D. Procsal

  2. Department of Psychology, İstanbul Arel University, İstanbul, Turkey

    Ömer Faruk Şimşek

Authors
  1. Melikşah Demir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ömer Faruk Şimşek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amanda D. Procsal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melikşah Demir.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Demir, M., Şimşek, Ö.F. & Procsal, A.D. I Am so Happy ‘Cause My Best Friend Makes Me Feel Unique: Friendship, Personal Sense of Uniqueness and Happiness. J Happiness Stud 14, 1201–1224 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9376-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9376-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation