Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

16-02-2016

Measuring Outcome Expectancies for Specific Coping Behaviors: the Coping Expectancies Scale (CES)

Auteurs: Dara G. Friedman-Wheeler, Jo Ellyn Pederson, Hilda M. Rizzo-Busack, David A. F. Haaga

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 3/2016

Abstract

Outcome expectancies for specific coping strategies may help explain why people vary in their choices of coping strategies (e.g., whether to smoke a cigarette or talk to a friend). These choices have relevance to both physical and mental health. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of a new measure of mood regulation expectancies for specific explicit coping strategies, the Coping Expectancies Scale (CES). 552 adults completed the CES and other measures online. Factor analysis of the CES using Maximum Likelihood Extraction with promax rotation revealed three factors: Expectancies for Passive/Avoidant Coping, Expectancies for Active Behavioral Coping, and Expectancies for Active Cognitive Coping. Concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity for these factors were strong, as was retest reliability. The CES enables researchers to measure expectancies for specific coping strategies, which may in turn help to explain people’s choices of strategies. In addition, the ability to measure these expectancies may allow for the development of treatment interventions that directly target them, ultimately enabling clients to adjust their expectancies and their choices of coping behavior, with implications for health and well-being.

vorige artikel The Expression of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Daily Life: A Review of Experience Sampling Methodology and Daily Diary Studies

volgende artikel Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention Dimensions with Teacher Ratings of Nepali Children

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Six minute minimum used because median time to complete (for all 592 adults) was 13 min (25th%ile = 10, 75th%ile = 17), and it was deemed that those completing the study in six or fewer minutes were likely not reading the questions carefully; 60 min maximum chosen because it was deemed that individuals taking more than 1 h to complete the study were likely not completing it uninterrupted. Time to complete the study was not related to age or to version of the study completed.

None of the participants who completed time 2 was Hispanic/Latino, whereas 9 % of those invited to complete time 2 were Hispanic/Latino (X ² = 8.2, p = .004). There were no differences between those who were invited and those who completed time 2, with respect to age or race, or any of the CES subscales at baseline.

Of course, an alternative way of capturing this variability would be to analyze each vignette separately. We chose an intermediate level of aggregation (aggregating across vignettes and into factor scores, but not into a total score), to provide specificity with respect to the constructs of interest (expectancies for types of coping) without making the scoring and interpretation of CES data excessively cumbersome.

We excluded participants from specific analyses (pairwise deletion) if they did not provide sufficient data on a relevant measure (i.e., if more than 10 % of a scale or subscale was missing).

In parallel analysis, random data sets are generated that are parallel to the actual data set, in that they contain the same number of observations and variables. If the eigenvalues for a given factor are greater from the random data than from the actual data, the factor is not retained.

Omega-hierarchical cannot be calculated for 2-item scales (expectancies for active cognitive coping, in the present study). In such cases, ω_h is considered to be equal to alpha (W. Revelle, personal communication, June 30, Revelle 2010).

Spearman’s rho used because age was not normally distributed.

We also examined concurrent validity for a 10-item version of the CES (combining the items that loaded on the three retained factors). Concurrent validity correlations of the 10-item total score with the criterion variables were in every case between the correlation for the passive/avoidant factor and the two active coping factors, and in every case closer in absolute value to the correlation involving the passive/avoidant factor. Performing more like the passive-avoidant factor makes sense because that factor contributed more items (5) to the truncated CES than did the active behavioral (3) or active cognitive (2) factors. Nonetheless, we believe that the factor correlations are more illuminating than an aggregate version collapsing across them. To take one example, the 10-strategy CES showed a weak nonsignificant correlation (−.09) with the Coping Attitude Scale, but that result masks medium-sized, significant relations in opposing directions for passive-avoidant (r = −.30) vs. active-behavioral (.40) and active-cognitive (.23) factors. The 10-item version of the CES was also uncorrelated with social desirability (r = −.04, p = .68). Full results available upon request.

In fact, distraction loaded by itself on a fourth factor, and exercise and spirituality loaded on a fifth factor, but these factors were not retained, per results of parallel analysis.

