Abstract
Communities across the United States are increasing efforts to find and count homeless youth. This paper presents findings and lessons learned from a community/academic partnership to count homeless youth and conduct an in depth research survey focused on the health needs of this population. Over a 4 week recruitment period, 632 youth were counted and 420 surveyed. Methodological successes included an extended counting period, broader inclusion criteria to capture those in unstable housing, use of student volunteers in health training programs, recruiting from magnet events for high risk youth, and partnering with community agencies to disseminate findings. Strategies that did not facilitate recruitment included respondent driven sampling, street canvassing beyond known hotspots, and having community agencies lead data collection. Surveying was successful in gathering data on reasons for homelessness, history in public systems of care, mental health history and needs, sexual risk behaviors, health status, and substance use. Youth were successfully surveyed across housing types including shelters or transitional housing (n = 205), those in unstable housing such as doubled up with friends or acquaintances (n = 75), and those who were literally on the streets or living in a place not meant for human habitation (n = 140). Most youth completed the self-report survey and provided detailed information about risk behaviors. Recommendations to combine research data collection with counting are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Childress, S., Reitzel, L. R., Santa Maria, D., Kendzor, D. E., Moisiuc, A., & Businelle, M. S. (2015). Mental illness and substance use problems in relation to homelessness onset. American Journal of Health Behavior, 39, 549–555.
The National Alliance to End Homelessness. (2012). An emerging framework for ending unaccompanied youth homelessness NAEH typology. http://www.endhomelessness.org/page/-/files/4486_file_An_Emerging_Framework_for_Ending_Unaccompanied_Youth_Homelessness.pdf.
Ha, Y., Narendorf, S. C., Maria, D. S., & Bezette-Flores, N. (2015). Barriers and facilitators to shelter utilization among homeless young adults. Evaluation and Program Planning, 53, 25–33.
Burt, M. R. (2007). Understanding homeless youth: Numbers, characteristics, multisystem involvement, and intervention options. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
Thompson, S. J., Bender, K., Windsor, L., Cook, M. S., & Williams, T. (2010). Homeless youth: Characteristics, contributing factors, and service options. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(2), 193–217.
Troisi, C. L., D’Andrea, R., Grier, G., & Williams, S. (2015). Enhanced methodologies to enumerate persons experiencing homelessness in a large urban area. Evaluation Review, 39(5), 480–500.
Pergamit, M., Cunningham, M., Burt, M., Lee, P., Howell, B., & Bertumen, K. (2013). Counting homeless youth: Promising practices from the Youth Count! initiative. http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/412876-Counting-Homeless-Youth.PDF.
Chicago Department of Family and Support Services & Chicago Task Force on Homeless Youth. (2014). 2013 Survey of unstably housed youth in Chicago: Summary of findings. http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/fss/supp_info/Policy/2013HomelessYouthSurvey.pdf.
King Count Committee to End Homelessness. (2015). Count us in: King county’s point-in-time count of homeless & unstably housed young people. http://www.kingcounty.gov/socialservices/Housing/ServicesAndPrograms/Programs/Homeless/HomelessYouthandYoungAdults.aspx.
Bender, K., Thompson, S., Ferguson, K., Yoder, J., & Deprince, A. (2015). Risk detection and self-protection among homeless youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(2), 352–365.
Brown, S. M., Begun, S., Bender, K., Ferguson, K. M., & Thomspons, S. J. (2015). An exploratory factor analysis of coping styles and relationship to depression among a sample of homeless youth. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(7), 818–827.
Minkler, M. (2010). Linking science and policy through community-based participatory research to study and address health disparities. The American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 81–88.
Santa Maria, D., Narendorf, S., Bezette-Flores, N., & Ha, Y. (2015). “Then You Fall Off”: Experiences and responses to transitioning to homelessness in youth and young adults. Journal of Family Strengths, 15(1), 5.
Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Kawkins, J., Harris, W. A., et al. (2014). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ, 63(4), 1–168.
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use: 1975–2014: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., et al. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184–189.
Cohen, S., Kamarck., T., & Mermelstein., R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.
Narendorf, S., Santa Maria, D., & Cooper, J. (2015). YouthCount 2.0!: Full report of findings. Houston, TX. http://www.uh.edu/socialwork/_docs/Research/FINAL%20REPORT%20YOUTH%20COUNT%202.0.pdf.
Kraus, M., Morgan, C., & Matteson, P. (2002). Razoo health: A community-based nursing education initiative. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(7), 304–310.
Bassi, S. (2011). Undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions of service-learning through a school-based community project. Nursing Education Perspectives, 32(3), 162–167.
Brosnan, C., Upchurch, S., Meininger, J., Hester, L., Johnson, G., & Eissa, M. (2005). Student nurses participate in a public health research and practice through a school-based screening program. Public Health Nursing, 22(3), 260–266. doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220310.x.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Greater Houston Community Foundation, Fund to End Homelessness. Special thanks to social work and nursing students that assisted with data collection, the homeless youth network, and our community advisory group members
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Narendorf, S.C., Santa Maria, D.M., Ha, Y. et al. Counting and Surveying Homeless Youth: Recommendations from YouthCount 2.0!, a Community–Academic Partnership. J Community Health 41, 1234–1241 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0210-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0210-x