Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity in America: Implications for Clinical and Health Psychologists

  • Published:
Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The number of individuals classified as overweight and obese is increasing at alarming rates and these conditions are associated with numerous psychological and physiological health problems. Within this epidemic, there is an increasing need and demand for psychologists and other mental health professionals to participate in the care of patients with obesity, both in assessment and treatment domains. The current paper provides a review of the status of the obesity epidemic, including psychological comorbidities and treatment approaches. Throughout this review, we highlight and discuss the important roles and impact psychologists can have. These roles include serving as members of multidisciplinary obesity treatment programs, conducting assessments for bariatric surgery, and treating related psychiatric disorders, such as depression and disordered eating. Other considerations, such as weight gain associated with psychiatric medications, and directions for future involvement of psychologists in addressing the obesity epidemic are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allison, K., Stunkard, A. J., & Their, S. L. (2004). Overcoming night eating syndrome. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-text revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

  • Americans with Disabilities Act. (1990) Available at: http://www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htm. Accessed May 5, 2008.

  • Anderson, S. E., Cohen, P., Naumova, E. N., Jacques, P. F., & Must, A. (2007). Adolescent obesity and risk for subsequent major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder: Prospective evidence. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 740–747. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815580b4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babyak, M., Blumenthal, J., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Doraiswamy, M., Moore, K., et al. (2007). Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance of therapeutic benefit. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

  • Barlow, S. E., & Dietz, W. H. (1998). Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendation. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services, 102(E29), I–II.

  • Bauchowitz, A. U., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Olbrisch, M. E., Azarbad, L., Ryee, M. Y., Woodson, M., et al. (2005). Psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery candidates: A survey of present practices. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 825–832. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000174173.32271.01.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belle, S. H., Berk, P. D., Courcoulas, A. P., Flum, D. R., Miles, C. W., Mitchell, J. E., et al. (2007). Safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery: Longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 3, 116–126. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2007.01.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg-Smith, S., Stevens, V., Brown, K., Van Horn, L., Gernhofer, N., Peters, E., et al. (1999). A brief motivational interviewing intervention to improve dietary adherence in adolescents. Health Education Research, 14, 399–410. doi:10.1093/her/14.3.399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berken, G. H., Weinstein, D. O., & Stern, W. C. (1984). Weight gain: A side-effect of tricyclic antidepressants. Journal of Affective Disorders, 7, 133–138. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(84)90031-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, D. A., & Inoue, A. (2005). Motivational interviewing to promote physical activity for people with chronic heart failure. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50, 512–527. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03422.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brownley, K. A., Berkman, N. D., Sedway, J. A., Lohr, K. N., & Bulik, C. M. (2007). Binge eating disorder treatment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 337–348. doi:10.1002/eat.20370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchwald, H. (2005). Consensus conference panel. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity: Health implications for patients, health professionals, and third-party payers. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 200, 593–604. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.039

  • Buchwald, H., Estok, R., Fahrbach, K., Nanel, D., & Sledge, I. (2007). Trends in mortality in bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery, 142, 6321–6635. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2007.07.018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, B. L., Arkowitz, H., & Menchola, M. (2003). The efficacy of motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 843–861. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.5.843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Allison, D. N., & Faith, M. S. (2000). Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: Results from a general population study. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 251–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Defining childhood overweight. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/childhood/defining.htm. Accessed February 14, 2008.

  • Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho, H., Canter, P., & Ernst, E. (2007). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Evaluating current evidence and informing future research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 1000–1005. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colles, S. L., Dixon, J. B., & O’Brien, P. E. (2007). Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: Association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress. International Journal of Obesity, 31, 1722–1730. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, A., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obesity. In T. A. Wadden & A. J. Stunkard (Eds.), Handbook of obesity treatment (pp. 465–479). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cossrow, N., & Falkner, B. (2004). Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 2590–2594. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin, M. J. (2007). Is there a place for obesity in DSM-V? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, S83–S88. doi:10.1002/eat.20430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimidjian, S., Hollon, S. D., Dobson, K. S., Schmaling, K. B., Kohlenberg, R. J., Gallop, R., et al. (2006). Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 658–670. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunican, K. C., Desilets, A. R., & Montalbano, J. K. (2007). Pharmacotherapeutic options for overweight adolescents. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 41, 1445–1455. doi:10.1345/aph.1K022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, C., Deroo, L., & Rivara, F. (2001). The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: A systematic review. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 96, 1725–1742. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961217253.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder, K. A., & Wolf, B. M. (2007). Bariatric surgery: A review of procedures and outcomes. Gastroenterology, 132, 2253–2271. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.057.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabricatore, A. N., Crerand, C. E., Wadden, T. A., Sarwer, D. B., & Krasucki, J. L. (2006). How do mental health professionals evaluate candidates for bariatric surgery? Survey results. Obesity Surgery, 16, 567–573. doi:10.1381/096089206776944986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabricatore, A. N., & Wadden, T. A. (2006). Obesity. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 357–377. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C. G. (1995). Overcoming binge eating. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairburn, C., Marcus, M. D., & Wilson, G. T. (1993). Cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating and bulimia nervosa: A comprehensive treatment manual. In C. G. Fairburn & G. T. Wilson (Eds.), Binge eating: Nature, assessment and treatment (pp. 361–404). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, D. S., Khan, L. K., Serdula, M. K., Dietz, W. H., Srinivasan, S. R., & Berenson, G. S. (2005). Racial differences in the tracking of childhood BMI to adulthood. Obesity Research, 13, 928–935. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gennuso, J., Epstein, L. H., Paluch, R. A., & Cerny, F. (1998). The relationship between asthma and obesity in urban minority children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 152, 1197–1200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, J. H., & Kiernan, M. (2005). Innovative techniques to address retention in a behavioral weight-loss trial. Health Education Research, 4, 439–447. doi:10.1093/her/cyg139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmidt, A. N., Jones, M., Manwaring, J. L., Luce, K. H., Osborne, M. I., Cunning, D., et al. (2008). The clinical significance of loss of control over eating in overweight adolescents. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 153–158. doi:10.1002/eat.20481

  • Greenberg, I., Perna, F., Kaplan, M., & Sullivan, M. A. (2005). Behavioral and psychological factors in the assessment and treatment of obesity surgery patients. Obesity Research, 13, 244–249. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halford, J. C. (2006). Pharmacotherapy for obesity. Appetite, 46, 6–10. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C. L., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., & Flegal, K. M. (2004). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999–2002. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2847–2850. doi:10.1001/jama.291.23.2847.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herpetz, S., Kielmann, R., Wolf, A. M., Langkafel, M., Senf, W., & Hebebrand, J. (2003). Does obesity surgery improve psychosocial functioning? A systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 1300–1314. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopko, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., Ruggiero, K. J., & Eifert, G. H. (2003). Contemporary behavioral activation treatments for depression: Procedures, principles, and progress. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 699–717. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00070-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inge, T. H., Xanthakos, S. A., & Zeller, M. H. (2007). Bariatric surgery for pediatric extreme obesity: Now or later? International Journal of Obesity, 31, 1–14. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803525.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isnard, P., Michel, G., Frelut, M., Vila, G., Falissard, B., Naja, W., et al. (2003). Binge eating and psychopathology in severely obese adolescents. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, 235–243. doi:10.1002/eat.10178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalarchain, M. A., Marcus, M. D., Levine, M. D., Haas, G. L., Greeno, C. G., Weissfeld, L. A., et al. (2005). Behavioral treatment of obesity in patients taking antipsychotic medications. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1058–1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klaczynski, P. A. (2008). There’s something about obesity: Culture, contagion, rationality and children’s responses to drinks “created” by obese children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99, 58–74. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreman, R., Yates, B. C., Agrawal, S., Fiandt, K., Briner, W., & Shurmur, S. (2006). The effects of motivational interviewing on physiological outcomes. Applied Nursing Research, 19, 167–170. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2005.10.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LeMont, D., Moorehead, M. K., Parish, M. S., Reto, C. S., & Ritz, S. J. (2004). Suggestions for the pre-surgical psychological assessment of bariatric surgery candidates. American Society for Bariatric Surgery, 1–29.

  • Levine, M. D., Ringham, R. M., Kalarchian, M. A., Wisniewski, L., & Marcus, M. D. (2001). Is family-based behavioral weight control appropriate for severe pediatric obesity? The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30, 318–328. doi:10.1002/eat.1091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z., Bowerman, S., & Heber, D. (2005). Health ramifications of the obesity epidemic. The Surgical Clinics of North America, 85, 681–701. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2005.04.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, E. H., & Ko, C. Y. (2004). Socioeconomic characteristics of the population eligible for obesity surgery. Surgery, 135, 288–296. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2003.07.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, J. (2003). Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP). Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 13, 241–263. doi:10.1037/1053-0479.13.3-4.241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. E., & deZwann, M. (2005). Bariatric surgery: Psychosocial assessment and treatment. New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moe, E., Elliot, D. L., Goldberg, L., Kuehl, K. S., Stevens, V. J., Breger, R. K. R., et al. (2002). Promoting healthy lifestyles: Alternative models’ effects (PHLAME). Health Education Research, 17, 586–596. doi:10.1093/her/17.5.586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health. (1991). Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Draft Statement. Obesity Surgery, 1, 257–265. doi:10.1381/096089291765560962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health. (2000). National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel. The practical guide: Identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. NIH Pub. 00–4084.

  • Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., McDowell, M. A., Tabak, C. J., & Flegal, K. M. (2006). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 1549–1555. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.1549.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., McDowell, M. A., & Flegal, K. M. (2007). Obesity among adults in the United States––no statistically significant changes since 2003–2004. NCBS data brief no 1. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

  • Onyike, C. U., Crum, R. M., Lee, H. B., Lyketsos, C. G., & Eaton, W. W. (2003). Is obesity associated with major depression? Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158, 1139–1147. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., Schaller, M., & Crandall, C. (2007). Pathogen-avoidance mechanisms and the stigmatization of obese people. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 410–414. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penny, H., & Haddock, G. (2007). Anti-fat prejudice among children: The ‘mere proximity’ effect in 5–10 year olds. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 678–683. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, L. H., Calvin, J. E., III, & Calvin, J. E., Jr. (2007). Effective obesity treatments. The American Psychologist, 62, 234–246. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puhl, R., & Brownell, K. (2006). Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 14, 1802–1815. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.208

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnicow, K., Davis, R., & Rollnick, S. (2006). Motivational interviewing for pediatric obesity: Conceptual issues and evidence review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106, 2024–2033. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resnicow, K., Jackson, A., Wang, T., Dudley, W., & Baranowski, T. (2001). A motivational interviewing intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake through black churches: Results of the Eat for Life trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 91, 1686–1693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard, A., Kattelmann, K. K., & Ren, C. (2006). Motivating 18- to 24-year olds to increase their fruit and vegetable consumption. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106, 1405–1411. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rucker, D., Padwal, R., Li, S. K., Curioni, C., & Lau, D. C. W. (2007). Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: Updated meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 335, 1194–1199. doi:10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., & Fabricatore, A. N. (2005). Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of bariatric surgery. Obesity Research, 13, 639–648. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, T. L., Nihalani, N., Jindal, S., & Jones, N. (2004). Psychiatric medication-induced obesity: A review. Obesity Reviews, 5, 115–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00139.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, K., O’Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online : Update Software), 2, 1–64.

  • Stein, C. J., & Colditz, G. A. (2004). The epidemic of obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 2522–2525. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard, A. J. (2002). Binge eating disorder and the night eating syndrome. In T. A. Wadden & A. J. Stunkard (Eds.), Handbook of obesity treatment (pp. 107–121). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stunkard, A., & Allison, K. (2003). Two forms of disordered eating in obesity: Binge eating and night eating. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27, 1–12. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swallen, K. C., Reither, E. N., Haas, S. A., & Meier, A. M. (2005). Overweight, obesity, and health-related quality of life among adolescents: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Pediatrics, 115, 340–347. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, A. G., Asch, D. A., & Wadden, T. A. (2006). Insurance coverage for obesity treatment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106, 1651–1655. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, W. S., Inge, T. H., & Burd, R. S. (2007). Bariatric surgery in adolescents. Recent national trends in use and in-hospital outcome. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 217–221. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.3.217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Health and Human Services. HHS announces revised Medicare obesity coverage policy. Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040715.html. Accessed May 5, 2008.

  • VanWormer, J. J., & Boucher, J. L. (2004). Motivational interviewing and diet modification: A review of the evidence. The Diabetes Educator, 30, 404–419. doi:10.1177/014572170403000309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wadden, T. A. (1993). The treatment of obesity. In A. J. Stunkard & T. A. Wadden (Eds.), Obesity: Theory and therapy (2nd ed., pp. 197–217). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadden, T. A., Sarwer, D. B., Fabricatore, A. N., Jones, L., Stack, R., & Williams, N. S. (2007). Psychosocial and behavioral status of patients undergoing bariatric surgery: What to expect before and after surgery. The Medical Clinics of North America, 91, 451–469. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.01.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 869–873. doi:10.1056/NEJM199709253371301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilfley, D. E., & Cohen, L. R. (1997). Psychological treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 437–454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilfley, D., MacKenzie, K. R., Welch, R. R., Ayres, V. E., & Weissman, M. M. (2000). Interpersonal psychotherapy for group. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. T., Grilo, C. M., & Vitousek, K. M. (2007). Psychological treatment of eating disorders. The American Psychologist, 62, 199–216. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, M. H., & Modi, A. C. (2006). Predictors of health-related quality of life in obese youth. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 14, 122–130. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.15

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeller, M. H., Roehrig, H. R., Modi, A. C., Daniels, S. R., & Inge, T. H. (2006). Health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in adolescents with extreme obesity presenting for bariatric surgery. Pediatrics, 117, 1155–1161. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y., & Encinosa, W. (2007). Agency for Healthcare Resaerch and Quality AHRQ Bariatric Surgery Utilization and Outcomes in 1998 and 2004. Statistical Brief #23.

  • Zimmermann, U., Kraus, T., Hubertus, H., Schuld, A., & Pollmacher, T. (2003). Epidemiology, implications, and mechanisms underlying drug-induced weight gain in psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 37, 193–220. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00018-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1200 East Broad Street, 980268, Richmond, VA, 23298-0268, USA

    Melanie K. Bean & Mary Ellen Olbrisch

  2. Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Karen Stewart

  3. Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Mary Ellen Olbrisch

Authors
  1. Melanie K. Bean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karen Stewart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mary Ellen Olbrisch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melanie K. Bean.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bean, M.K., Stewart, K. & Olbrisch, M.E. Obesity in America: Implications for Clinical and Health Psychologists. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 15, 214–224 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-008-9124-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-008-9124-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation