Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Speaking for Themselves: Hope for Children Caught in High Conflict Custody and Access Disputes Involving Domestic Violence

  • PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR AT-RISK CHILDREN
  • Published:
Journal of Family Violence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Speaking for Themselves (SFT) project sought to enhance the physical, emotional, and psychological safety of children exposed to domestic violence and high conflict custody and access disputes. Children were provided with both a trauma therapist and a lawyer, in an attempt to ensure their well-being while providing decision-makers with reliable and authentic information about these children’s circumstances. This project was an attempt to balance the “best interests” approach applied in family law decision-making with the value placed on a child’s right to be heard, an approach espoused by children’s rights advocates. This article presents the SFT philosophy, model program, and evaluation results.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. We use domestic violence, domestic abuse, family violence, and abuse interchangeably.

  2. Throughout this paper these terms are referred to as custody and access/parenting or one or the other alone. Parenting is the language of Alberta’s Family Law Act; custody and access appears in Canada’s divorce legislation and case law.

References

  • Alberta Roundtable on Family Violence and Bullying. (2004). Finding solutions together. Retrieved from: http://www.child.alberta.ca/home/documents/familyviolence/rpt_opfvb_finding_solutions_low.pdf

  • Anda, R. F., Felitti, R. F., Walker, J., Whitfield, C., Bremner, D. J., & Perry, B. D. (2006). The enduring effects of childhood abuse and related experiences: a convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatric and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186. doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoub, C., Deutsch, R., & Maraganore, A. (1999). Emotional distress in children of high-conflict divorce: the impact of marital conflict and violence. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 37(3), 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, O., Miller-Perrin, C., & Perrin, R. (2005). Intimate partner violence: Abusive partners. In O. Barnett, C. Miller-Perrin, & R. Perrin (Eds.), Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction (2nd ed., pp. 314–344). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaum, R. (2006). Rendering children invisible: The forces at play during separation and divorce in the context of family violence. In R. Alaggia & C. Vine (Eds.), Cruel but not unusual: Violence in the Canadian family (pp. 267–324). Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnbaum, R. (2009). The voice of the child in separation/divorce mediation and other alternative dispute resolution processes: A literature review. Retrieved from Department of Justice Canada website: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/fcy-fea/lib-bib/rep-rap/2009/vcsdm-pvem/pdf/vcsdm-pvem.pdf

  • Birnbaum, R., & Moyal, D. (2003). How social workers and lawyers collaborate to promote resolution in the interests of children: the interface between law in theory and law in action. Canadian Family Law Quarterly, 21(3), 379–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boshier, P., & Steel-Baker, D. (2007). Invisible parties: listening to children. Family Court Review, 45(4), 548–559. doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2007.00170.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bream, V., & Buchanan, A. (2003). Distress among children whose separated or divorced parents cannot agree arrangements for them. British Journal of Social Work, 33(2), 227–238. doi:10.1093/bjsw/33.2.227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briere, J. (1996). Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownridge, D. (2006). Violence against women post-separation. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 11(5), 514–530. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brownridge, D., Chan, K., Hiebert-Murphy, D., Ristock, J., Tiwari, A., Leung, W., et al. (2008). The elevated risk for non-lethal post-separation violence in Canada: a comparison of separated, divorced and married women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(1), 117–135. doi:10.1177/0886260507307914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, H., Holt, S., & Whelan, S. (2007). Listen to me! Children’s experiences of domestic violence. Child Abuse Review, 16(5), 296–310. doi:10.1002/car.995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cashmore, J., & Parkinson, P. (2007). What responsibility do courts have to hear children’s voices? International Journal of Children’s Rights, 15(1), 43–60. doi:10.1163/092755607X181694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, A., Baker, L. (2004). What about me: Seeking to understand a child's view of violence in the family. Retrieved from Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System website: http://www.lfcc.on.ca/what_about_me.pdf

  • Dalton, C., Carbon, S., & Olesen, N. (2003). High conflict divorce, violence, and abuse: implications for custody and visitation decisions. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 54(4), 11–33. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2003.tb00084.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, G., Murch, M., & Perry, A. (1996). Supporting children when parents separate – A neglected family justice or mental health issue? Child & Family Law Quarterly, 8(2), 121–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, G., Murch, M., Robinson, M., Scanlan, L., & Butler, I. (2001). Children’s perspectives and experience of the divorce process. Family Law, 31, 373–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyne, S., Bowermaster, J., Meloy, J., Dutton, D., Jaffe, P., Temko, S., et al. (1999). Custody disputes involving domestic violence: making children’s needs a priority. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 50(2), 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.1999.tb00795.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elrod, L. (2002). Reforming the system to protect children in high conflict custody cases. William Mitchell Law Review, 28(2), 495–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elrod, L. (2007). Client-directed lawyers for children: is the “right” thing to do. Pace Law Review, 27(4), 869–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. (2003). Children’s Voices: listening and deciding is an adult responsibility. Arizona Law Review, 45(3), 621–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felitti, V. J. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult health. Academic Pediatrics, 9(3), 131–132. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2009.03.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamache, S. (2005). Collaborative practice: a new opportunity to address children’s best interest in divorce. Louisiana Law Review, 65(4), 1455–1487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz, A. H., & Edleson, J. L. (2007). Young children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: towards a developmental risk and resilience framework for research and intervention. Journal of Family Violence, 22(3), 151–163. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9065-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, B. M. A. (1999). Mental health services for children who witness domestic violence. The Future of Children, 9(3), 122–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grych, J. H. (2005). Interparental conflict as a risk factor for child maladjustment: implications for the development of prevention programs. Family Court Review, 43(1), 97–108. doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2005.00010.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hensley, D. (2006). Role and responsibilities of counsel for the Child in Alberta: a practitioner’s perspective and a response to Professor Bala. Alberta Law Review, 43(4), 871–904.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensley, D., & Dunbar, J. (2011). Speaking for themselves: A pilot program balancing children’s rights and best interests in high-conflict families. In S. Anand (Ed.), Children and the law: Essays in honour of Professor Nicholas Bala (pp. 224–237). Toronto: Irwin Law.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, G. W. (2003). Children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse: terminology and taxonomy. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 151–160. doi:10.1023/A:1024906315255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: a review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797–810. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hotton, T. (2001). Spousal violence after marital separation (Juristat Catalogue No. 85-002-XIE). Retrieved from: http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/85-002-XIE/0070185-002-XIE.pdf

  • Jaffe, P. G., Crooks, C. V., & Poisson, S. E. (2003). Common misconceptions in addressing domestic violence in child custody disputes. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 54(4), 57–67. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2003.tb00086.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe, P., Crooks, C. V., & Bala, N. (2008). Domestic violence and child custody disputes: The need for a new framework for the family court. In J. Ursel, L. M. Tutty, & J. Lemaistre (Eds.), What’s law got to do with it? The law, specialized courts and domestic violence in Canada (pp. 254–271). Toronto: Cormorant Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. (2000). Children’s Adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: a decade review of research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(8), 963–973. doi:10.1097/00004583-200008000-00007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. (2002). Psychological and legal interventions for parents and children in custody and access disputes: current research and practice. Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law, 10(1), 129–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. B., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Children’s Adjustment following divorce: risk and resilience perspectives. Family Relations, 52(4), 352–362. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00352.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzmann, K., Gaylord, N., Holt, A., & Kenny, E. (2003). Children witnesses to domestic violence: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339–352. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lansford, J. (2009). Parental divorce and children’s adjustment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 140–152. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01114.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levendosky, A. A., Huth-Bocks, A. C., Semel, M. A., & Shapiro, D. L. (2002). Trauma symptoms in preschool-age children exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(2), 150–164. doi:10.1177/0886260502017002003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low, N., & Murch, M. (2001). Children’s participation in the family justice system – Translating principles into practice. Child & Family Law Quarterly, 13(2), 137–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margolin, G., & Vickerman, K. A. (2007). Post-traumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 38(6), 613. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.613.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moloney, L. (2006). Child-sensitive practices in high-conflict parenting disputes: a 30-year road to serious reform. Journal of Family Studies, 12(1), 37–56. doi:10.5172/jfs.327.12.1.37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullender, A. (2004). Tackling domestic violence: Providing support for children who have witnessed domestic violence. Retrieved from The National Archives website: http://tna.europarchive.org/20100413151441/crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence47.htm

  • Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2007). Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved from: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm

  • Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: Implications for prevention and intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 161–170. doi:10.1023/A:1024958332093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. D. (2006). The neurosequential model of therapeutics: Applying principles of neuroscience to clinical work with traumatized and maltreated children. In N. Boyd Webb (Ed.), Working with traumatized youth in child welfare (pp. 27–52). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. D., & Hambrick, E. (2008). The neurosequential model of therapeutics. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 17(3), 38–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Praver, F., Pelcovitz, D., & Di Giuseppe, R. (1998). The Angie/Andy Child Rating Scales. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Public Health Agency of Canada. (2010). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect – 2008: Major findings. Retrieved from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/nfnts-cis-2008-rprt-eng.pdf

  • Ramsey, S. H. (2001). The wingspread Report and action plan: high-conflict custody cases – Reforming the system for children. Family Court Review, 39, 146–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivett, M., Howarth, E., & Harold, G. (2006). ‘Watching from the stairs’: towards an evidence-based practice in work with child witnesses of domestic violence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(1), 103–125. doi:10.1177/1359104506059131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147(6), 598–611. doi:10.1192/bjp.147.6.598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, M., & Bala, N. (2004). The role of family courts in domestic violence: The Canadian experience. In P. Jaffe, L. Baker, & A. Cunningham (Eds.), Protecting children from domestic violence: Strategies for community intervention (pp. 171–187). New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shonkoff, K. (2009). Investment in early childhood development lays the foundation for a prosperous and sustainable society. Retrieved from Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development website: http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/documents/ShonkoffANGxp.pdf

  • Spilsbury, J. C., Belliston, L., Drotar, D., Drinkard, A., Kretschmar, J., & Creeden, R. (2007). Clinically significant trauma symptoms and behavioral problems in a community-based sample of children exposed to domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 487–499. doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9113-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. (2009). Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile (Catalogue No. 85-224-X). Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/pdfs/fv-85-224-XWE-eng.pdf

  • Statistics Canada. (2011). Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile (Catalogue No. 85-224-X). Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-224-x/85-224-x2010000-eng.pdf

  • Tutty, L. (2006). Effective practices in sheltering women: Leaving violence in intimate relationships. Retrieved from YWCA of Canada website: http://ywcacanada.ca/data/publications/00000013.pdf

  • Unicef. (2008). Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved from: http://www.unicef.org/crc/

  • Van Horn, P., & McAlister Groves, B. (2006). Children exposed to domestic violence: making trauma-informed custody and visitation decisions. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 51–60. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6988.2006.tb00114.x.

  • Warshak, R. (2003). Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children. Family Relations, 52(4), 373–384. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2003.00373.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah Fotheringham.

Additional information

With the permission of Irwin Law, this paper borrows from and builds on an earlier published work entitled “Speaking for Themselves: A Pilot Program Balancing Children’s Rights and Best Interests in High-Conflict Families,” which appears in Children and the Law: Essays in Honour of Professor Nicholas Bala (ed. Sanjeev Anand, Irwin Law 2011). Excerpts quoted directly are referenced to the relevant page number of the earlier paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fotheringham, S., Dunbar, J. & Hensley, D. Speaking for Themselves: Hope for Children Caught in High Conflict Custody and Access Disputes Involving Domestic Violence. J Fam Viol 28, 311–324 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9511-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9511-3

Keywords

Navigation