Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Consideration of Risk and Protective Factors for Families at Risk for Child Maltreatment: An Intervention Approach

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Family Violence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Child maltreatment is associated with a complex interplay of risk and protective factors. Intervention service decisions for child maltreatment need an empirically-supported approach integrating targeted risk and protective factors. A literature review led to the proposed approach to address the interplay between risk (intimate partner violence; IPV and depression) and protective factors (social support and family resources) to help guide decision-making in home-based prevention services for vulnerable families. This approach suggests that social support and family resources are two pivotal protective factors in buffering against child maltreatment potential, while addressing core risk factors. This approach is consistent with research suggesting that home-based parenting programs should target central risk and protective factors in child maltreatment. Application of this approach can guide training of providers delivering home-based services and support decision-making. Future research is warranted to test this approach in empirically-supported interventions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alaggia, R., Gadalla, T. M., Shlonsky, A., Jenney, A., & Daciuk, J. (2015). Does differential response make a difference: Examining domestic violence cases in child protection services. Child and Family Social Work, 20, 83–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ammerman, R. T., Putnam, F. W., Altaye, M., Chen, L., Holleb, L. J., Stevens, J., et al. (2009). Changes in depressive symptoms in first time mothers in home visitation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 127–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulman, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 235–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagner, D. M., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Father involvement in parent training: When does it matter? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 599–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bair-Merritt, M. H., Ghazarian, S. R., Burrell, L., & Duggan, A. (2012). Patterns of intimate partner violence in mothers at-risk for child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 27, 287–294.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, M. S., & Barber, J. P. (2007). Interpersonal profiles in major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 247–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, R. P. (2009). Preventing child abuse and neglect with parent training: Evidence and opportunities. The Future of Children, 19, 95–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beasley, L. O., Silovsky, J. F., Ridings, L. E., Smith, T. J., & Owora, A. (2014). Understanding program engagement and attrition in child abuse prevention. Journal of Family Strengths, 14, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeble, M. L., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., & Adams, A. E. (2009). Main, mediating, and moderating effects of social support on the well-being of survivors of intimate partner violence across 2 years. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 718–729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35, 320–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental–ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 413–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, M. L., & Fox, G. L. (2004). When violence hits home: How economics and neighborhood play a role. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Kaufman, J. S., Lo, B., & Zonderman, A. B. (2012). Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 959–975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blatt-Eisengart, I., Drabick, D. A. G., Monahan, K. C., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Sex differences in the longitudinal relations among family risk factors and childhood externalizing symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 45, 491–502.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, K., & Bergen, B. (2006). The influence of supportive and nonsupportive persons in helping rural women in abusive partner relationships become free from abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 21, 311–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan, A. M., Manteuffel, B., Holden, E. W., & Heflinger, C. A. (2006). Use of the family resource scale in children's mental health: Reliability and validity among economically diverse samples. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 182–197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzawa, E. S., & Buzawa, C. G. (2013). What does research suggest are the primary risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and what is the role of economic factors? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 32, 128–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffin, M. (2004). Is it time to rethink healthy start/healthy families? Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 589–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffin, M., & Bard, D. (2011). Changes in parental depression symptoms during family preservation services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 448–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffin, M., Kelleher, K., & Hollenberg, J. (1996). Onset of physical abuse and neglect: Risk factors from prospective community data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 191–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffin, M., Bonner, B. L., & Hill, R. (2001). Family preservation and family support programs: Child maltreatment outcomes across client risk levels and program types. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1269–1289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffin, M., Silovsky, J. F., Funderburk, B., Valle, L. A., Brestan, E. V., Balachova, T., et al. (2004). Parent-child interaction therapy with physically abusive parents: Efficacy for reducing future abuse reports. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 500–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, A. T., Pineda, A. S., DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2011). Vulnerability and protective factors for child abuse and maltreatment. Violence against women and children,. In Mapping the terrain (Vol. vol 1, pp. 55–75). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coker, A., Derrick, C., Lumpkin, J., Aldrich, T., & Oldendick, R. (2000). Help-seeking for intimate partner violence and forced sex in South Carolina. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19, 316–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coker, A. L., Watkins, K. W., Smith, P. H., & Brandt, H. M. (2003). Social support reduces the impact of partner violence on health: Application of structural equation models. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 37, 259–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2003). Differential effects of support providers on adolescents' mental health. Social Work Research, 27, 19–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Counts, J. M., Buffington, E. S., Chang-Rios, K., Rasmussen, H. N., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). The development and validation of the protective factors survey: A self-report measure of protective factors against child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 762–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, E. M., & Hines, D. A. (2011). The helpseeking experiences of men who sustain intimate partner violence: An overlooked population and implications for practice. Journal of Family Violence, 26, 473–485.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, E. M., Hines, D. A., & McCarthy, S. C. (2012). Men who sustain female-to-male partner violence: Factors associated with where they seek help and how they rate those resources. Violence and Victims, 27, 871–894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. K., McFarlane, E. C., Windham, A. M., Rohde, C. A., Salkever, D. S., Fuddy, L. R., et al. (1999). Evaluation of Hawaii’s healthy start program. The Future of Children, 9, 66–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A., Fuddy, L., Burrell, L., Higman, S. M., McFarlane, E., Windham, A., et al. (2004). Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuse: Impact in reducing parental risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 623–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A., Caldera, D., Rodriguez, K., Burrell, L., Rohde, C., & Crowne, S. (2007). Impact of a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 801–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., & Leet, H. E. (1987). Measuring the adequacy of resources in households with young children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 13, 111–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunst, C. J., Leet, H. E., & Trivette, C. M. (1988). Family resources, personal well-being, and early intervention. The Journal of Special Education, 22, 108–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duterte, E. E., Bonomi, A. E., Kernic, M. A., Schiff, M. A., Thompson, R. S., & Rivara, F. P. (2008). Correlates of medical and legal help seeking among women reporting intimate partner violence. Journal of Women's Health, 17, 85–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckenrode, J., Ganzel, B., Henderson, C. R., Smith, E., Old, D. L., Powers, J., et al. (2001). Preventing child abuse and neglect with a program of nurse home visitation: The limiting effects of domestic violence. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 1385–1391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bassel, N., Gilbert, L., Rajah, V., Folleno, A., & Frye, V. (2001). Social support among women in methadone treatment who experience partner violence: Isolation and male con- trolling behavior. Violence Against Women, 7, 246–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filene, J. H., Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., & Cachat, P. (2013). Components associated with home visiting program outcomes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 132, 100–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., Ormod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2010). Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, 323–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fortin, I., Guay, S., Lavoie, V., Boisvert, J., & Beaudry, M. (2012). Intimate partner violence and psychological distress among young couples: Analysis of the moderating effect of social support. Journal of Family Violence, 27, 63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, D. N., & Hill, H. M. (2004). Social support and spirituality as culturally relevant factors in coping among African American women survivors of partner abuse. Violence Against Women, 10, 1267–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J. (1983). Social support networks: RX for the helping professionals. In J. Whittaker & J. Garbarino (Eds.), Social support networks: Informal helping in the human services (pp. 3–28). New York: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilroy, H., Symes, L., & McFarlane, J. (2015). Economic solvency in the context of violence against women: A concept analysis. Health & Social Care in the Community, 23, 97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Go, V. F., Johnson, S. C., Bentley, M. E., Sivaram, S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Celentano, D. D., et al. (2003). Crossing the threshold: Engendered definitions of socially acceptable domestic violence in Chennai, India. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 5, 393–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, J. M. (1999). Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Violence, 14, 99–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham-Bermann, S. A., & Seng, J. (2005). Violence exposure and traumatic stress symptoms as additional predictors of health problems in high-risk children. Journal of Pediatrics, 146, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hage, S. M. (2006). Profiles of women survivors: The development of agency in abusive relationships. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84, 83–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazen, A. L., Connelly, C. D., Kelleher, K., Landsverk, J., & Barth, R. (2004). Intimate partner violence among female caregivers of children reported for child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 301–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Moylan, C. A. (2008). Intersection of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 9, 84–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibarra-Rovillard, M., & Kuiper, N. A. (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 342–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P. (2000). Conflict and control: Images of symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & M. Clements (Eds.), Couples in conflict (pp. 178–204). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. (2005). Domestic violence: It’s not about gender—Or is it? Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1126–1130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. (2006). Conflict and control: Gender symmetry and asymmetry in domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 12, 1003–1018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., & Leone, J. M. (2005). The differential effects of intimate terrorism and situational couple violence: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. Journal of Family Issues, 26, 322–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiernan, K. E., & Huerta, M. C. (2008). Economic deprivation, maternal depression, parenting, and children’s cognitive and emotional development in early childhood. The British Journal of Sociology, 59, 783–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klevens, J., & Whittaker, D. J. (2007). Primary prevention of child physical abuse and neglect: Gaps and promising directions. Child Maltreatment, 12, 364–377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, J. M., & Addis, M. E. (2005). Male gender role conflict and patterns of help seeking in Costa Rica and the United States. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 155–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leahy-Warren, P., McCarthy, G., & Corcoran, P. (2012). First-time mothers: Social support, maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 388–397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leone, J. M., Johnson, M. P., & Cohan, L. C. (2007). Victim help seeking: Differences between intimate terrorism and situational couple violence. Family Relations, 56, 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, F., Godinet, M. T., & Arnsberger, P. (2011). Protective factors among families with children at risk of maltreatment: Follow up to early school years. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 139–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loman, L. A. (2006). Families frequently encountered by child protection services: A report on chronic abuse and neglect. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Applied Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutzker, J. R., & Bigelow, K. M. (2002). Reducing child maltreatment: A guidebook for parent services. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, L. A., Kaslow, N. J., Thompson, M. P., & Jurkovic, G. J. (2005). Protective factors against suicide attempt risk among African American women experiencing intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 109–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, D. H. (2009). Child abuse potential: Correlates with child maltreatment rates and structural measures of neighborhoods. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 927–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messing, J. T., Mohr, R., & Durfee, A. (2015). Intimate partner violence and women’s experiences of grief. Child & Family Social Work, 20, 30–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, S. T. (2006). The changing of the gods: Abused Christian wives and their hermeneutic revision of gender, power, and spousal conduct. Qualitative Sociology, 29, 195–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negron, R., Martin, A., Almog, M., Balbierz, A., & Howell, E. A. (2013). Social support during the postpartum period: Mothers’ views on needs, expectations, and mobilization of support. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17, 616–623.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nezlek, J. B., Kowalski, R. M., Leary, M. R., Blevins, T., & Holgate, S. (1997). Personality moderators of reactions to interpersonal rejection: Depression and trait self- esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1235–1244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Campo, P., McDonnell, K., Gielen, A., Burke, J., & Chen, Y. (2002). Surviving physical and sexual abuse: What helps low-income women? Patient Education and Counseling, 46, 205–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paranjape, A., Heron, S., & Kaslow, N. J. (2006). Utilization of services by abused, low-income African-American women. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 189–192.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, L. J., Aarons, G. A., Dubowitz, H., English, D. J., Lewis, T., Thompson, R., et al. (2012). Trajectories of maltreatment re-reports from ages 4 to 12: Evidence for persistent risk after early exposure. Child Maltreatment, 17, 207–217.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramchandani, P. G., Psychogiou, L., Vlachos, H., Iles, J., Sethna, V., Netsi, E., et al. (2011). Paternal depression: An examination of its links with father, child and family functioning in the postnatal period. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 471–477.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, K. D. (2007). Perceived criticism only matters when it comes from those you live with. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 1171–1179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, L. E., Campbell, J., & Kub, J. (2000). The role of social support and family relationships in women’s responses to battering. Health Care for Women International, 21, 27–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, S. (2009). Escaping symbolic entrapment, maintaining social identities. Social Problems, 56, 267–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, S. (2014). Resisting religious coercive control. Violence Against Women, 20, 1407–1427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Prout, J. T., O’Rourke, F., Lane, T. J., & Kovacs, M. (2011). Socialization of emotion and offspring internalizing symptoms in mothers with childhood-onset depression. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 127–136.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Silovsky, J. F., Bard, D., Chaffin, M., Hecht, D., Burris, L., Owora, A., et al. (2011). Prevention of child maltreatment in high-risk rural families: A randomized clinical trial with child welfare outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 1435–1444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staggs, S. L., Long, S. M., Mason, G. E., Krishnan, S., & Riger, S. (2007). Intimate partner violence, social support, and employment in the post-welfare reform era. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 345–367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, E. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, M. B., & Kennedy, C. (2001). Major depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity in female victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66, 133–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stotland, N. L. (2000). Tug of war: Domestic abuse and the misuse of religion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 696–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strega, S., Fleet, C., Brown, L., Dorninelli, L., Callahan, M., & Walmsley, C. (2008). Connecting father absence and mother blame in child welfare policies and practice. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 705–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, C., Basta, J., Sullivan, C. M., & Davidson, W. (1995). The role of social support in the lives of women exiting domestic violence shelters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 437–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon, S. D., Mercer, C. D., Saylor, E. L., & Duggan, A. K. (2008). Paraprofessional home visitors' perspectives on addressing poor mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence: A qualitative study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 23, 419–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P., Matsuda, M., Greenman, S. J., Augustyn, M. B., Henry, K. L., Smith, C. A., et al. (2014). Adolescent risk factors for child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 706–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timko, C., Cronkite, R. C., Berg, E. A., & Moos, R. H. (2002). Children of parents with unipolar depression: A comparison of stably remitted, partially remitted, and nonremitted parents and nondepressed controls. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 32, 165–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, V., Cheung, M., & Leung, P. (2010). Help-seeking among male victims of partner abuse: Men’s hard times. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 769–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau. (2013). Child Maltreatment 2012. Available from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.

  • Van Horn, M. L., Bellis, J. M., & Snyder, S. W. (2001). Family resources scale: Psychometrics and validation of a measure of family resources in a sample of low-income families. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 19, 54–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Zhao, X., Liu, L., & Ma, X. (2012). Family functioning, social support, and depression in Chinese population. Psychopathology, 45, 334–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, A. L., & Abel, K. M. (2006). Domestic violence and its impact on mood disorder in women: Implications for mental health workers. In D. J. Castle, J. Kulkarni, & K. M. Abel (Eds.), Mood and anxiety disorders in women (pp. 92–115). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Watlington, C. G., & Murphy, C. M. (2006). The roles of spirituality and religion among African American survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 837–857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, D. A. (2011). Risk factors for child abuse perpetration. In J. W. White, M. P. Koss, & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Mapping the terrain (Vol. 1): Violence against women and children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshioka, K., Gilbert, L., El-Bassel, N., & Baig-Amin, M. (2003). Social support and disclosure of abuse: Comparing south Asian, African American, and Hispanic battered women. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young-Wolff, K., Hellmuth, J. C., Jaquier, V., Swan, S. C., Connell, C. M., & Sullivan, T. P. (2013). Patterns of resource utilization and mental health symptoms among women exposed to multiple types of victimization: A latent class analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 3059–3083.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnick, C., Johnson, D. M., & Kohn, R. (2006). Intimate partner violence and long-term psychosocial functioning in a national sample of American women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 262–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the contributions of Georgi Roberts to this manuscript and thank her for her assistance. We also want to thank Arthur Owora, David Bard, and Som Bohora for their contributions and support toward this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oklahoma State University, 116 North Murray, Stillwater, 74078, OK, USA

    Leigh E. Ridings

  2. Oklahoma State University, 328D Human Sciences, Stillwater, 74078, OK, USA

    Lana O. Beasley

  3. Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 NE 13th Street, Suite 4900, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK, USA

    Jane F. Silovsky

Authors
  1. Leigh E. Ridings
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lana O. Beasley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jane F. Silovsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jane F. Silovsky.

Additional information

Leigh E. Ridings, Oklahoma State University; Lana O. Beasley, Oklahoma State University and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Jane F. Silovsky, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ridings, L.E., Beasley, L.O. & Silovsky, J.F. Consideration of Risk and Protective Factors for Families at Risk for Child Maltreatment: An Intervention Approach. J Fam Viol 32, 179–188 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9826-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9826-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation