Abstract
This study examined the concurrent and across-time relations between father/mother hostility and child aggression in a sample of 523 (58.7% girls) primary and secondary school children. Data were collected over a period of 3 years, in which the children’s mean age was 11.1, 12.17, and 13.19 years old, respectively. Correlational analyses and cross-sectional and longitudinal structural equation models showed significant relations between parental hostility (both father and mother) and child aggression. These relations, which mainly concerned mothers, predicted future child aggression 1 and 2 years later. Child aggression and parental hostility also elicited each other, thus providing evidence for family socialization as an interactive process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ainsworth, M. D., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1971). Individual differences in strange-situation behavior in 1-year-olds. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), The origins of human social relations. New York: Academic.
Ayala, H., Pedroza, F., Morales, S., Chaparro, A., & Barragán, N. (2002). Factores de riesgo, factores protectores y generalización del comportamiento agresivo en una muestra de niños en edad escolar. Risk factors, protector factors and generalization of aggessive behavior in a schools children sample. Salud Mental, 25, 27–40.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Barkley, R. A., Karlsson, J., Pollard, S., & Murphy, J. V. (1985). Developmental changes in the mother–child interactions of hyperactive boys: effects of two dose levels of Ritalin. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 26(5), 705–715. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb00585.x.
Barrio, V., Moreno, C., & López, R. (1997). Ecology of depression in Spanish children. European Psychologist, 2, 18–27. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.2.1.18.
Barrio, V., Moreno, C., & López, R. (2001). Evaluación de la agresión y la inestabilidad emocional en niños españoles: su relación con la depresión. Assessment of aggression and emocional instability in Spanish children: its relationship with depression. Cliníca y Salud, 12(1), 33–50.
Bierman, K. L., & Smoot, D. L. (1991). Linking family characteristics with poor peer relations: the mediating role of conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 341–356. doi:10.1007/BF00911236.
Bollen, K. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, I: attachment. London: Hogarth.
Brame, B., Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. (2001). Developmental trajectories of physical aggression from school entry to late adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 503–512. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00744.
Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1993). Early emotional instability, prosocial behaviour and aggression: some methodological aspects. European Journal of Personality, 7, 19–36. doi:10.1002/per.2410070103.
Carrasco, M. A., Holgado, P., & Del Barrio, M. V. (2007). Análisis de la estructura del cuestionario de comportamiento parental para niños (CRPBI) en población española. Structure of children’s report parenting behavior inventory (CRPBI) in Spanish population. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 24, 95–120.
Chen, X., Wu, H., Wang, L., & Cen, G. (2001). Parenting practices and aggressive behavior in Chinese children. Parenting, Science and Practice, 1, 159–184. doi:10.1207/S15327922PAR0103_01.
Collins, W. A., Harris, M. L., & Susman, A. (1995). Parenting during middle childhood. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: children and parenting, (vol. 1, pp. 65–89). New York: Erlbaum.
Cowan, P., & Cowan, C. (2002). What an intervention design reveals about how parents affect their children’s academic achievement and behavior problems. In J. Borkowski & S. Ramey (Eds.), Parenting and the child’s world: Influences on academic, intellectual, and social–emotional development (pp. 75–97). New York: Erlbaum.
Denham, S. A., Workman, E., Cole, P. M., Weissbrod, C., Kendziora, K. T., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). Prediction of externalizing behavior problems from early to middle childhood: the role of parental socialization and emotion expression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 23–45. doi:10.1017/S0954579400001024.
Dionne, G., Tremblay, R., Boivin, M., Laplante, D., & Pérusse, D. (2003). Physical aggression and expressive vocabulary in 19-month-old twins. Developmental Psychology, 39, 261–273. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.261.
Dollar, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Eisenberg, N. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241–273.
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., & Dubow, E. (1987). Aggression and its correlates over 22 years. In D. Crowell, I. Evans, & C. O’Donnell (Eds.), Childhood aggression and violence: Sources of influence, prevention, and control (pp. 249–262). New York: Plenum.
Farrington, D. P. (1986). Stepping stones to adult criminal careers. In D. Olweus, J. Blockand, & M. R. Yarrow (Eds.), Studies of psychosocial risk: The power of longitudinal data (pp. 158–183). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: key findings from the Cambridge Study in delinquency development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 929–964.
Forehand, R., & Nousiainen, S. (1993). Maternal and paternal parenting: critical dimensions in adolescent functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 213–221. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.213.
Gaylord, N. K., Kitzmann, K. M., & Coleman, J. K. (2003). Parent’s and children’s perceptions of parental behavior: associations with children’s psychosocial adjustment in the classroom. Parenting, Science and Practice, 3(1), 23–47. doi:10.1207/S15327922PAR0301_02.
Ge, X., Best, K. M., Conger, R. D., & Simons, R. L. (1996a). Parenting behaviors and the occurrence and co-occurrence of adolescent depressive symptoms and conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 32, 717–731. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.717.
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., et al. (1996b). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: a mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 574–589. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.574.
Holden, G., & Miller, P. (1999). Enduring and different: a meta-analysis of the similarity in parents’ child rearing. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 223–254. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.223.
Hollingshead, A. A. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript. New Haven: Yale University.
Huesmann, L. R., Eron, L. D., & Dubow, E. F. (2002). Childhood predictors of adult criminality: are all risk factors reflected in childhood aggressiveness. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 185–208. doi:10.1002/cbm.496.
Jöreskog, K. G. & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.7 for Windows. Linconlwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
Kerr, M., Stattin, H., Biesecker, G., & Ferrer-Wreder, L. (2003). Relationships with parents and peers in adolescence. In R. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology: developmental psychology, (vol. 6, pp. 395–419). New York: Wiley.
Lahey, B. B., & Loeber, R. (1994). Framework for a developmental model of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In D. K. Routh (Ed.), Disruptive behavior disorders in childhood. New York: Plenum.
Lahey, B., & Waldman, I. (2003). A developmental propensity model of the origins of conduct problems during childhood and adolescence. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 76–117). New York: Guildford.
Lahey, B. B., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2003). Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 76–117). New York: Guildford.
Loeber, R., & Leblanc, M. (1990). Toward a developmental criminology. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 12, 375–473.
Lundahl, B. W., Tollefson, D., Risser, H., & Lovejoy, M. (2008). A meta-analysis of father involvement in parent training. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(2), 97–106. doi:10.1177/1049731507309828.
Maccoby, E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, vol. 4 (pp. 1-102). New York: Wiley.
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). “Life-course persistent” and “adolescence limited” antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674.
Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior. A 10-year research review and a research agenda. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 49–75). New York: Guildford.
Morris, A., Silk, J., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. (2002). Temperamental vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 461–471. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00461.x.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van den Berg, S. (2003). Internalizing and externalizing problems as correlates of self-reported attachment styles and perceived parental rearing in normal adolescent. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 171–183. doi:10.1023/A:1022858715598.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Morren, M., & Moorman, L. (2004). Anger and hostility in adolescents: relationships with self-reported attachment style and perceived parental rearing styles. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 257–264. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00616-0.
Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. (1999). Trajectories of boys’ physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Development, 70, 1181–1196. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00086.
Noller, P., & Callan, V. (1990). Adolescents’ perceptions of the nature of their communication with parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19, 349–362. doi:10.1007/BF01537077.
O’Connor, T. G., Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype–environment correlations in later childhood and early adolescence: antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology, 34, 970–981. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.970.
Pagani, L., Tremblay, R., Nagin, D., Zoccolillo, M., Vitaro, F., & McDuff, P. (2004). Risk factor models for adolescent verbal and physical aggression toward mothers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 528–537. doi:10.1080/01650250444000243.
Pastorelli, C., Barbaranelli, C., Cermak, I., Rozsa, S., & Caprara, G. V. (1997). Measuring emotional instability, prosocial behaviour and aggression in pre-adolescents: a cross-national study. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(4), 691–703. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00056-1.
Patterson, G. R., Bank, L., & Stoolmiller, M. (1990). From childhood to adolescence: A transitional period. The preadolescent’s contributions to disrupted family process. London: Sage.
Paulson, E., & Sputa, L. (1996). Patterns of parenting during adolescence: perception of adolescents and parents. Adolescence, 31, 369–381.
Pettit, G., & Dodge, K. (1993). Family interaction patterns and children’s conduct problems at home and school: a longitudinal perspective. School Psychology Review, 22, 403–421.
Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (1993). Family interaction patterns and children’s conduct problems at home and school: a longitudinal perspective. School Psychology Review, 22(3), 403–420.
Reitz, E., Dekovic, M., & Meijer, A. (2006). Relations between parenting and externalizing and internalizing problem behaviour in early adolescence: child behaviour as moderator and predictor. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 419–436. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.003.
Richmond, M. K., & Stocker, C. M. (2008). Longitudinal associations between parents’ hostility and siblings’ externalizing behavior in the context of marital discord. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 231–240. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.231.
Roelofs, J., Meesters, C., Huurne, M., Bamelis, L., & Muris, P. (2006). On the links between attachment style, parental rearing behaviors, and internalizing and externalizing problems in non-clinical children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 331–344. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9025-1.
Rubin, K., & Burgess, K. (2002). Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: children and parenting, (vol. 1, pp. 383–418). New York: Erlbaum.
Rubin, K. H., Stewart, S., & Chen, X. (1995). Parents of aggressive and withdrawn children. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting I: Children and parenting (pp. 255–284). New York: Erlbaum.
Rueter, M., & Conger, R. (1998). Reciprocal influences between parenting and adolescent problem-solving behavior. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1470–1482. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1470.
Samper, P., Cortés, M., Mestre, V., Nácher, M., & Tur, A. (2006). Adaptación del Child’s Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (Schaefer, 1965) a población española. Psicothema, 18, 263–271, Spanish version of Child’s Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (Schaefer, 1965).
Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’s reports of parental behavior: an inventory. Child Development, 36(2), 413–424. doi:10.2307/1126465.
Schwarz, J., Barton-Henry, M., & Pruzinsky, T. (1985). Assessing child-rearing behavior: a comparison of ratings made by mother, father, child, and sibling on the CRPBI. Child Development, 56, 462–479. doi:10.2307/1129734.
Sigman, M., Cohen, S. E., & Beckwith, L. (1997). Why does infant attention predict adolescent intelligence. Infant Behavior and Development, 20, 133–140. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(97)90016-3.
Stormshak, E., Bierman, K., McMahon, R., & Lengua, L. (2000). Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 17–29. doi:10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_3.
Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., Fabes, R., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I., et al. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathy related responding and social functioning: a longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 893–915. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00446.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This study have been supported by the Vicerrectorado de Investigación UNED as part of the Research Promotion Plan.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carrasco, M.A., Holgado, F.P., Rodríguez, M.A. et al. Concurrent and Across-Time Relations between Mother/Father Hostility and Children’s Aggression: A Longitudinal Study. J Fam Viol 24, 213–220 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9222-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9222-y