Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Integrating The Diverse Definitions of Happiness: A Time-Sequential Framework of Subjective Well-Being

  • Published:
Journal of Happiness Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The field of subjective well-being (SWB) is primarily concerned with people's evaluation of their lives; however, it includes a wide range of concepts, from momentary moods to global life satisfaction judgments. We propose a framework that integrates these diverse constructs. Our sequential temporal framework of subjective well-being describes experiences of well-being from the events and circumstances that cause evaluative reactions, through the emotional reactions to these events, to recall of these reactions, and finally to global judgments of well-being based on the previous stages. The hypothesized processes that translate the various steps in the sequence into one another are described, and supporting evidence is reviewed. We outline the implications of our framework for understanding subjective well-being, and discuss the research that is needed to further explore the proposed framework.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • F.M. Andrews S.B. Withey (1976) Social Indicators of Well-Being: America’s Perception of Life Quality Plenum Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Balatsky E. Diener (1993) ArticleTitleSubjective well-being among Russian students Social Indicators Research 28 225–243 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01079019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.B. Baltes K.U. Mayer (1999) The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 Cambridge University Press Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Biswas-Diener E. Diener (2001) ArticleTitleMaking the best of a bad situation: Satisfaction in the slums of Calcutta Social Indicators Research 55 329–352 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010905029386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Bradburn (1969) The Structure of Psychological Well-being Aldine Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Brickman D.T. Campbell (1971) Hedonic relativism and planning the good society M.H. Appley (Eds) Adaptation Level Theory: A Symposium Academic Press New York 287–302

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Brickman D. Coates R. Janoff-Bulman (1978) ArticleTitleLottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 917–927 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.36.8.917 Occurrence Handle690806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A.P. Brief H. Weiss (2002) ArticleTitleOrganizational behavior: Affect in the workplace Annual Review of Psychology 53 279–307 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156 Occurrence Handle11752487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G.M. Buchanan M.E.P. Seligman (Eds) (1995) Explanatory Style Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Cacioppo G. Berntson J. Sheridan M. McClintock (2000) ArticleTitleMultilevel integrative analyses of human behavior: Social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches Psychological Bulletin 126 829–843 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.829 Occurrence Handle11107878

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Campbell P.E. Converse W. Rodgers (1976) The Quality of American Life Russell Sage New York

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Canli Z. Zhao E. Kang J. Gross J.E. Desmond J.D.E. Gabrieli (2001) ArticleTitleAn fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli Behavioral Neuroscience 115 33–42 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0735-7044.115.1.33 Occurrence Handle11256451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • N. Cantor C.A. Sanderson (1999) Life task participation and well-being: The importance of taking part in daily life D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 230–243

    Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Christianson (1992) Remembering emotional events: Potential mechanisms S.A. Christianson (Eds) The Handbook of Emotion and Memory: Research and Theory Erlbaum Hillsdale NJ 307–340

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Cohen J. Vandello A.K. Rantilla (1998) The sacred and the social: Cultures of honor and violence P. Gilbert B. Andrews (Eds) Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology, and Culture. Series in affective science Oxford University Press New York 261–282

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Crawford-Solberg E. Diener D. Wirtz R.E. Lucas S. Oishi (2002) ArticleTitleWanting, having, and satisfaction: Examining the role of desire discrepancies in satisfaction with income Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 725–734 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.725 Occurrence Handle12219865

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Csikszentmihalyi R. Larsen (1978) ArticleTitleIntrinsic rewards in school crime Crime and Delinquency 214 322–335

    Google Scholar 

  • D.D. Danner D.A. Snowdon W.V. Friesen (2001) ArticleTitlePositive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 804–813 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804 Occurrence Handle11374751

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Dermer S.J. Cohen E. Jacobsen R.A. Anderson (1979) ArticleTitleEvaluative judgments of aspects of life as a function for vicarious exposure to hedonic extremes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 247–260 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.37.2.247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener (1984) ArticleTitleSubjective well-being Psychological Bulletin 95 542–575 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-2909.95.3.542 Occurrence Handle6399758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener R. Biswas-Diener (2002) ArticleTitleWill money increase subjective well-being: A literature review and guide to needed research Social Indicators Research 57 119–169 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1014411319119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener C. Diener (1995) ArticleTitleThe wealth of nations revisited: Income and quality of life Social Indicators Research 36 275–286 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01078817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener F. Fujita (1995) ArticleTitleResources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 926–935 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.926 Occurrence Handle7776188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener R.J. Larsen (1984) ArticleTitleTemporal stability and cross-situational consistence of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 871–883 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.47.4.871 Occurrence Handle6512686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diener E., R.J. Larsen, and R.A. Emmons: (1984, August). Bias in mood recall in happy and unhappy persons. Paper Presented at the 92nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto

  • E. Diener R.E. Lucas (1999) Personality and subjective well-being D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 213–229

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener R.E. Lucas S. Oishi E.M. Suh (2002) ArticleTitleLooking up and down: Weighting good and bad information in life satisfaction judgments Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 437–445

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener C. Nickerson R.E. Lucas E. Sandvik (2002) ArticleTitleDispositional affect and job outcomes Social Indicators Research 59 229–259 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1019672513984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener S. Oishi R.E. Lucas (2003) ArticleTitlePersonality, culture and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life Annual Review of Psychology 59 229–259

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener C.K. Scollon S. Oishi V. Dzokoto E.M. Suh (2000) ArticleTitlePositivity and the construction of life satisfaction judgments: Global happiness is not the sum of its parts Journal of Happiness Studies 1 159–176 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1010031813405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Diener E. Suh (1997) ArticleTitleMeasuring quality of life: Economic social, and subjective indicators Social Indicators Research 40 189–216 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006859511756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eid M. and E. Diener: (in press). ‘Global judgments of subjective well-being: Situational variability and long-term stability’, in B. Zumbo (ed.), Social Indicators/Quality of Life Research Methods: Methodological Issues and Developments (Dordrecht, Kluwer)

  • A.J. Elliot T.M. Thrash (2002) ArticleTitleApproach-avoidance maturation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperament and goals Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 804–818 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.82.5.804 Occurrence Handle12003479

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Elliot V.I. Chirkov Y. Kim K.M. Sheldon (2001) ArticleTitleA cross-cultural analysis of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals Psychological Science 12 505–510 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-9280.00393 Occurrence Handle11760139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Emmons (1986) ArticleTitlePersonal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 1058–1068 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Emmons E. Diener (1985) ArticleTitleFactors predicting satisfaction judgments: A comparative examination Social Indicators Research 16 157–168 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00574615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Feldman Barrett (1997) ArticleTitleThe relationships among momentary emotion experiences, personality descriptions, and retrospective ratings of emotion Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23 1100–1110

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Fleeson (2001) ArticleTitleToward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 80 1011–1027

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Fleeson A.B. Malanos N.M. Achille (2002) ArticleTitleAn intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: Is acting extraverted as “good as being extraverted? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 1409–1422 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.83.6.1409 Occurrence Handle12500821

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B.L. Fredrickson (1998) ArticleTitleWhat good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology 2 300–319 Occurrence Handle10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Frijda (1993) Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions M. Lewis J.M. Haviland (Eds) Handbook of Emotions Guilford Press New York 381–403

    Google Scholar 

  • M.B. Frisch J. Cornell M. Villanueva P.J. Retzlaff (1992) ArticleTitleClinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory. A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment Psychological Assessment 4 92–101 Occurrence Handle10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita F.D.: 1991, An Investigation of the Relationship Between Extraversion, Neuroticism, Positive Affect, and Negative Affect. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

  • L. Harker D. Keltner (2001) ArticleTitleExpressions of positive emotion in women’s college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 112–124 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.112 Occurrence Handle11195884

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J.K. Harter F.L. Schmidt T.L. Hayes (2002) ArticleTitleBusiness-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis Journal of Applied Psychology 87 268–279 Occurrence Handle12002955

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B. Headey A. Wearing (1989) ArticleTitlePersonality, life events, and subjective well-being: Toward a dynamic equilibrium model Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 731–739 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.731

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Heine D. Lehman K. Peng J. Greenholtz (2002) ArticleTitleWhat’s wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 903–918 Occurrence Handle12051579

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Ito J.T. Cacioppo (1999) The psychophysiology of utility appraisals D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 453–469

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Jackson R.M. Sellers C. Peterson (2002) ArticleTitlePessimistic explanatory style moderates the effect of stress on physical illness Personality and Individual Differences 32 567–573 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00061-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. James (1884) ArticleTitleWhat is an emotion? Mind 4 188–204

