Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1/2007

01-02-2007 | Review Paper

The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence

Auteurs: Maaike Leeuw, Mariëlle E. J. B. Goossens, Steven J. Linton, Geert Crombez, Katja Boersma, Johan W. S. Vlaeyen

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Uitgave 1/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Research studies focusing on the fear-avoidance model have expanded considerably since the review by Vlaeyen and Linton (Vlaeyen J. W. S. & Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain, 85(3), 317--332). The fear-avoidance model is a cognitive-behavioral account that explains why a minority of acute low back pain sufferers develop a chronic pain problem. This paper reviews the current state of scientific evidence for the individual components of the model: pain severity, pain catastrophizing, attention to pain, escape/avoidance behavior, disability, disuse, and vulnerabilities. Furthermore, support for the contribution of pain-related fear in the inception of low back pain, the development of chronic low back pain from an acute episode, and the maintenance of enduring pain, will be highlighted. Finally, available evidence on recent clinical applications is provided, and unresolved issues that need further exploration are discussed.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aldrich, S., Eccleston, C., and Crombez, G. (2000). Worrying about chronic pain: vigilance to threat and misdirected problem solving. Behav. Res. Ther. 38: 457–470.PubMed Aldrich, S., Eccleston, C., and Crombez, G. (2000). Worrying about chronic pain: vigilance to threat and misdirected problem solving. Behav. Res. Ther. 38: 457–470.PubMed
go back to reference Al-Obaidi, S. M., Al-Zoabi, B., Al-Shuwaie, N., Al-Zaabie, N., and Nelson, R. M. (2003). The influence of pain and pain-related fear and disability beliefs on walking velocity in chronic low back pain. Internat. J. Rehabil. Res. 26: 101–108. Al-Obaidi, S. M., Al-Zoabi, B., Al-Shuwaie, N., Al-Zaabie, N., and Nelson, R. M. (2003). The influence of pain and pain-related fear and disability beliefs on walking velocity in chronic low back pain. Internat. J. Rehabil. Res. 26: 101–108.
go back to reference Al-Obaidi, S. M., Beattie, P., Al-Zoabi, B., and Al-Wekeel, S. (2005). The relationship of anticipated pain and fear avoidance beliefs to outcome in patients with chronic low back pain who are not receiving workers' compensation. Spine 30: 1051–1057.PubMed Al-Obaidi, S. M., Beattie, P., Al-Zoabi, B., and Al-Wekeel, S. (2005). The relationship of anticipated pain and fear avoidance beliefs to outcome in patients with chronic low back pain who are not receiving workers' compensation. Spine 30: 1051–1057.PubMed
go back to reference Al-Obaidi, S. M., Nelson, R. M., Al-Awadhi, S., and Al-Shuwaie, N. (2000). The role of anticipation and fear of pain in the persistence of avoidance behavior in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 25: 1126–1131.PubMed Al-Obaidi, S. M., Nelson, R. M., Al-Awadhi, S., and Al-Shuwaie, N. (2000). The role of anticipation and fear of pain in the persistence of avoidance behavior in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 25: 1126–1131.PubMed
go back to reference Arntz, A., and Claassens, L. (2004). The meaning of pain influences its experienced intensity. Pain 109: 20–25.PubMed Arntz, A., and Claassens, L. (2004). The meaning of pain influences its experienced intensity. Pain 109: 20–25.PubMed
go back to reference Arntz, A., Dreessen, L., and De Jong P. (1994). The influence of anxiety on pain: Attentional and attributional mediators. Pain 56: 307–314.PubMed Arntz, A., Dreessen, L., and De Jong P. (1994). The influence of anxiety on pain: Attentional and attributional mediators. Pain 56: 307–314.PubMed
go back to reference Asmundson, G. J., Norton, P. J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Fear-avoidance models of chronic pain: An overview. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen, and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3–24. Asmundson, G. J., Norton, P. J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Fear-avoidance models of chronic pain: An overview. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen, and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3–24.
go back to reference Asmundson, G. J., Wright, K. D., and Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2000). Anxiety sensitivity and disabling chronic health conditions: state of the art and future directions. Scand. J. Behav. Ther. 29: 100–117. Asmundson, G. J., Wright, K. D., and Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2000). Anxiety sensitivity and disabling chronic health conditions: state of the art and future directions. Scand. J. Behav. Ther. 29: 100–117.
go back to reference Asmundson, G. J. G. Norton, P. J., and Norton, G. R. (1999). Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. 19: 97–119. Asmundson, G. J. G. Norton, P. J., and Norton, G. R. (1999). Beyond pain: The role of fear and avoidance in chronicity. 19: 97–119.
go back to reference Asmundson, G. J. G., Wright, K. D., and Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2005). Hypervigilance and attentional fixedness in chronic musculoskeletal pain: consistency of findings across modified stroop and dot-probe tasks. J. Pain 6: 497–506.PubMed Asmundson, G. J. G., Wright, K. D., and Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2005). Hypervigilance and attentional fixedness in chronic musculoskeletal pain: consistency of findings across modified stroop and dot-probe tasks. J. Pain 6: 497–506.PubMed
go back to reference Boersma, K., and Linton, S. J. (2005a). How does persistent pain develop? An analysis of the relationship between psychological variables, pain and function across stages of chronicity. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1495–1507.PubMed Boersma, K., and Linton, S. J. (2005a). How does persistent pain develop? An analysis of the relationship between psychological variables, pain and function across stages of chronicity. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1495–1507.PubMed
go back to reference Boersma, K., and Linton, S. J. (2005b). Screening to identify patients at risk: profiles of psychological risk factors for early intervention. Clin. J. Pain 21: 38–43.PubMed Boersma, K., and Linton, S. J. (2005b). Screening to identify patients at risk: profiles of psychological risk factors for early intervention. Clin. J. Pain 21: 38–43.PubMed
go back to reference Boersma, K., Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Jansson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and de Jong, J. (2004). Lowering fear-avoidance and enhancing function through exposure in vivo; A multiple baseline study across six patients with back pain. Pain 108: 8–16.PubMed Boersma, K., Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Jansson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and de Jong, J. (2004). Lowering fear-avoidance and enhancing function through exposure in vivo; A multiple baseline study across six patients with back pain. Pain 108: 8–16.PubMed
go back to reference Boston, A., and Sharpe, L. (2005). The role of threat-expectancy in acute pain: effects on attentional bias, coping strategy effectiveness and response to pain. Pain 119: 168–175.PubMed Boston, A., and Sharpe, L. (2005). The role of threat-expectancy in acute pain: effects on attentional bias, coping strategy effectiveness and response to pain. Pain 119: 168–175.PubMed
go back to reference Bouton, M. E. (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biol. Psychiat. 52: 976–986.PubMed Bouton, M. E. (2002). Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction. Biol. Psychiat. 52: 976–986.PubMed
go back to reference Brox, J. I., Storheim, K., Holm, I., Friis, A., and Reikeras, O. (2005). Disability, pain, psychological factors and physical performance in healthy controls, patients with sub-acute and chronic low back pain: a case-control study. J. Rehabil. Med. 37: 95–99.PubMed Brox, J. I., Storheim, K., Holm, I., Friis, A., and Reikeras, O. (2005). Disability, pain, psychological factors and physical performance in healthy controls, patients with sub-acute and chronic low back pain: a case-control study. J. Rehabil. Med. 37: 95–99.PubMed
go back to reference Buchbinder, R., and Jolley, D. (2005). Effects of a media campaign on back beliefs is sustained 3 years after its cessation. Spine 30: 1323–1330.PubMed Buchbinder, R., and Jolley, D. (2005). Effects of a media campaign on back beliefs is sustained 3 years after its cessation. Spine 30: 1323–1330.PubMed
go back to reference Buchbinder, R., Jolley, D., and Wyatt, M. (2001). Volvo award winner in clinical studies: effects of a media campaign on back pain beliefs and its potential influence on management of low back pain in general practice. Spine 26: 2535–2542.PubMed Buchbinder, R., Jolley, D., and Wyatt, M. (2001). Volvo award winner in clinical studies: effects of a media campaign on back pain beliefs and its potential influence on management of low back pain in general practice. Spine 26: 2535–2542.PubMed
go back to reference Buer, N., and Linton, S. J. (2002). Fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing: occurrence and risk factor in back pain and ADL in the general population. Pain 99: 485–491.PubMed Buer, N., and Linton, S. J. (2002). Fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing: occurrence and risk factor in back pain and ADL in the general population. Pain 99: 485–491.PubMed
go back to reference Burns, J. W., Kubilus, A., Bruehl, S., Harden, R. N., and Lofland, K. (2003). Do changes in cognitive factors influence outcome following multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain? A cross-lagged panel analysis. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 71: 81–91.PubMed Burns, J. W., Kubilus, A., Bruehl, S., Harden, R. N., and Lofland, K. (2003). Do changes in cognitive factors influence outcome following multidisciplinary treatment for chronic pain? A cross-lagged panel analysis. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 71: 81–91.PubMed
go back to reference Burton, A. K., McClune, T. D., Clarke, R. D., and Main, C. J. (2004). Long-term follow-up of patients with low back pain attending for manipulative care: outcomes and predictors. Manual Therapy 9: 30–35.PubMed Burton, A. K., McClune, T. D., Clarke, R. D., and Main, C. J. (2004). Long-term follow-up of patients with low back pain attending for manipulative care: outcomes and predictors. Manual Therapy 9: 30–35.PubMed
go back to reference Burton, A. K., Waddell, G., Tillotson, K. M., and Summerton, N. (1999). Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive affect. Spine 24: 2484–2491.PubMed Burton, A. K., Waddell, G., Tillotson, K. M., and Summerton, N. (1999). Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive affect. Spine 24: 2484–2491.PubMed
go back to reference Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage: an account of recent researches into the functions of emotional excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage: an account of recent researches into the functions of emotional excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
