Abstract
Introduction This study examined how maternal and paternal stress, anxiety, and trait mindfulness, and child glycemic control are related to real-life parent–child interactions in families confronted with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods Parents reported on trait mindfulness, illness-related parenting stress, general stress, and state anxiety. Parent–child mealtime interactions were videotaped and scored in 33 families (31 mothers and 20 fathers) of children with T1D (5–12y., mean HbA1c = 7.22%). Results Parental stress and anxiety were related to more maladaptive and less adaptive parent–child interactions. For mothers, mindfulness was related to less observed discomfort of the child during injection. For fathers, more emotional involvement was related to better child glycemic control. Discussion Results indicate that parental stress and anxiety may be risk factors for maladaptive parent–child interactions.
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Notes
Complete descriptions of each OKI-DO domain can be obtained from the first author.
Child age was significantly correlated with limit setting mother (r = .40*), respect for autonomy father (r = .46*), child negative behavior (mother: r = −.56**), child cooperative behavior (mother: r = .44*), child response to injection (mother: r = −.54**). Child sex was significantly correlated with child response to injection (father: r = − .51*,mother: r = − .48*). Time since diagnosis was significantly correlated with child avoidance behavior for fathers (r = .53*) and with protective behavior (r = .38*) and state anxiety (r = .46*) for mothers.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all families, hospitals (University Hospitals of Ghent, Leuven and Brussels, the Queen Paola Children’s Hospital in Antwerp and Sint-Jan Hospital in Bruges) and their pediatricians/diabetes nurses/psychologists for their participation, as well as master students Céleste Vincent, Liselotte Slosse and Nona Maes for their help in this study.
Funding
This work was supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (grant number 11V9518N) granted to Cynthia Van Gampelaere, and the Belgian American Educational Foundation (BAEF) and the Iacocca Family Foundation granted to Eveline R. Goethals.
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Cynthia Van Gampelaere, Koen Luyckx, and Liesbet Goubert contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Cynthia Van Gampelaere in collaboration with master students Céleste Vincent and Liselotte Slosse. Data was coded by Cynthia Van Gampelaere and Nona Maes. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cynthia Van Gampelaere author and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The authors declare that all procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible central committee on human experimentation of Ghent University Hospital and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration, as revised in 2000. The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all participating hospitals prior to the implementation of any study procedure.
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Van Gampelaere, C., Luyckx, K., Goethals, E.R. et al. Parental stress, anxiety and trait mindfulness: associations with parent–child mealtime interactions in children with type 1 diabetes. J Behav Med 43, 448–459 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00144-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00144-3