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Jocklin M. McGue D.T. Lykken (1996) ArticleTitlePersonality and divorce: A genetic analysis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 288–299 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.288 Occurrence Handle8765483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Kahneman (1999) Objective happiness D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 3–25

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Keltner A.M. Kring G.A. Bonanno (1999) ArticleTitleFleeting signs of the course of life: Facial expression and personal adjustment Current Directions in Psychological Science 8 18–22 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-8721.00005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.H. Kernis C.R. Whisenhunt S.B. Waschull K.D. Greenier D. Keegan A.J. Berry C.E. Herlocker C.A. Anderson (1998) ArticleTitleMultiple facets of self-esteem and their relations to depressive symptoms Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 657–668

    Google Scholar 

  • L.A. King C.K. Scollon C. Ramsey T. Williams (2000) ArticleTitleStories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with Down Syndrome Journal of Research in Personality 34 509–536 Occurrence Handle10.1006/jrpe.2000.2285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Koivumaa-Honkanen R. Honkanen M. Koskenvuo H. Viinamaki J. Kaprio (2002) ArticleTitleLife dissatisfaction as a predictor of fatal injury in a 20-year follow-up Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 105 444–450 Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.01287.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Koivumaa-Honkanen R. Honkanen H. Viinamaki K. Heikkila J. Kaprio M. Koskenvuo (2001) ArticleTitleLife satisfaction and suicide: A 20-year follow-up study The American Journal of Psychiatry 158 433–439 Occurrence Handle10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.433 Occurrence Handle11229985

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E.G. Lambert N.L. Hogan S.M. Barton (2001) ArticleTitleThe impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: A test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers Social Science Journal 38 233–250 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00110-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Larsen E. Diener (1987) ArticleTitleAffect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review Journal of Research in Personality 21 1–39 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Larsen B.L. Fredrickson (1999) Measurement issues in emotion research D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 40–60

    Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Larsen T. Ketelaar (1991) ArticleTitlePersonality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states Journal of personality and Social Psychology 61 132–140 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132 Occurrence Handle1890584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Larsen E. Diener R.S. Cropanzano (1987) ArticleTitleCognitive operations associated with individual differences in affect intensity Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 767–774 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.767 Occurrence Handle3681650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.J. Larsen E. Diener R.A. Emmons (1986) ArticleTitleAffect intensity and reactions to daily life events Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 803–814 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.Y. Lee J.L. Aaker W.L. Gardner (2000) ArticleTitleThe pleasure and pains of distinct self-construals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 1122–1134 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1122 Occurrence Handle10870913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L.J. Levine (1997) ArticleTitleReconstructing memory for emotions Journal of Experimental Psychology General 126 165–177 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0096-3445.126.2.165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L.J. Levine V. Prohaska S.L. Burgess J.A. Rice T.M. Laulere (2001) ArticleTitleRemembering past emotions: The role of current appraisals Cognition and Emotion 15 393–417 Occurrence Handle10.1080/0269993004200240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lucas F. Fujita (2000) ArticleTitleFactors influencing the relation between extraversion and pleasant affect Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 1039–1056 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1039 Occurrence Handle11138753

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lucas A.E. Clark Y. Georgellis E. Diener (2004) ArticleTitleUnemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction Psychological Science 15 8–13 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01501002.x Occurrence Handle14717825

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lucas A.E. Clark Y. Georgellis E. Diener (2003) ArticleTitleRe-examining adaptation and the setpoint model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 537–539 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Lucas E. Diener E.M. Suh (1996) ArticleTitleDiscriminant validity of well-being measures Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 616–628 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616 Occurrence Handle8831165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Lyubomirsky L. Ross (1999) ArticleTitleChanges in attractiveness of elected, rejected, and precluded alternatives: A comparison of happy and unhappy individuals Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76 988–1007 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.988 Occurrence Handle10402682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Lyubomirsky K.L. Tucker (1998) ArticleTitleImplications of individual differences in subjective happiness for perceiving, interpreting, and thinking about life events Motivation and Emotion 22 155–186 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1021396422190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky S., L. King and E. Diener: 2002, Happiness is a Good Thing: A Theory of the Benefits of Positive Affect. Unpublished paper, University of California at Riverside

  • K. Magnus E. Diener F. Fujita W. Pavot (1993) ArticleTitleExtraversion and neuroticism as predictors for objective life events: A longitudinal analysis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 1046–1053 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1046 Occurrence Handle8246112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H.R. Markus S. Kitayama (1994) The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior S. Kitayama H.R. Markus (Eds) Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Emotional Influences American Psychological Association Washington D.C 89–131

    Google Scholar 

  • C. McFarland M. Ross N. DeCourville (1987) ArticleTitleWomen’s theories of menstruation and biases in recall of menstrual symptoms Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 522–531 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. McKnight E. Hebner S. Suldo (2002) ArticleTitleRelationships among stressful life events, temperament, problem behavior, and global life satisfaction in adolescents Psychology in the Schools 39 677–687 Occurrence Handle10.1002/pits.10062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Newcomb P.M. Bentler C. Collins (1986) ArticleTitleAlcohol use and dissatisfaction with self and life: A longitudinal analysis of young adults Journal of Drug Issues 63 479–94

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Oettingen M.E.P. Seligman (1990) ArticleTitlePessimism and behavioral signs of depression in East versus West Berlin European Journal of Social Psychology 20 207–220

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Oishi (2002) ArticleTitleThe experiencing and remembering of well-being: A cross-cultural analysis Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28 1398–1406

    Google Scholar 

  • Oishi S.: 2004, On-line Versus Retrospective Recall of Emotions in the Prediction of the Longevity of Dating Relationships. University of Virginia. Unpublished manuscript

  • S. Oishi E. Diener (2001) ArticleTitleGoals, culture, and subjective well-being Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 1674–1682

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Ortony G.L. Clore A. Collins (1988) The Cognitive Structure of Emotions Cambridge University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • W. Pavot E. Diener R. Colvin E. Sandvik (1991) ArticleTitleFurther validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures Journal of Personality Assessment 57 149–161 Occurrence Handle1920028

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. Peterson M.E. Seligman (1984) ArticleTitleCausal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence Psychological Review 91 347–374 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-295X.91.3.347 Occurrence Handle6473583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. Peterson S.F. Maier M.E.P. Seligman (1993) Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control Oxford University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • H.T. Reis S.L. Gable (2000) Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience H.T. Reis C.M. Judd (Eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology Cambridge University Press New York 190–222

    Google Scholar 

  • H.T. Reis S.L. Gable (2003) Toward a positive psychology of relationships C.M.L. Keyes J. Haidt (Eds) Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived American Psychological Association Washington, DC 129–159

    Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Robinson (2000) ArticleTitleRunning from William James’ bear: A review of preattentive mechanisms and their contributions to emotional experience Cognition and Emotion 12 667–696

    Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Robinson G.L. Clore (2002) ArticleTitleEpisodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: Evidence for two judgment processes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 198–215 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.83.1.198 Occurrence Handle12088126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.D. Robinson J.T. Johnson S.A. Shields (1998) ArticleTitleThe gender heuristic and the database: Factors affecting the perception of gender-related differences in the experience and display of emotions Basic and Applied Social Psychology 20 206–219 Occurrence Handle10.1207/15324839851036688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Ross A.E. Wilson (2000) Constructing and appraising past selves D.L. Schacter E. Scarry (Eds) Memory, Brain, and Belief Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA 231–258

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Rozin E.B. Royzman (2001) ArticleTitleNegativity bias, negativity domains, and contagion Personality and Social Psychology Review 5 296–320 Occurrence Handle10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Rusting R.J. Larsen (1997) ArticleTitleExtraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative affect; A test of two theoretical models Personality and Individual Differences 22 607–612 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00246-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Sandvik E. Diener L. Seidlitz (1993) ArticleTitleSubjective well-being: The convergence and stability of self-report and non-self report measures Journal of Personality 61 317–342

    Google Scholar 

  • U. Schimmack E. Diener S. Oishi (2002) ArticleTitleLife-satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: The use of chronically accessible and stable sources Journal of Personality 70 345–384 Occurrence Handle12049164

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U. Schimmack S. Oishi E. Diener E. Suh (2000) ArticleTitleFacets of affective experiences: A framework for investigations of trait affect Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 655–668

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Schwarz F. Strack (1999) Reports of subjective well-being: Judgmental processes and their methodological implications D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz (Eds) Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 61–84

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Schwarz (1996) Cognition and Communication: Judgmental Biases, Research Methods, and the Logic of Conversation Erlbaum Hillsdale N.J

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Schwarz G.L. Clore (1983) ArticleTitleMood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 513–523 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.45.4.884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Schwarz B. Scheuring (1988) ArticleTitleJudgments of relationship satisfaction: Inter- and intraindividual comparisons as a function of questionnaire structure European Journal of Social Psychology 18 485–496