go back to reference Carver, C. S., and Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Carver, C. S., and Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
go back to reference Cook, A. J., Brawer, P. A., and Vowles, K. E. (2006). The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: Validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling. Pain 121: 195–206.PubMed Cook, A. J., Brawer, P. A., and Vowles, K. E. (2006). The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: Validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling. Pain 121: 195–206.PubMed
go back to reference Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Baeyens, F., and Eelen, P. (1998). When somatic information threatens, catastrophic thinking enhances attentional interference. Pain 75: 187–198.PubMed Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Baeyens, F., and Eelen, P. (1998). When somatic information threatens, catastrophic thinking enhances attentional interference. Pain 75: 187–198.PubMed
go back to reference Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Baeyens, F., Van Houdenhove, B., and Van Den Broeck, A. (1999a). Attention to chronic pain is dependent upon pain-related fear. J. Psychosom. Res. 47: 403–410.PubMed Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Baeyens, F., Van Houdenhove, B., and Van Den Broeck, A. (1999a). Attention to chronic pain is dependent upon pain-related fear. J. Psychosom. Res. 47: 403–410.PubMed
go back to reference Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Van Den Broeck, A., Van Houdenhove, B., and Goubert, L. (2002a). The effects of catastrophic thinking about pain on attentional interference by pain: no mediation of negative affectivity in healthy volunteers and in patients with low back pain. Pain Res. Manag. 7: 31–39.PubMed Crombez, G., Eccleston, C., Van Den Broeck, A., Van Houdenhove, B., and Goubert, L. (2002a). The effects of catastrophic thinking about pain on attentional interference by pain: no mediation of negative affectivity in healthy volunteers and in patients with low back pain. Pain Res. Manag. 7: 31–39.PubMed
go back to reference Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., and Eccleston, C. (2005). Hypervigilance to pain: an experimental and clinical analysis. Pain 116: 4–7.PubMed Crombez, G., Van Damme, S., and Eccleston, C. (2005). Hypervigilance to pain: an experimental and clinical analysis. Pain 116: 4–7.PubMed
go back to reference Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W., Heuts, P. H., and Lysens, R. (1999b). Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain 80: 329–339.PubMed Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W., Heuts, P. H., and Lysens, R. (1999b). Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain 80: 329–339.PubMed
go back to reference Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Eccleston, C., Vansteenwegen, D., Lysens, R., and Eelen, P. (2002b). Exposure to physical movements in low back pain patients: restricted effects of generalization. Health Psychol. 21: 573–578.PubMed Crombez, G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Eccleston, C., Vansteenwegen, D., Lysens, R., and Eelen, P. (2002b). Exposure to physical movements in low back pain patients: restricted effects of generalization. Health Psychol. 21: 573–578.PubMed
go back to reference Davies, C. (2003). Self-discrepancy Theory and Chronic Pain. University of Leeds, Leeds. Davies, C. (2003). Self-discrepancy Theory and Chronic Pain. University of Leeds, Leeds.
go back to reference de Gier, M., Peters, M. L., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2003). Fear of pain, physical performance, and attentional processes in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain 104: 121–130.PubMed de Gier, M., Peters, M. L., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2003). Fear of pain, physical performance, and attentional processes in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain 104: 121–130.PubMed
go back to reference de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Cuypers, C., den Hollander, M., and Ruijgrok, J. (2005a). Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: the application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain 116: 264–275.PubMed de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Cuypers, C., den Hollander, M., and Ruijgrok, J. (2005a). Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: the application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain 116: 264–275.PubMed
go back to reference de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Goossens, M. J. E. B., Geilen, M., and Mulder, H. (2005b). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: education of exposure in vivo as mediator to fear reduction? Clin J Pain 21: 9–17.PubMed de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Goossens, M. J. E. B., Geilen, M., and Mulder, H. (2005b). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: education of exposure in vivo as mediator to fear reduction? Clin J Pain 21: 9–17.PubMed
go back to reference Dehghani, M., Sharpe, L., and Nicholas, M. K. (2004). Modification of attentional biases in chronic pain patients: a preliminary study. European J. Pain 8: 585–594. Dehghani, M., Sharpe, L., and Nicholas, M. K. (2004). Modification of attentional biases in chronic pain patients: a preliminary study. European J. Pain 8: 585–594.
go back to reference Denison, E., Asenlof, P., and Lindberg, P. (2004). Self-efficacy, fear avoidance, and pain intensity as predictors of disability in subacute and chronic musculoskeletal pain patients in primary health care. Pain 111: 245–252.PubMed Denison, E., Asenlof, P., and Lindberg, P. (2004). Self-efficacy, fear avoidance, and pain intensity as predictors of disability in subacute and chronic musculoskeletal pain patients in primary health care. Pain 111: 245–252.PubMed
go back to reference Eccleston, C., and Crombez, G. (1999). Pain demands attention: A cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. 125: 356–366. Eccleston, C., and Crombez, G. (1999). Pain demands attention: A cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. 125: 356–366.
go back to reference Eccleston, C., Crombez, G., Aldrich, S., and Stannard, C. (1997). Attention and somatic awareness in chronic pain. Pain 72: 209–215.PubMed Eccleston, C., Crombez, G., Aldrich, S., and Stannard, C. (1997). Attention and somatic awareness in chronic pain. Pain 72: 209–215.PubMed
go back to reference Edwards, R. R., Fillingim, R. B., Maixner, W., Sigurdsson, A, and Haythornthwaite, J. (2004). Catastrophizing predicts changes in thermal pain responses after resolution of acute dental pain. J. Pain. 5: 164–170.PubMed Edwards, R. R., Fillingim, R. B., Maixner, W., Sigurdsson, A, and Haythornthwaite, J. (2004). Catastrophizing predicts changes in thermal pain responses after resolution of acute dental pain. J. Pain. 5: 164–170.PubMed
go back to reference Eisenbergera, N. I., Jarchob, J. M., Lieberman, M. D., and Naliboff, B. D. (in press). An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection. Pain xx: xx–xx. Eisenbergera, N. I., Jarchob, J. M., Lieberman, M. D., and Naliboff, B. D. (in press). An experimental study of shared sensitivity to physical pain and social rejection. Pain xx: xx–xx.
go back to reference Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Lyle-Stuart, New York. Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Lyle-Stuart, New York.
go back to reference Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: the cognitive perspective. Erlbaum, Hove. Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: the cognitive perspective. Erlbaum, Hove.
go back to reference Fritz, J. M., George, S. Z., and Delitto, A. (2001). The role of fear-avoidance beliefs in acute low back pain: relationships with current and future disability and work status. Pain 94: 7–15.PubMed Fritz, J. M., George, S. Z., and Delitto, A. (2001). The role of fear-avoidance beliefs in acute low back pain: relationships with current and future disability and work status. Pain 94: 7–15.PubMed
go back to reference Geisser, M. E., Haig, A. J., and Theisen, M. E. (2000). Activity avoidance and function in persons with chronic back pain. J. Occup. Rehabil. 10: 215–227. Geisser, M. E., Haig, A. J., and Theisen, M. E. (2000). Activity avoidance and function in persons with chronic back pain. J. Occup. Rehabil. 10: 215–227.
go back to reference Geisser, M. E., Haig, A. J., Wallbom, A. S., and Wiggert, E. A. (2004). Pain-related fear, lumbar flexion, and dynamic EMG among persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 20: 61–69.PubMed Geisser, M. E., Haig, A. J., Wallbom, A. S., and Wiggert, E. A. (2004). Pain-related fear, lumbar flexion, and dynamic EMG among persons with chronic musculoskeletal low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 20: 61–69.PubMed
go back to reference George, S. Z., Bialosky, J. E., and Donald, D. A. (2005). The centralization phenomenon and fear-avoidance beliefs as prognostic factors for acute low back pain: a preliminary investigation involving patients classified for specific exercise. J. Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. 35: 580–588.PubMed George, S. Z., Bialosky, J. E., and Donald, D. A. (2005). The centralization phenomenon and fear-avoidance beliefs as prognostic factors for acute low back pain: a preliminary investigation involving patients classified for specific exercise. J. Orthop. Sports. Phys. Ther. 35: 580–588.PubMed
go back to reference George, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., Bialosky, J. E., and Donald, D. A. (2003). The effect of a fear-avoidance-based physical therapy intervention for patients with acute low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine 28: 2551–2560.PubMed George, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., Bialosky, J. E., and Donald, D. A. (2003). The effect of a fear-avoidance-based physical therapy intervention for patients with acute low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine 28: 2551–2560.PubMed
go back to reference Gheldof, E. L., Vinck, J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., and Crombez, G. (2005). The differential role of pain, work characteristics and pain-related fear in explaining back pain and sick leave in occupational settings. Pain 113: 71–81.PubMed Gheldof, E. L., Vinck, J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., and Crombez, G. (2005). The differential role of pain, work characteristics and pain-related fear in explaining back pain and sick leave in occupational settings. Pain 113: 71–81.PubMed
go back to reference Gheldof, E. L. M., Vinck, J., Van Den Bussche, E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., and Crombez, G. (2006). Pain and pain-related fear are associated with functional and social disability in an occupational setting: Evidence of mediation by pain-related fear. European J. Pain 10: 513–525. Gheldof, E. L. M., Vinck, J., Van Den Bussche, E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hidding, A., and Crombez, G. (2006). Pain and pain-related fear are associated with functional and social disability in an occupational setting: Evidence of mediation by pain-related fear. European J. Pain 10: 513–525.
go back to reference Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Danneels, L. (2005a). The reluctance to generalize corrective experiences in chronic low back pain patients: a questionnaire study of dysfunctional cognitions. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1055–1067.PubMed Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Danneels, L. (2005a). The reluctance to generalize corrective experiences in chronic low back pain patients: a questionnaire study of dysfunctional cognitions. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1055–1067.PubMed
go back to reference Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and De bourdeaudhuij, I. (2004a). Low back pain, disability and back pain myths in a community sample: prevalence and interrelationships. European J. Pain 8: 385–394. Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and De bourdeaudhuij, I. (2004a). Low back pain, disability and back pain myths in a community sample: prevalence and interrelationships. European J. Pain 8: 385–394.
go back to reference Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Lysens, R. (2005b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure on overpredictions of pain and behavioural performance in low back pain patients. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1347–1361.PubMed Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Lysens, R. (2005b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure on overpredictions of pain and behavioural performance in low back pain patients. Behav. Res. Ther. 43: 1347–1361.PubMed
go back to reference Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Van Damme, S. (2004b). The role of neuroticism, pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear in vigilance to pain: a structural equations approach. Pain 107: 234–241.PubMed Goubert, L., Crombez, G., and Van Damme, S. (2004b). The role of neuroticism, pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear in vigilance to pain: a structural equations approach. Pain 107: 234–241.PubMed
go back to reference Goubert, L., Francken, G., Crombez, G., Vansteenwegen, D., and Lysens, R. (2002). Exposure to physical movement in chronic back pain patients: No evidence for generalization across different movements. Behav. Res. Ther. 40: 415–429.PubMed Goubert, L., Francken, G., Crombez, G., Vansteenwegen, D., and Lysens, R. (2002). Exposure to physical movement in chronic back pain patients: No evidence for generalization across different movements. Behav. Res. Ther. 40: 415–429.PubMed
go back to reference Granot, M., and Ferber, S. G. (2005). The roles of pain catastrophizing and anxiety in the prediction of postoperative pain intensity: a prospective study. Clin. J. Pain. 21: 439–445.PubMed Granot, M., and Ferber, S. G. (2005). The roles of pain catastrophizing and anxiety in the prediction of postoperative pain intensity: a prospective study. Clin. J. Pain. 21: 439–445.PubMed
go back to reference Grotle, M., Vollestad, N. K., Veierod, M. B., and Brox, J. I. (2004). Fear-avoidance beliefs and distress in relation to disability in acute and chronic low back pain. Pain 112: 343–352.PubMed Grotle, M., Vollestad, N. K., Veierod, M. B., and Brox, J. I. (2004). Fear-avoidance beliefs and distress in relation to disability in acute and chronic low back pain. Pain 112: 343–352.PubMed
go back to reference Guzman, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., and Bombardier, C. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 322: 1511–1516.PubMed Guzman, J., Esmail, R., Karjalainen, K., Malmivaara, A., Irvin, E., and Bombardier, C. (2001). Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 322: 1511–1516.PubMed
go back to reference Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., and Kowalyk, K. M. (2004). Patient-therapist relationships among patients with pain-related fear. In: G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Combez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, New York. Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., and Kowalyk, K. M. (2004). Patient-therapist relationships among patients with pain-related fear. In: G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Combez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, New York.
go back to reference Hanley, M. A., Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Hoffman, A. J., Patterson, D. R., and Robinson, L. R. (2004). Psychosocial predictors of long-term adjustment to lower-limb amputation and phantom limb pain. Disabil. Rehabil. 26: 882–893.PubMed Hanley, M. A., Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Hoffman, A. J., Patterson, D. R., and Robinson, L. R. (2004). Psychosocial predictors of long-term adjustment to lower-limb amputation and phantom limb pain. Disabil. Rehabil. 26: 882–893.PubMed
go back to reference Haythornthwaite, J. A., Clark, M. R., Pappagallo, M., and Raja, S. N. (2003). Pain coping strategies play a role in the persistence of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 106: 453–460.PubMed Haythornthwaite, J. A., Clark, M. R., Pappagallo, M., and Raja, S. N. (2003). Pain coping strategies play a role in the persistence of pain in post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 106: 453–460.PubMed
go back to reference Hermans, D., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., and Lovibond, P. F. (2006). Extinction in human fear conditioning. Biol. Psychiatry. 30: 361–368. Hermans, D., Craske, M. G., Mineka, S., and Lovibond, P. F. (2006). Extinction in human fear conditioning. Biol. Psychiatry. 30: 361–368.
go back to reference Heuts, P. H. T. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Roelofs, J., de Bie, R. A., Aretz, K., van Weel, C., and van Schayck, O. C. (2004). Pain-related fear and daily functioning in patients with osteoarthritis. Pain 110: 228–235.PubMed Heuts, P. H. T. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Roelofs, J., de Bie, R. A., Aretz, K., van Weel, C., and van Schayck, O. C. (2004). Pain-related fear and daily functioning in patients with osteoarthritis. Pain 110: 228–235.PubMed
go back to reference Hicks, G. E., Fritz, J. M., Delitto, A., and McGill, S. M. (2005). Preliminary development of a clinical prediction rule for determining which patients with low back pain will respond to a stabilization exercise program. Arch. Phy. Med.Rehabil. 86: 1753–1762. Hicks, G. E., Fritz, J. M., Delitto, A., and McGill, S. M. (2005). Preliminary development of a clinical prediction rule for determining which patients with low back pain will respond to a stabilization exercise program. Arch. Phy. Med.Rehabil. 86: 1753–1762.
go back to reference Horvath, A. O., and Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. J. Counsel. Psychol. 38: 139–149. Horvath, A. O., and Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. J. Counsel. Psychol. 38: 139–149.
go back to reference Houben, R. M. A., Leeuw, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Goubert, L., and Picavet, H. S. J. (2005a). Fear of movement/injury in the general population: Factor structure and psychometric properties of an adapted version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. J. B. Med. 28: 415–424. Houben, R. M. A., Leeuw, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Goubert, L., and Picavet, H. S. J. (2005a). Fear of movement/injury in the general population: Factor structure and psychometric properties of an adapted version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. J. B. Med. 28: 415–424.
go back to reference Houben, R. M. A., Ostelo, R. W. J. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wolters, P. M. J. C., Peters, M., and Stomp-van den Berg, S. G. M. (2005b). Health care providers' orientations towards common low back pain predict perceived harmfulness of physical activities and recommendations regarding return to normal activity. European J. Pain 9: 173–183. Houben, R. M. A., Ostelo, R. W. J. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wolters, P. M. J. C., Peters, M., and Stomp-van den Berg, S. G. M. (2005b). Health care providers' orientations towards common low back pain predict perceived harmfulness of physical activities and recommendations regarding return to normal activity. European J. Pain 9: 173–183.
go back to reference Houben, R. M. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Peters, M., Ostelo, R. W. J. G., Wolters, P. M. J. C., and Stomp-van den Berg, S. G. M. (2004). Health care providers' attitudes and beliefs towards common low back pain: factor structure and psychometric properties of the HC-PAIRS. Clin. J. Pain 20: 37–44.PubMed Houben, R. M. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Peters, M., Ostelo, R. W. J. G., Wolters, P. M. J. C., and Stomp-van den Berg, S. G. M. (2004). Health care providers' attitudes and beliefs towards common low back pain: factor structure and psychometric properties of the HC-PAIRS. Clin. J. Pain 20: 37–44.PubMed
go back to reference Jellema, P., Van Der Horst, H. E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Stalman, W. A. B., Bouter, L. M., and Van Der Windt D. A. W. M. (2006). Predictors of outcome in patients with (sub)acute low back pain differ across treatment groups. Spine 31: 1699–1705.PubMed Jellema, P., Van Der Horst, H. E., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Stalman, W. A. B., Bouter, L. M., and Van Der Windt D. A. W. M. (2006). Predictors of outcome in patients with (sub)acute low back pain differ across treatment groups. Spine 31: 1699–1705.PubMed
go back to reference Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., and Romano, J. M. (2001). Changes in beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping are associated with improvement in multidisciplinary pain treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 69: 655–662.PubMed Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., and Romano, J. M. (2001). Changes in beliefs, catastrophizing, and coping are associated with improvement in multidisciplinary pain treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 69: 655–662.PubMed
go back to reference Kanfer, F. H., and Philips, J. S. (1970). Learning foundations of behaviour therapy. Wiley, New York. Kanfer, F. H., and Philips, J. S. (1970). Learning foundations of behaviour therapy. Wiley, New York.
go back to reference Karoly, P., and Ruehlman, L. S. (1996). Motivational implications of pain: chronicity, psychological distress, and work goal construal in a national sample of adults. Health Psychol. 15: 383–390.PubMed Karoly, P., and Ruehlman, L. S. (1996). Motivational implications of pain: chronicity, psychological distress, and work goal construal in a national sample of adults. Health Psychol. 15: 383–390.PubMed
go back to reference Keogh, E., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Negative affectivity, catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity. In: G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 91–116. Keogh, E., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Negative affectivity, catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity. In: G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 91–116.
go back to reference Keogh, E., Ellery, D., Hunt, C., and Hannent, I. (2001). Selective attentional bias for pain-related stimuli amongst pain fearful individuals. Pain 91: 91–100.PubMed Keogh, E., Ellery, D., Hunt, C., and Hannent, I. (2001). Selective attentional bias for pain-related stimuli amongst pain fearful individuals. Pain 91: 91–100.PubMed
go back to reference Kerns, R. D., Bayer, L. A., and Findley, J. C. (1999). Motivation and adherence in the management of chronic pain. In: A. R. Block, E. Fernandez and E. F. Kremer (Eds.), Handbook of Pain Syndromes: Biopsychosocial Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 99–121. Kerns, R. D., Bayer, L. A., and Findley, J. C. (1999). Motivation and adherence in the management of chronic pain. In: A. R. Block, E. Fernandez and E. F. Kremer (Eds.), Handbook of Pain Syndromes: Biopsychosocial Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 99–121.
go back to reference Klaber Moffett, J. A., Carr, J., and Howarth, E. H. (2004). High fear-avoiders of physical activity benefit from an exercise program for patients with back pain. Spine 29: 1167–1179.PubMed Klaber Moffett, J. A., Carr, J., and Howarth, E. H. (2004). High fear-avoiders of physical activity benefit from an exercise program for patients with back pain. Spine 29: 1167–1179.PubMed
go back to reference Koes, B. W., van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Kim Burton, A., and Waddell, G. (2001). Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine 26: 2504–2513.PubMed Koes, B. W., van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Kim Burton, A., and Waddell, G. (2001). Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison. Spine 26: 2504–2513.PubMed
go back to reference Kramer, M., Ebert, V., Kinzl, L., Dehner, C., Elbel, M., and Hartwig, E. (2005). Surface electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86: 31–36.PubMed Kramer, M., Ebert, V., Kinzl, L., Dehner, C., Elbel, M., and Hartwig, E. (2005). Surface electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86: 31–36.PubMed
go back to reference Kugler, K., Wijn, J., Geilen, M., de Jong, J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (1999). The Photograph series of Daily Activities (PHODA). CD-rom version 1.0., Institute for Rehabilitation Research and School for Physiotherapy Heerlen, The Netherlands. Kugler, K., Wijn, J., Geilen, M., de Jong, J., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (1999). The Photograph series of Daily Activities (PHODA). CD-rom version 1.0., Institute for Rehabilitation Research and School for Physiotherapy Heerlen, The Netherlands.
go back to reference Kvist, J., Ek, A., Sporrstedt, K., and Good, L. (2005). Fear of re-injury: a hindrance for returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 13: 393–397.PubMed Kvist, J., Ek, A., Sporrstedt, K., and Good, L. (2005). Fear of re-injury: a hindrance for returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 13: 393–397.PubMed
go back to reference Lamoth, C. J., Daffertshofer, A., Meijer, O. G., Lorimer Moseley, G., Wuisman, P. I., and Beek, P. J. (2004). Effects of experimentally induced pain and fear of pain on trunk coordination and back muscle activity during walking. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon) 19: 551–563. Lamoth, C. J., Daffertshofer, A., Meijer, O. G., Lorimer Moseley, G., Wuisman, P. I., and Beek, P. J. (2004). Effects of experimentally induced pain and fear of pain on trunk coordination and back muscle activity during walking. Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon) 19: 551–563.
go back to reference Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 16: 495–512.PubMed Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 16: 495–512.PubMed
go back to reference Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., van Breukelen, G. J. P., Boersma, K., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (submitted). Measuring perceived harmfulness of physical activities in chronic low back pain patients: the Photograph Series of Daily Activities – Short electronic Version. The Journal of Pain. Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., van Breukelen, G. J. P., Boersma, K., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (submitted). Measuring perceived harmfulness of physical activities in chronic low back pain patients: the Photograph Series of Daily Activities – Short electronic Version. The Journal of Pain.
go back to reference Leeuw, M., Houben, R. M. A., Severeijns, R., Picavet, H. S. J., Schouten, E. G. W., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (in press). Pain-related fear in low back pain: a prospective study in the general population. European J. Pain. Leeuw, M., Houben, R. M. A., Severeijns, R., Picavet, H. S. J., Schouten, E. G. W., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (in press). Pain-related fear in low back pain: a prospective study in the general population. European J. Pain.
go back to reference Lethem, J., Slade, P. D., Troup, J. D., and Bentley, G. (1983). Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception: I. Behav. Res. Ther. 21: 401–408.PubMed Lethem, J., Slade, P. D., Troup, J. D., and Bentley, G. (1983). Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception: I. Behav. Res. Ther. 21: 401–408.PubMed
go back to reference Lilienfeld, S. O., Jacob, R. G., and Turner, S. M. (1993). Anxiety sensitivity: An examination of theoretical and methodological issues. Adv. Behav. Res. Ther. 15: 147–183. Lilienfeld, S. O., Jacob, R. G., and Turner, S. M. (1993). Anxiety sensitivity: An examination of theoretical and methodological issues. Adv. Behav. Res. Ther. 15: 147–183.
go back to reference Linton, S. J. (2000). A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Spine 25: 1148–1156.PubMed Linton, S. J. (2000). A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Spine 25: 1148–1156.PubMed
go back to reference Linton, S. J. (2005). Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross-sectional and prospective analysis? Pain 9: 355–361. Linton, S. J. (2005). Do psychological factors increase the risk for back pain in the general population in both a cross-sectional and prospective analysis? Pain 9: 355–361.
go back to reference Linton, S. J., and Andersson, T. (2000). Can chronic disability be prevented? A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavior intervention and two forms of information for patients with spinal pain. Spine 25: 2825–2831.PubMed Linton, S. J., and Andersson, T. (2000). Can chronic disability be prevented? A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavior intervention and two forms of information for patients with spinal pain. Spine 25: 2825–2831.PubMed
go back to reference Linton, S. J., and Boersma, K. (2003). Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin. J. Pain 19: 80–86.PubMed Linton, S. J., and Boersma, K. (2003). Early identification of patients at risk of developing a persistent back problem: the predictive validity of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire. Clin. J. Pain 19: 80–86.PubMed
go back to reference Linton, S. J., Boersma, K., Jansson, M., Svard, L., and Botvalde, M. (2005). The effects of cognitive-behavioral and physical therapy preventive interventions on pain-related sick leave: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Pain 21: 109–119.PubMed Linton, S. J., Boersma, K., Jansson, M., Svard, L., and Botvalde, M. (2005). The effects of cognitive-behavioral and physical therapy preventive interventions on pain-related sick leave: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Pain 21: 109–119.PubMed
go back to reference Linton, S. J., Buer, N., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Hellsing, A.-L. (1999). Are fear-avoidance beliefs related to the inception of an episode of back pain? A prospective study. Psychol. Health 14: 1051–1059. Linton, S. J., Buer, N., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Hellsing, A.-L. (1999). Are fear-avoidance beliefs related to the inception of an episode of back pain? A prospective study. Psychol. Health 14: 1051–1059.
go back to reference Linton, S. J., and Hallden, K. (1998). Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain. Clin. J. Pain 14: 209–215.PubMed Linton, S. J., and Hallden, K. (1998). Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain. Clin. J. Pain 14: 209–215.PubMed
go back to reference Linton, S. J., and Nordin, E. (2006). A 5-year follow-up evaluation of the health and economic consequences of an early cognitive behavioral intervention for back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Spine 31: 853–858.PubMed Linton, S. J., and Nordin, E. (2006). A 5-year follow-up evaluation of the health and economic consequences of an early cognitive behavioral intervention for back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Spine 31: 853–858.PubMed
go back to reference Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Janson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and de Jong, J. R. (2002a). Graded in-vivo exposure treatment for fear-avoidant pain patients with functional disability: A case study. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 31: 49–58. Linton, S. J., Overmeer, T., Janson, M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and de Jong, J. R. (2002a). Graded in-vivo exposure treatment for fear-avoidant pain patients with functional disability: A case study. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 31: 49–58.
go back to reference Linton, S. J., and Ryberg, M. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral group intervention as prevention for persistent neck and back pain in a non-patient population: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 90: xx–xx. Linton, S. J., and Ryberg, M. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral group intervention as prevention for persistent neck and back pain in a non-patient population: a randomized controlled trial. Pain 90: xx–xx.
go back to reference Linton, S. J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Ostelo, R. W. J. G. (2002b). The back pain beliefs of health care providers: are we fear-avoidant? J. Occup. Rehabil. 12: 223–232.PubMed Linton, S. J., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Ostelo, R. W. J. G. (2002b). The back pain beliefs of health care providers: are we fear-avoidant? J. Occup. Rehabil. 12: 223–232.PubMed
go back to reference Mannion, A. F., Junge, A., Taimela, S., Muntener, M., Lorenzo, K., and Dvorak, J. (2001). Active therapy for chronic low back pain: part 3. Factors influencing self-rated disability and its change following therapy. Spine 26: 920–929.PubMed Mannion, A. F., Junge, A., Taimela, S., Muntener, M., Lorenzo, K., and Dvorak, J. (2001). Active therapy for chronic low back pain: part 3. Factors influencing self-rated disability and its change following therapy. Spine 26: 920–929.PubMed
go back to reference McCracken, L. M., Gross, R. T., and Eccleston, C. (2002). Multimethod assessment of treatment process in chronic low back pain: comparison of reported pain-related anxiety with directly measured physical capacity. Behav. Res. Ther. 40: 585–594.PubMed McCracken, L. M., Gross, R. T., and Eccleston, C. (2002). Multimethod assessment of treatment process in chronic low back pain: comparison of reported pain-related anxiety with directly measured physical capacity. Behav. Res. Ther. 40: 585–594.PubMed
go back to reference Mead, N., and Bower, P. (2000). Patient-centredness: A conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 1087–1110.PubMed Mead, N., and Bower, P. (2000). Patient-centredness: A conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Soc. Sci. Med. 51: 1087–1110.PubMed
go back to reference Mineka, S., and Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: it's not what you thought it was. Am. Psychol. 61: 10–26.PubMed Mineka, S., and Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: it's not what you thought it was. Am. Psychol. 61: 10–26.PubMed
go back to reference Moore, J. E., BVon Korff, M., Cherkin, D., Saunders, K., and Lorig, K. (2000). A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral program for enhancing back pain self care in a primary care setting. Pain 88: 145–153.PubMed Moore, J. E., BVon Korff, M., Cherkin, D., Saunders, K., and Lorig, K. (2000). A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral program for enhancing back pain self care in a primary care setting. Pain 88: 145–153.PubMed
go back to reference Morley, S., and Eccleston, C. (2004). The object of fear in pain. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 163–188. Morley, S., and Eccleston, C. (2004). The object of fear in pain. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 163–188.
go back to reference Morley, S., Eccleston, C., and Williams, A. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 80: 1–13.PubMed Morley, S., Eccleston, C., and Williams, A. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain 80: 1–13.PubMed
go back to reference Nash, J. M., D. M. W., Nicholson, R., and Trask, P. C. (2006). The contribution of pain-related anxiety to disability from headache. J. Behav. Med. 29: 61–67. Nash, J. M., D. M. W., Nicholson, R., and Trask, P. C. (2006). The contribution of pain-related anxiety to disability from headache. J. Behav. Med. 29: 61–67.
go back to reference Nederhand, M. J., Ijzerman, M. J., Hermens, H. J., Turk, D. C., and Zilvold, G. (2004). Predictive value of fear avoidance in developing chronic neck pain disability: consequences for clinical decision making. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85: 496–501.PubMed Nederhand, M. J., Ijzerman, M. J., Hermens, H. J., Turk, D. C., and Zilvold, G. (2004). Predictive value of fear avoidance in developing chronic neck pain disability: consequences for clinical decision making. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85: 496–501.PubMed
go back to reference Nielens, H., and Plaghki, L. (2001). Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level, and chronic pain: are men more affected than women? Clin. J. Pain 17: 129–137.PubMed Nielens, H., and Plaghki, L. (2001). Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level, and chronic pain: are men more affected than women? Clin. J. Pain 17: 129–137.PubMed
go back to reference Nijs, J., Vanherberghen, K., Duquet, W., and De Meirleir, K. (2004). Chronic fatigue syndrome: lack of association between pain-related fear of movement and exercise capacity and disability. Phys. Ther. 84: 696–705.PubMed Nijs, J., Vanherberghen, K., Duquet, W., and De Meirleir, K. (2004). Chronic fatigue syndrome: lack of association between pain-related fear of movement and exercise capacity and disability. Phys. Ther. 84: 696–705.PubMed
go back to reference Norton, P. J., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Anxiety sensitivity, fear, and avoidance behavior in headache pain. Pain 111: 218–223.PubMed Norton, P. J., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2004). Anxiety sensitivity, fear, and avoidance behavior in headache pain. Pain 111: 218–223.PubMed
go back to reference Pavlin, D. J., Sullivan, M. J., Freund, P. R., and Roesen, K. (2005). Catastrophizing: a risk factor for postsurgical pain. Clin. J. Pain 21: 83–90.PubMed Pavlin, D. J., Sullivan, M. J., Freund, P. R., and Roesen, K. (2005). Catastrophizing: a risk factor for postsurgical pain. Clin. J. Pain 21: 83–90.PubMed
go back to reference Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Kunnen, A. M. W. (2002). Is pain-related fear a predictor of somatosensory hypervigilance in chronic low back pain patients? 40: 85–103. Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Kunnen, A. M. W. (2002). Is pain-related fear a predictor of somatosensory hypervigilance in chronic low back pain patients? 40: 85–103.
go back to reference Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and van Drunen, C. (2000). Do fibromyalgia patients display hypervigilance for innocuous somatosensory stimuli? Application of a body scanning reaction time paradigm. Pain 86: 283–292.PubMed Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and van Drunen, C. (2000). Do fibromyalgia patients display hypervigilance for innocuous somatosensory stimuli? Application of a body scanning reaction time paradigm. Pain 86: 283–292.PubMed
go back to reference Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Weber, W. E. J. (2005). The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability. Pain 113: 45–50.PubMed Peters, M. L., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Weber, W. E. J. (2005). The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability. Pain 113: 45–50.PubMed
go back to reference Pfingsten, M., Leibing, E., Harter, W., Kröner-Herwig, B., Hempel, D., Kronshage, U., and Hildebrandt, J. (2001). Fear-avoidance behavior and anticipation of pain in patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled study. Pain Med. 2: 259–266.PubMed Pfingsten, M., Leibing, E., Harter, W., Kröner-Herwig, B., Hempel, D., Kronshage, U., and Hildebrandt, J. (2001). Fear-avoidance behavior and anticipation of pain in patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled study. Pain Med. 2: 259–266.PubMed
go back to reference Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behav. Res. Ther. 25: 273–279.PubMed Philips, H. C. (1987). Avoidance behaviour and its role in sustaining chronic pain. Behav. Res. Ther. 25: 273–279.PubMed
go back to reference Picavet, H. S., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Schouten, J. S. (2002). Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156: 1028–1034.PubMed Picavet, H. S., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Schouten, J. S. (2002). Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia: predictors of chronic low back pain. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156: 1028–1034.PubMed
go back to reference Pincus, T., Burton, A. K., Vogel, S., and Field, A. P. (2002). A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back. Spine 27: E109–E120.PubMed Pincus, T., Burton, A. K., Vogel, S., and Field, A. P. (2002). A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back. Spine 27: E109–E120.PubMed
go back to reference Pincus, T., and Morley, S. (2001). Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: a review and integration. Psychol. Bull. 127: 599–617.PubMed Pincus, T., and Morley, S. (2001). Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: a review and integration. Psychol. Bull. 127: 599–617.PubMed
go back to reference Poiraudeau, S., Rannou, F., Le Henanff, A., Coudeyre, E., Rozenberg, S., Huas, D., Martineau, C., Jolivet-Landreau, I., Revel, M., and Ravaud, P. (2006). Outcome of subacute low back pain: influence of patients' and rheumatologists' characteristics. Rheumatol.-(Oxford) 45: 718–723. Poiraudeau, S., Rannou, F., Le Henanff, A., Coudeyre, E., Rozenberg, S., Huas, D., Martineau, C., Jolivet-Landreau, I., Revel, M., and Ravaud, P. (2006). Outcome of subacute low back pain: influence of patients' and rheumatologists' characteristics. Rheumatol.-(Oxford) 45: 718–723.
go back to reference Rachman, S. (1998). Anxiety. Psychological Press, Hove. Rachman, S. (1998). Anxiety. Psychological Press, Hove.
go back to reference Rachman, S. (2004). Fear and Courage: A Psychological Perspective. Soc. Res. 71: 149–176. Rachman, S. (2004). Fear and Courage: A Psychological Perspective. Soc. Res. 71: 149–176.
go back to reference Rachman, S., and Hodgson, R. (1974). Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behav. Res. Ther. 12: 311–318.PubMed Rachman, S., and Hodgson, R. (1974). Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behav. Res. Ther. 12: 311–318.PubMed
go back to reference Rainville, J., Carlson, N., Polatin, P., Gatchel, R. J., and Indahl, A. (2000). Exploration of physicians' recommendations for activities in chronic low back pain. Spine 25: 2210–2220.PubMed Rainville, J., Carlson, N., Polatin, P., Gatchel, R. J., and Indahl, A. (2000). Exploration of physicians' recommendations for activities in chronic low back pain. Spine 25: 2210–2220.PubMed
go back to reference Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy theory of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 11: 141–153. Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy theory of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 11: 141–153.
go back to reference Rode, S, Salkovskis, P. M., and Jack, T. (2001). An experimental study of attention, labelling and memory in people suffering from chronic pain. Pain 94: 193–203.PubMed Rode, S, Salkovskis, P. M., and Jack, T. (2001). An experimental study of attention, labelling and memory in people suffering from chronic pain. Pain 94: 193–203.PubMed
go back to reference Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Fassaert, T., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005). The role of fear of movement and injury in selective attentional processing in patients with chronic low back pain: a dot-probe evaluation. J. Pain 6: 294–300.PubMed Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Fassaert, T., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005). The role of fear of movement and injury in selective attentional processing in patients with chronic low back pain: a dot-probe evaluation. J. Pain 6: 294–300.PubMed
go back to reference Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Patijn, J., Schouten, E. G. W., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Electronic diary assessment of pain-related fear, attention to pain, and pain intensity in chronic low back pain patients. Pain 112: 335–342.PubMed Roelofs, J., Peters, M. L., Patijn, J., Schouten, E. G. W., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2004). Electronic diary assessment of pain-related fear, attention to pain, and pain intensity in chronic low back pain patients. Pain 112: 335–342.PubMed
go back to reference Rosenstiel, A. K., and Keefe, F. J. (1983). The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 17: 33–44.PubMed Rosenstiel, A. K., and Keefe, F. J. (1983). The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 17: 33–44.PubMed
go back to reference Rowe, M. K., and Craske, M. G. (1998a). Effects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 36: 701–717.PubMed Rowe, M. K., and Craske, M. G. (1998a). Effects of an expanding-spaced vs massed exposure schedule on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 36: 701–717.PubMed
go back to reference Rowe, M. K., and Craske, M. G. (1998b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure training on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 36: 719–734.PubMed Rowe, M. K., and Craske, M. G. (1998b). Effects of varied-stimulus exposure training on fear reduction and return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 36: 719–734.PubMed
go back to reference Severeijns, R., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005). The causal status of pain catastrophizing: an experimental test with healthy participants. European J. Pain 9: 257–265. Severeijns, R., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2005). The causal status of pain catastrophizing: an experimental test with healthy participants. European J. Pain 9: 257–265.
go back to reference Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Picavet, H. S. J. (2004). Pain catastrophizing is associated with health indices in musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional study in the dutch community. Health Psychol. 23: 49–57.PubMed Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Picavet, H. S. J. (2004). Pain catastrophizing is associated with health indices in musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional study in the dutch community. Health Psychol. 23: 49–57.PubMed
go back to reference Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Weber, W. E. (2001). Pain catastrophizing predicts pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress independent of the level of physical impairment. Clin. J. Pain 17: 165–172.PubMed Severeijns, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Weber, W. E. (2001). Pain catastrophizing predicts pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress independent of the level of physical impairment. Clin. J. Pain 17: 165–172.PubMed
go back to reference Sgroi, M. I., Willebrand, M., Ekselius, L., Gerdin, B., and Andersson, G. (2005). Fear-avoidance in recovered burn patients: association with psychological and somatic symptoms. J. Health Psychol. 10: 491–502.PubMed Sgroi, M. I., Willebrand, M., Ekselius, L., Gerdin, B., and Andersson, G. (2005). Fear-avoidance in recovered burn patients: association with psychological and somatic symptoms. J. Health Psychol. 10: 491–502.PubMed
go back to reference Sieben, J. M., Portegijs, P. J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005a). Pain-related fear at the start of a new low back pain episode. European J. Pain 9: 635–641. Sieben, J. M., Portegijs, P. J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005a). Pain-related fear at the start of a new low back pain episode. European J. Pain 9: 635–641.
go back to reference Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Portegeijs, P. J. M., Verbunt, J. A., van Riet-Rutgers, S., Kester, A. D. M., Von Korff, M., Arntz, A., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005b). A longitudinal study on the predictive validity of the fear-avoidance model in low back pain. Pain 117: 162–170.PubMed Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Portegeijs, P. J. M., Verbunt, J. A., van Riet-Rutgers, S., Kester, A. D. M., Von Korff, M., Arntz, A., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005b). A longitudinal study on the predictive validity of the fear-avoidance model in low back pain. Pain 117: 162–170.PubMed
go back to reference Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Tuerlinckx, S., and Portegijs, P. J. (2002). Pain-related fear in acute low back pain: the first two weeks of a new episode. European J. Pain 6: 229–237. Sieben, J. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Tuerlinckx, S., and Portegijs, P. J. (2002). Pain-related fear in acute low back pain: the first two weeks of a new episode. European J. Pain 6: 229–237.
go back to reference Silver, A., Haeny, M., Vijayadurai, P., Wilks, D., Pattrick, M., and Main, C. J. (2002). The role of fear of physical movement and activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res. 52: 485–493.PubMed Silver, A., Haeny, M., Vijayadurai, P., Wilks, D., Pattrick, M., and Main, C. J. (2002). The role of fear of physical movement and activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Psychosom. Res. 52: 485–493.PubMed
go back to reference Smeets, R. J., Wittink, H., Hidding, A., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2006a). Do patients with chronic low back pain have a lower level of aerobic fitness than healthy controls?: Are pain, disability, fear of injury, working status, or level of leisure time activity associated with the difference in aerobic fitness level? Spine 31: 90–98.PubMed Smeets, R. J., Wittink, H., Hidding, A., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2006a). Do patients with chronic low back pain have a lower level of aerobic fitness than healthy controls?: Are pain, disability, fear of injury, working status, or level of leisure time activity associated with the difference in aerobic fitness level? Spine 31: 90–98.PubMed
go back to reference Smeets, R. J. E. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kester, A. D. M., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2006b). Reduction of Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Outcome of Both Physical and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment in Chronic Low Back Pain. J. Pain 7: 261–271.PubMed Smeets, R. J. E. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kester, A. D. M., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2006b). Reduction of Pain Catastrophizing Mediates the Outcome of Both Physical and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment in Chronic Low Back Pain. J. Pain 7: 261–271.PubMed
go back to reference Sorbi, M. J., Peters, M. L., Kruise, D. A., Maas, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Verhaak, P. F., and Bensing, J. M. (2006). Electronic momentary assessment in chronic pain II: psychological pain responses as predictors of pain disability. Clin. J. Pain 22: 67–81.PubMed Sorbi, M. J., Peters, M. L., Kruise, D. A., Maas, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Verhaak, P. F., and Bensing, J. M. (2006). Electronic momentary assessment in chronic pain II: psychological pain responses as predictors of pain disability. Clin. J. Pain 22: 67–81.PubMed
go back to reference Spenkelink, C. D., Hutten, M. M., Hermens, H. J., and Greitemann, B. O. (2002). Assessment of activities of daily living with an ambulatory monitoring system: a comparative study in patients with chronic low back pain and nonsymptomatic controls. Clin. Rehabil. 16: 16–26.PubMed Spenkelink, C. D., Hutten, M. M., Hermens, H. J., and Greitemann, B. O. (2002). Assessment of activities of daily living with an ambulatory monitoring system: a comparative study in patients with chronic low back pain and nonsymptomatic controls. Clin. Rehabil. 16: 16–26.PubMed
go back to reference Spinhoven, P., ter Kuile, M., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Hutten Mansfeld, M., and den Ouden, D. J., J. W. S. V. (2004). Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain. European J. Pain 8: 211–219. Spinhoven, P., ter Kuile, M., Kole-Snijders, A. M. J., Hutten Mansfeld, M., and den Ouden, D. J., J. W. S. V. (2004). Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain. European J. Pain 8: 211–219.
go back to reference Staerkle, R., Mannion, A. F., Elfering, A., Junge, A., Semmer, N. K., Jacobshagen, N., Grob, D., Dvorak, J., and Boos, N. (2004). Longitudinal validation of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in a Swiss-German sample of low back pain patients. European Spine J. 13: 332–340. Staerkle, R., Mannion, A. F., Elfering, A., Junge, A., Semmer, N. K., Jacobshagen, N., Grob, D., Dvorak, J., and Boos, N. (2004). Longitudinal validation of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in a Swiss-German sample of low back pain patients. European Spine J. 13: 332–340.
go back to reference Sterling, M., Kenardy, J., Jull, G., and Vicenzino, B. (2003). The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain 106: 481–489.PubMed Sterling, M., Kenardy, J., Jull, G., and Vicenzino, B. (2003). The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain 106: 481–489.PubMed
go back to reference Storheim, K., Brox, J. I., Holm, I., and Bo, K. (2005). Predictors of return to work in patients sick listed for sub-acute low back pain: a 12-month follow-up study. J. Rehabil. Med. 37: xx–xx. Storheim, K., Brox, J. I., Holm, I., and Bo, K. (2005). Predictors of return to work in patients sick listed for sub-acute low back pain: a 12-month follow-up study. J. Rehabil. Med. 37: xx–xx.
