Abstract
Despite the growing evidence base for the efficacy of preventive interventions, the level of implementation of these interventions in schools is often less than optimal. One promising approach to supporting teachers in implementation of interventions is the use of coaching. In this study, teachers were trained in a universal classroom management intervention and provided ongoing coaching. The association between the type and amount of coaching activities and teacher implementation of proactive classroom management over time were investigated. Results indicated that teachers who received more performance feedback had higher levels of implementation over time in comparison with teachers who received less feedback. In addition, a significant interaction between the amount of coaching a teacher received and his or her implementation of proactive classroom management was found. Increased implementation over time was observed for teachers with lower initial levels of implementation who received more coaching, whereas implementation decreased over time for teachers who received less coaching. The importance of coaching as a support system for enhancing implementation quality of classroom-based preventive interventions is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barrett, E. R., & Davis, S. (1995). Perceptions of beginning teachers’ needs in classroom management. Teacher Education and Practice, 11, 22–27.
Brophy, J. E. (1996). Teaching problem students. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cappella, E., Reinke, W. M., & Hoagwood, K. (2011). Advancing Intervention Research in School Psychology: Finding the Balance between Process and Outcome for Social and Behavioral Interventions. School Psychology Review, 40, 455–464.
Coladarci, T., & Gage, N. L. (1984). Effects of minimal intervention on teacher behavior and student achievement. American Education Research Journal, 1, 236–248.
Colvin, G., Sugai, G., Good, R. H., & Lee, Y. (1997). Using active supervision and precorrection to improve transition behaviors in an elementary school. School Psychology Quarterly, 12, 344–363.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2009). Recognizing and enhancing teacher effectiveness. The International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment, 3, 1–24.
Denton, C. A., & Hasbrouck, J. (2009). A description of instructional coaching and its relationship to consultation. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 19, 150–175. doi:10.1080/10474410802463296.
DePry, R. L., & Sugai, G. (2002). The effect of active supervision and pre-correction on minor behavioral incidents in a sixth grade general education classroom. Journal of Behavioral Education, 11, 255–267. doi:1053-0819/02/1200-0255/0.
Driscoll, K. C., Wang, L., Mashburn, A. J., & Pianta, R. C. (2011). Fostering supportive teacher–child relationships: Intervention implementation in a state-funded preschool program. Early Education and Development, 22, 593–619. doi:10.1080/10409289.2010.502015.
Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350. doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x.
Espin, C., & Yell, M. (1994). Critical indicator of effective teaching for preservice teachers: Relationships between teaching behaviors and ratings of effectiveness. Teacher Education and Special Education, 17, 154–169.
Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (2006). Classroom management as a field of inquiry. In C. M. Evertson & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues (pp. 3–15). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fixsen, D., Naoom, S., Blase, K., Friedman, R., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL, University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network (FMHI Publication #231).
Forman, S. G., Olin, S., Hoagwood, K., Crowe, M., & Saka, N. (2009). Evidence-based intervention in schools: Developers’ views of implementation barriers and facilitators. School Mental Health, 1, 26–36. doi:10.1007/s12310-008-9002-5.
Gottfredson, G. D., Jones, E. M., & Gore, T. W. (2002). Implementation and evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral intervention to prevent problem behavior in a disorganized school. Prevention Science, 3, 43–56.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 226–234.
Hemmeter, M. L., Snyder, P., Kinder, K., & Artman, K. (2011). Impact of performance feedback delivered via electronic mail on preschool teachers’ use of descriptive praise. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26, 96–109.
Houston, W. R., & Williamson, J. L. (1992). Perceptions of their preparation by 42 Texas elementary school teachers compared with their responses as student teachers. Teacher Education and Practice, 8, 27–42.
Ialongo, N., Poduska, J., Werthamer, L., & Kellam, S. (2001). The distal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on conduct problems and disorder in early adolescence. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 9, 146–160.
Ingersoll, R. M. (2002). High turnover plagues schools. USA Today, 13A.
Joyce, B., & Showers, B. (2002). Student achievement through staff development (3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Kellam, S. G., Ling, X., Merisca, R., Merisca, C. H., & Ialongo, N. (1998). The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 165–185.
Kim, Y., & Stormont, M. (2012). Factors associated with South Korean early childhood educators’ observed behavior support strategies. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 14, 78–96.
Kretlow, A. G., & Bartholomew, C. C. (2010). Using coaching to improve the fidelity of evidence-based practices: A review of studies. Teacher Education and Special Education, 33, 279–299.
Lewis, T. J., Colvin, G., & Sugai, G. (2000). The effects of pre-correction and active supervision on the recess behavior of elementary students. Education and Treatment of Children, 23, 109–121.