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Schwarz F. Strack D. Kommer D. Wagner (1987) ArticleTitleSoccer, rooms, and the quality of your life: Mood effects on judgments of satisfaction with life in general and with specific domains European Journal of Social Psychology 17 69–79

    Google Scholar 

  • C.N. Scollon C. Kim-Prieto E. Diener (2004) ArticleTitleStrengths and weaknesses of the experience sampling technique Journal of Happiness Studies 4 5–34 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1023605205115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Seidlitz E. Diener (1998) ArticleTitleSex differences in the recall of affective experiences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 262–271 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.262 Occurrence Handle9457787

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.E.P. Seligman (1995) The Optimistic Child Harper Collins New York

    Google Scholar 

  • M.E.P. Seligman (2002) Authentic Happiness Free Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Smith P. Razzell (1975) The Pools’ Winners Calibon Books London

    Google Scholar 

  • J Smith W Fleeson B Geiselmann R.A. Settersten SuffixJr U Kunzmann (1999) ‘Sources of well-being in very old age’ P.B. Baltes K.U. Mayer (Eds) The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 Cambridge University Press New York 450–471

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Strack L. Martin N. Schwarz (1988) ArticleTitlePriming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction European Journal of Social Psychology 18 429–442

    Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Suh E. Diener F.D. Fujita (1996) ArticleTitleEvents and subjective well-being: Only recent events matter Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 1091–1102 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1091 Occurrence Handle8656337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E.M. Suh E. Diener S. Oishi H.C. Triandis (1998) ArticleTitleThe shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 482–493 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Tamir M. Robinson (2004) ArticleTitleKnowing good from bad: The paradox of neuroticism, negative affect, and evaluative processing Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 913–925 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.913 Occurrence Handle15598114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Tamir M. Robinson G. Clore (2002) ArticleTitleThe epistemic benefits of trait-consistent mood states: An analysis of extraversion and mood Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 663–677 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0022-3514.83.3.663 Occurrence Handle12219861

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Tellegen D.T. Lykken T.J. Bouchard K.J. Wilcox N.J. Segal S. Rich (1988) ArticleTitlePersonality similarity in twins reared apart and together Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 1031–1039 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1031 Occurrence Handle3397862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H. Tennen G. Affleck (2002) Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding C.R. Snyder S.J. Lopez (Eds) Handbook of Positive Psychology Oxford University Press New York 584–597

    Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Thomas E. Diener (1990) ArticleTitleMemory accuracy in the recall of emotions Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59 291–297 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. Veenhoven (1993) Happiness in Nations: Subjective Appreciation of Life in 55 Nations RISBO Rotterdam 1986–1990

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Winkielman B. Knaeuper N. Schwarz (1998) ArticleTitleLooking back at anger: Reference periods change the interpretation of emotion frequency questions Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 719–728 Occurrence Handle10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.719 Occurrence Handle9781408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Wirtz J. Kruger C.N. Scollon E. Diener (2004) ArticleTitleWhat to do on spring break? Predicting future choice from online versus recalled affect Psychological Science 14 520–524 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-9280.03455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Zelenski R.J. Larsen (1999) ArticleTitleSusceptibility to affect: A comparison of three personality taxonomies Journal of Personality 67 761–791 Occurrence Handle10.1111/1467-6494.00072 Occurrence Handle10540757

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Zullig R.T. Valois E.S. Huebner J.E. Oeltmann W. Drane (2001) ArticleTitleRelationship between perceived life satisfaction and adolescents’ substance abuse Journal of Adolescent Health 29 279–288 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00269-5 Occurrence Handle11587912

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 108628, USA

    Chu Kim-Prieto

  2. University of Illinois and Gallop Organization, USA

    Ed Diener

  3. Stanford University, USA

    Maya Tamir

  4. Texas Christian University, USA

    Christie Scollon

  5. University of Utah, USA

    Marissa Diener

Authors
  1. Chu Kim-Prieto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ed Diener
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Maya Tamir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christie Scollon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marissa Diener
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kim-Prieto, C., Diener, E., Tamir, M. et al. Integrating The Diverse Definitions of Happiness: A Time-Sequential Framework of Subjective Well-Being. J Happiness Stud 6, 261–300 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-7226-8

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-7226-8

Key words

Search

Navigation