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J., and Neish, N. (1999). The effects of disclosure on pain during dental hygiene treatment: the moderating role of catastrophizing. Pain 79: 155–163.PubMed Sullivan, M. J., and Neish, N. (1999). The effects of disclosure on pain during dental hygiene treatment: the moderating role of catastrophizing. Pain 79: 155–163.PubMed
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J., Rodgers, W. M., Wilson, P. M., Bell, G. J., Murray, T. C., and Fraser, S. N. (2002). An experimental investigation of the relation between catastrophizing and activity intolerance. Pain 100: 47–53.PubMed Sullivan, M. J., Rodgers, W. M., Wilson, P. M., Bell, G. J., Murray, T. C., and Fraser, S. N. (2002). An experimental investigation of the relation between catastrophizing and activity intolerance. Pain 100: 47–53.PubMed
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J., and Stanish, W. D. (2003). Psychologically based occupational rehabilitation: the Pain-Disability Prevention Program. Clin. J. Pain 19: 97–104.PubMed Sullivan, M. J., and Stanish, W. D. (2003). Psychologically based occupational rehabilitation: the Pain-Disability Prevention Program. Clin. J. Pain 19: 97–104.PubMed
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., and Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychol. Assess. 7: 524–532. Sullivan, M. J. L., Bishop, S. R., and Pivik, J. (1995). The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and validation. Psychol. Assess. 7: 524–532.
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J. L., Lynch, M. E., and Clark, A. J. (2005a). Dimensions of catastrophic thinking associated with pain experience and disability in patients with neuropathic pain conditions. Pain 113: 310–315.PubMed Sullivan, M. J. L., Lynch, M. E., and Clark, A. J. (2005a). Dimensions of catastrophic thinking associated with pain experience and disability in patients with neuropathic pain conditions. Pain 113: 310–315.PubMed
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J. L., Thorn, B., Rodgers, W., and Ward, L. C. (2004). Path model of psychological antecedents to pain experience: experimental and clinical findings. Clin. J. Pain 20: 164–173.PubMed Sullivan, M. J. L., Thorn, B., Rodgers, W., and Ward, L. C. (2004). Path model of psychological antecedents to pain experience: experimental and clinical findings. Clin. J. Pain 20: 164–173.PubMed
go back to reference Sullivan, M. J. L., Ward, L. C., Tripp, D., French, D. J., Adams, H., and Stanish, W. D. (2005b). Secondary prevention of work disability: community-based psychosocial intervention for musculoskeletal disorders. J. Occup. Rehabil. 15: 377–392.PubMed Sullivan, M. J. L., Ward, L. C., Tripp, D., French, D. J., Adams, H., and Stanish, W. D. (2005b). Secondary prevention of work disability: community-based psychosocial intervention for musculoskeletal disorders. J. Occup. Rehabil. 15: 377–392.PubMed
go back to reference Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Oostendorp, R. A., Verbeek, A. L., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006a). Acute low back pain: pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing influence physical performance and perceived disability. Pain 120: 36–43.PubMed Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Oostendorp, R. A., Verbeek, A. L., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006a). Acute low back pain: pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing influence physical performance and perceived disability. Pain 120: 36–43.PubMed
go back to reference Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Verbeek, A. L., Oostendorp, R. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2003). Fear of movement/(re)injury, disability and participation in acute low back pain. Pain 105: 371–379.PubMed Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Verbeek, A. L., Oostendorp, R. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2003). Fear of movement/(re)injury, disability and participation in acute low back pain. Pain 105: 371–379.PubMed
go back to reference Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Verbeek, A. L., Oostendorp, R. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006b). Fear-avoidance beliefs, disability, and participation in workers and non-workers with acute low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 22: 45–54.PubMed Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E., Roelofs, J., Verbeek, A. L., Oostendorp, R. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006b). Fear-avoidance beliefs, disability, and participation in workers and non-workers with acute low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 22: 45–54.PubMed
go back to reference Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E. J., Roelofs, J., Schouten, E. G. W., Verbeek, A. L. M., Oostendorp, R. A. B., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006c). Fear of movement/(re)Injury predicting chronic disabling low back pain: a prospective inception cohort study. Spine 31: 658–664.PubMed Swinkels-Meewisse, I. E. J., Roelofs, J., Schouten, E. G. W., Verbeek, A. L. M., Oostendorp, R. A. B., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2006c). Fear of movement/(re)Injury predicting chronic disabling low back pain: a prospective inception cohort study. Spine 31: 658–664.PubMed
go back to reference Symonds, T. L., Burton, A. K., Tilotson, K. M., and Main, C. J. (1995). Absence resulting from low back trouble can be reduced by psyochosocial intervention at the work place. Spine 20: 2738–2745.PubMed Symonds, T. L., Burton, A. K., Tilotson, K. M., and Main, C. J. (1995). Absence resulting from low back trouble can be reduced by psyochosocial intervention at the work place. Spine 20: 2738–2745.PubMed
go back to reference Turk, D. C., Robinson, J. P., and Burwinkle, T. (2004). Prevalence of fear of pain and activity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J. Pain 5: 483–490.PubMed Turk, D. C., Robinson, J. P., and Burwinkle, T. (2004). Prevalence of fear of pain and activity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J. Pain 5: 483–490.PubMed
go back to reference Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., and Romano, J. M. (2000). Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain? xxxxxxxx 85: 115–125. Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., and Romano, J. M. (2000). Do beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing independently predict functioning in patients with chronic pain? xxxxxxxx 85: 115–125.
go back to reference Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Warms, C. A., and Cardenas, D. D. (2002). Catastrophizing is associated with pain intensity, psychological distress, and pain-related disability among individuals with chronic pain after spinal cord injury. Pain 98: 127–134.PubMed Turner, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Warms, C. A., and Cardenas, D. D. (2002). Catastrophizing is associated with pain intensity, psychological distress, and pain-related disability among individuals with chronic pain after spinal cord injury. Pain 98: 127–134.PubMed
go back to reference Turner, J. A., Mancl, L., and Aaron, L. A. (2004). Pain-related catastrophizing: a daily process study. Pain 103–111. Turner, J. A., Mancl, L., and Aaron, L. A. (2004). Pain-related catastrophizing: a daily process study. Pain 103–111.
go back to reference Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2002). Retarded disengagement from pain cues: the effects of pain catastrophizing and pain expectancy. Pain 100: 111–118.PubMed Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2002). Retarded disengagement from pain cues: the effects of pain catastrophizing and pain expectancy. Pain 100: 111–118.PubMed
go back to reference Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2004a). The anticipation of pain modulates spatial attention: evidence for pain-specificity in high-pain catastrophizers. Pain 111: 392–399.PubMed Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2004a). The anticipation of pain modulates spatial attention: evidence for pain-specificity in high-pain catastrophizers. Pain 111: 392–399.PubMed
go back to reference Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2004b). Disengagement from pain: the role of catastrophic thinking about pain. Pain 107: 70–76.PubMed Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., and Eccleston, C. (2004b). Disengagement from pain: the role of catastrophic thinking about pain. Pain 107: 70–76.PubMed
go back to reference Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., Hermans, D., Koster, E. H., and Eccleston, C. (2006). The role of extinction and reinstatement in attentional bias to threat: A conditioning approach. Behav. Res. Ther. 44: 1555–1563.PubMed Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., Hermans, D., Koster, E. H., and Eccleston, C. (2006). The role of extinction and reinstatement in attentional bias to threat: A conditioning approach. Behav. Res. Ther. 44: 1555–1563.PubMed
go back to reference Van Den Hout, J. H. C., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Sillen, W. J. H., and Willen, A. J. E. H. L. (2001a). Functional disability in non-specific low back pain: the role of pain-related fear and problem-solving skills. Int. J. Behav. Med. 8: 149–162. Van Den Hout, J. H. C., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Sillen, W. J. H., and Willen, A. J. E. H. L. (2001a). Functional disability in non-specific low back pain: the role of pain-related fear and problem-solving skills. Int. J. Behav. Med. 8: 149–162.
go back to reference Van Den Hout, J. H. C., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Houben, R. M. A., Soeters, A. P. M., and Peters, M. L. (2001b). The effects of failure feedback and pain-related fear on pain report, pain tolerance and pain avoidance in chronic low back pain patients. 92: 247–257. Van Den Hout, J. H. C., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Houben, R. M. A., Soeters, A. P. M., and Peters, M. L. (2001b). The effects of failure feedback and pain-related fear on pain report, pain tolerance and pain avoidance in chronic low back pain patients. 92: 247–257.
go back to reference Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., Somville, P. R., Crombez, G., Burdorf, A., Verbeke, G., Johannik, K., Van den Bergh, O., Masschelein, R., Mairiaux, P., and Moens, G. F. (2006). The role of physical workload and pain related fear in the development of low back pain in young workers: evidence from the BelCoBack Study; results after one year of follow up. Occup. Environ. Med. 63: 45–52.PubMed Van Nieuwenhuyse, A., Somville, P. R., Crombez, G., Burdorf, A., Verbeke, G., Johannik, K., Van den Bergh, O., Masschelein, R., Mairiaux, P., and Moens, G. F. (2006). The role of physical workload and pain related fear in the development of low back pain in young workers: evidence from the BelCoBack Study; results after one year of follow up. Occup. Environ. Med. 63: 45–52.PubMed
go back to reference van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Linton, S. J., Morley, S. J., and Assendelft, W. J. (2000). Behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain: a sustematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine 25: xx–xx. van Tulder, M. W., Ostelo, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Linton, S. J., Morley, S. J., and Assendelft, W. J. (2000). Behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain: a sustematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine 25: xx–xx.