National Research Council. (2002). Minority students in special and gifted education. Committee on minority representation in special education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Noell, G. H., Duhon, G. J., Gatti, S. L., & Connell, J. E. (2002). Consultation, follow-up, and implementation of behavior management interventions in general education. School Psychology Review, 31, 217–234.
Noell, G. H., Witt, J. C., Slider, N. J., Connell, J. E., Gatti, S. L., Williams, K. L., et al. (2005). Treatment implementation following behavioral consultation in schools: A comparison of three follow-up strategies. School Psychology Review, 34, 87–106.
Pas, E., Bradshaw, C., & Cash, A. (in press). Coaching classroom-based preventive interventions. In M. Weist, N. Lever, C. Bradshaw, & J. Owens (Eds.), Handbook of school mental health (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Ransford, C. R., Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C. E., Small, M., & Jacobson, L. (2009). The role of teachers’ psychological experiences and perceptions of curriculum supports on the implementation of a social and emotional learning curriculum. School Psychology Review, 38, 510–532.
Reinke, W. M., Frey, A., Herman, K. C., & Thompson, C. V. (in press-a). Improving engagement and implementation of interventions for children with behavior problems in home and school settings. In H. Walker & F. Gresham (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based practices for students having emotional and behavioral disorders. New York: Guildford Press.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Sprick, R. (2011a). Motivational interviewing for effective classroom management: The classroom check-up. New York: Guilford Press.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Stormont, M. (2013). Classroom Level Positive Behavior Supports in Schools Implementing SW-PBIS: Identifying Areas for Enhancement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15, 39–50.
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., Stormont, M., Newcomer, L., & David, K. (in press-b). Illustrating the multiple facets and levels of fidelity of implementation to a teacher classroom management intervention. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research.
Reinke, W. M., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Martin, E. (2007). The effect of visual performance feedback on teacher behavior-specific praise. Behavior Modification, 31(3), 247–263.
Reinke, W. M., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Merrell, K. (2008). The classroom check-up: A classwide consultation model for increasing praise and decreasing disruptive behavior. School Psychology Review, 37, 315–332.
Reinke, W. M., & Newcomer, L. (2010). Brief classroom interaction observation revised (BCIO-R). Columbia: University of Missouri publication.
Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2011b). Supporting children’s mental health in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 26, 1–13.
Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Webster-Stratton, C., Newcomer, L., & Herman, K. C. (2012). The Incredible Years Teacher Training: Using coaching to support generalization to real world classroom settings. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 416–428.
Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D., & Sugai, G. (2008). Evidence-based practices in classroom management: Considerations for research to practice. Education and Treatment of Children, 31, 351–380. doi:10.1353/etc.0.0007.
Smith, S. C., Lewis, T. J., & Stormont, M. (2011). The effectiveness of two universal behavioral supports for children with externalizing behavior in Head Start classrooms. Positive Behavior Interventions, 13, 133–143. doi:10.1177/1098300710379053.
Solomon, B. G., Klein, S. A., & Politylo, B. C. (2012). The effect of performance feedback on teachers’ treatment integrity: A meta-analysis of the single-case literature. School Psychology Review, 41, 160–175.
Stormont, M., Reinke, W., & Herman, K. (2011). Teachers’ knowledge of evidence-based interventions and available school resources for children with emotional and behavioral problems. Journal of Behavioral Education, 20(2), 138–147.
Stormont, M., Reinke, W. M., Newcomer, L., Darney, D., Lewis, C. (2013). Coaching teachers’ use of social behavior interventions to improve children’s outcomes: A review of the literature. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Tapp, J. (2004). Multi-option observation system for experimental studies (MOOSES). Accessed from: http://kc.vanderbilt.edu/mooses/mooses.html.
Walker, H. M., Colvin, G., & Ramsey, E. (1995). Antisocial behavior in school: Strategies and best practices. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M., & Hammond, M. (2001). Preventing conduct problems, promoting social competence: A parent and teacher training partnership in Head Start. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 283–302. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_2.
Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M., & Hammond, M. (2004). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: Intervention outcomes for parent, child, and teacher training. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 105–124. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_11.
Webster-Stratton, C., Reid, M., & Stoolmiller, M. (2008). Preventing conduct problems and improving school readiness: Evaluation of the Incredible Years teacher and child training programs in high-risk schools. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 471–488. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01861.x.
Wenz-Gross, M., & Upshur, C. (2012). Implementing a primary prevention social skills intervention in urban preschools: Factors associated with quality and fidelity. Early Education and Development, 23, 427–450. doi:10.1080/10409289.2011.589043.
Acknowledgments
The research reported here was supported by the Institute of Educational Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305A100342 to the first author. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reinke, W.M., Stormont, M., Herman, K.C. et al. Using Coaching to Support Teacher Implementation of Classroom-based Interventions. J Behav Educ 23, 150–167 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-013-9186-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-013-9186-0