go back to reference Vancleef, L. M. G., and Peters, M. L. (2006). Pain catastrophizing, but not injury/illness sensitivity or anxiety sensitivity, anhances attentional interference by pain. J. Pain 7: 23–30.PubMed Vancleef, L. M. G., and Peters, M. L. (2006). Pain catastrophizing, but not injury/illness sensitivity or anxiety sensitivity, anhances attentional interference by pain. J. Pain 7: 23–30.PubMed
go back to reference Vancleef, L. M. G., Peters, M. L., Roelofs, J., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006). Do fundamental fears differentially contribute to pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing? An evaluation of the sensitivity index. European J. Pain 10: 527–536. Vancleef, L. M. G., Peters, M. L., Roelofs, J., and Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006). Do fundamental fears differentially contribute to pain-related fear and pain catastrophizing? An evaluation of the sensitivity index. European J. Pain 10: 527–536.
go back to reference Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Bousema, E. J., Van Der Heijden, G. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005). Pain-related factors contributing to muscle inhibition in patients with chronic low back pain: an experimental investigation based on superimposed electrical stimulation. Clin. J. Pain 21: 232–240.PubMed Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Bousema, E. J., Van Der Heijden, G. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2005). Pain-related factors contributing to muscle inhibition in patients with chronic low back pain: an experimental investigation based on superimposed electrical stimulation. Clin. J. Pain 21: 232–240.PubMed
go back to reference Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., van de Heijden, G. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Pons, K., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2003a). Disuse and deconditioning in chronic low back pain: concepts and hypotheses on contributing mechanisms. European J. Pain 7: 9–21. Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., van de Heijden, G. J., Heuts, P. H. T. G., Pons, K., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2003a). Disuse and deconditioning in chronic low back pain: concepts and hypotheses on contributing mechanisms. European J. Pain 7: 9–21.
go back to reference Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Der Heijden, G. J., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2003b). Fear of injury and physical deconditioning in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84: 1227–1232.PubMed Verbunt, J. A., Seelen, H. A. M., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Van Der Heijden, G. J., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2003b). Fear of injury and physical deconditioning in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84: 1227–1232.PubMed
go back to reference Verbunt, J. A., Westerterp, K. R., Van Der Heijden, G. J., Seelen, H. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2001). Physical activity in daily life in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82: 726–730.PubMed Verbunt, J. A., Westerterp, K. R., Van Der Heijden, G. J., Seelen, H. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Knottnerus, J. A. (2001). Physical activity in daily life in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82: 726–730.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W., De Jong, J. R., Onghena, P., Kerckhoffs-Hanssen, M., and Kole-Snijders, A. M. (2002a). Can pain-related fear be reduced? The application of cognitive- behavioural exposure in vivo. Pain Res. Manag. 7: 144–153.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W., De Jong, J. R., Onghena, P., Kerckhoffs-Hanssen, M., and Kole-Snijders, A. M. (2002a). Can pain-related fear be reduced? The application of cognitive- behavioural exposure in vivo. Pain Res. Manag. 7: 144–153.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and van Breukelen, G. (2001). Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain-related fear: a replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39: 151–166.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and van Breukelen, G. (2001). Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain-related fear: a replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39: 151–166.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and van Breukelen, G. (2002b). The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: Further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. Clinical journal of pain 18: 251–261.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Geilen, M., Heuts, P. H. T. G., and van Breukelen, G. (2002b). The treatment of fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain: Further evidence on the effectiveness of exposure in vivo. Clinical journal of pain 18: 251–261.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Leeuw, M., and Crombez, G. (2004a). Fear reduction in chronic pain: graded exposure in vivo with behavioral experiments. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Vlaeyen, J. W. S., de Jong, J., Leeuw, M., and Crombez, G. (2004a). Fear reduction in chronic pain: graded exposure in vivo with behavioral experiments. In: G. J. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen and G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., and van Eek, H. (1995). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. 62: 363–372. Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Kole Snijders, A. M. J., Boeren, R. G. B., and van Eek, H. (1995). Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. 62: 363–372.
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85: 317–332.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85: 317–332.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Morley, S. (2004). Active despite pain: the putative role of stop-rules and current mood. Pain 110: 512–516.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Morley, S. (2004). Active despite pain: the putative role of stop-rules and current mood. Pain 110: 512–516.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Morley, S. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral treatments for chronic pain: what works for whom? Clinical Journal of Pain 21: 1–8.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W. S., and Morley, S. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral treatments for chronic pain: what works for whom? Clinical Journal of Pain 21: 1–8.PubMed
go back to reference Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Timmermans, C., Rodriguez, L. M., Crombez, G., van Horne, W., Ayers, G. M., Albert, A., and Wellens, H. J. (2004b). Catastrophic thinking about pain increases discomfort during internal atrial cardioversion. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56: 139–144.PubMed Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Timmermans, C., Rodriguez, L. M., Crombez, G., van Horne, W., Ayers, G. M., Albert, A., and Wellens, H. J. (2004b). Catastrophic thinking about pain increases discomfort during internal atrial cardioversion. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56: 139–144.PubMed
go back to reference Vowles, K. E., and Gross, R. T. (2003). Work-related beliefs about injury and physical capability for work in individuals with chronic pain. Pain 101: 291–298.PubMed Vowles, K. E., and Gross, R. T. (2003). Work-related beliefs about injury and physical capability for work in individuals with chronic pain. Pain 101: 291–298.PubMed
go back to reference Waddell, G. (2004a). The biopsychosocial model. In: G. Waddel (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 265–282. Waddell, G. (2004a). The biopsychosocial model. In: G. Waddel (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 265–282.
go back to reference Waddell, G. (2004b). The epidemiology of back pain. In: G. Waddell (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 71–89. Waddell, G. (2004b). The epidemiology of back pain. In: G. Waddell (Ed.), The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, pp. 71–89.
go back to reference Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., and Main, C. J. (1993). A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain 52: 157–168.PubMed Waddell, G., Newton, M., Henderson, I., Somerville, D., and Main, C. J. (1993). A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain 52: 157–168.PubMed
go back to reference Wall, P. D. (1979). On the relation of injury to pain. The John J. Bonica lecture. Pain 6: 253–264.PubMed Wall, P. D. (1979). On the relation of injury to pain. The John J. Bonica lecture. Pain 6: 253–264.PubMed
go back to reference Wittink, H., Hoskins Michel, T., Wagner, A., Sukiennik, A., and Rogers, W. (2000). Deconditioning in patients with chronic low back pain: fact or fiction? Spine 25: 2221–2228.PubMed Wittink, H., Hoskins Michel, T., Wagner, A., Sukiennik, A., and Rogers, W. (2000). Deconditioning in patients with chronic low back pain: fact or fiction? Spine 25: 2221–2228.PubMed
go back to reference Wittink, H., Michel, T. H., Sukiennik, A., Gascon, C., and Rogers, W. (2002). The association of pain with aerobic fitness in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83: 1467–1471.PubMed Wittink, H., Michel, T. H., Sukiennik, A., Gascon, C., and Rogers, W. (2002). The association of pain with aerobic fitness in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83: 1467–1471.PubMed
go back to reference Woby, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K., and Urmston, M. (2004a). Adjustment to chronic low back pain—the relative influence of fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and appraisals of control. Behav. Res. Ther. 42: 761–774.PubMed Woby, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K., and Urmston, M. (2004a). Adjustment to chronic low back pain—the relative influence of fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and appraisals of control. Behav. Res. Ther. 42: 761–774.PubMed
go back to reference Woby, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K., and Urmston, M. (2004b). Are changes in fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and appraisals of control, predictive of changes in chronic low back pain and disability? European J. Pain 8: 201–210. Woby, S. R., Watson, P. J., Roach, N. K., and Urmston, M. (2004b). Are changes in fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and appraisals of control, predictive of changes in chronic low back pain and disability? European J. Pain 8: 201–210.
go back to reference Zvolensky, M. J., Goodie, J. L., McNeil, D. W., Sperry, J. A., and Sorrell, J. T. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of pain-related fear and anxiety in a heterogeneous chronic pain population. 39: 683–696. Zvolensky, M. J., Goodie, J. L., McNeil, D. W., Sperry, J. A., and Sorrell, J. T. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of pain-related fear and anxiety in a heterogeneous chronic pain population. 39: 683–696.
Metagegevens
Titel
The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence
Auteurs
Maaike Leeuw
Mariëlle E. J. B. Goossens
Steven J. Linton
Geert Crombez
Katja Boersma
Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
Publicatiedatum
01-02-2007
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Uitgave 1/2007
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2007

Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1/2007 Naar de uitgave