Indeed, projected use of passive/avoidant coping was higher for women (1.66) than for men (1.21), in the current study (t(83) = −2.28, p = .03).

Baer, R. A., & Huss, D. B. (2008). Mindfulness- and acceptance-based therapy. In J. L. Lebow (Ed.), Twenty-first century psychotherapies: Contemporary approaches to theory and practice (pp. 123–166). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 21–41. doi:10.1111/1467-839X.00024.CrossRef

Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 139–157.CrossRefPubMed

Cano, M. Á., Lam, C. Y., Chen, M., Adams, C. E., Correa-Fernández, V., Stewart, D. W., et al. (2014). Positive smoking outcome expectancies mediate the association between negative affect and smoking urge among women during a quit attempt. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 332–340. doi:10.1037/a0036749.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Catanzaro, S., & Mearns, J. (1990). Measuring generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation: initial scale development and implications. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 546–563. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5403&4_11.CrossRefPubMed

Catanzaro, S. J., Wasch, H. H., Kirsch, I., & Mearns, J. (2000). Coping related expectancies and dispositions as prospective predictors of coping responses and symptoms. Journal of Personality, 68, 757–788. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00115.CrossRefPubMed

Chesney, M., Neilands, T., Chambers, D., Taylor, J., & Folkman, S. (2006). A validity and reliability study of the coping self-efficacy scale. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 421–437. doi:10.1348/135910705X53155.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Costa Jr., P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Cox, S. J., Mezulis, A. H., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). The influence of child gender role and maternal feedback to child stress on the emergence of the gender difference in depressive rumination in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 46(4), 842–852. doi:10.1037/a0019813.CrossRefPubMed

Cronbach, L., & Shavelson, R. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 391–418. doi:10.1177/0013164404266386.CrossRef

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354.CrossRefPubMed

DeJong, T. M., & Overholser, J. C. (2007). Coping attitudes scale: psychometric properties of a measure of positive attitudes in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 39–50. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9059-0.CrossRef

Dunn, T., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412.CrossRefPubMed

Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299.CrossRef

Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed., ). London: Sage.

Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456.CrossRefPubMed

Franken, I., Hendriks, V., Haffmans, P., & van der Meer, C. (2003). Coping style of substance-abuse patients: effects of anxiety and mood disorders on coping change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 1125–1132. doi:10.1002/jclp.10205.CrossRef

Friedman-Wheeler, D. G., Haaga, D. A. F., Gunthert, K. C., Ahrens, A. H., & McIntosh, E. (2008). Depression, neuroticism, and expectancies for engagement and disengagement coping among cigarette smokers. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 105–115.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (vol. 7, pp. 7–28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.

Hogan, C. L., Mata, J., & Carstensen, L. L. (2013). Exercise holds immediate benefits for affect and cognition in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 28(2), 587–594. doi:10.1037/a0032634.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hutchison, J. A., & Gunthert, K. C. (2013). Measuring beliefs about automatic mood regulation: development of a self-report scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 1243–1256. doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9559-7.CrossRef

Juth, V., Dickerson, S. S., Zoccola, P. M., & Lam, S. (2015). Understanding the utility of emotional approach coping: evidence from a laboratory stressor and daily life. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 28(1), 50–70. doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.921912.CrossRef

Kendler, K. S., Hettema, J. M., Butera, F., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 789–796.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, B. (2007). Moderating effects of religious/spiritual coping in the relation between perceived stress and psychological well-being. Pastoral Psychology, 55, 751–759. doi:10.1007/s11089-007-0080-3.CrossRef

Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In H. Lefcourt (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct (vol. 1, pp. 15–63). New York: Academic Press.CrossRef

Mendelson, T., & Gruen, R. (2005). Self-criticism, failure, and depressive affect: A test of personality-event congruence and symptom specificity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 301–314. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1098-2.CrossRef

Meng, X., Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. (1992). Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 172–175.CrossRef

Newport, F. (2011). More than 9 in 10 Americans Continue to Believe in God: Professed Belief Is Lower among Younger Americans, Easterners, and Liberals. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/147887/americans-continue-believe-god.aspx

O’Connor, B. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402.CrossRef

R Development Core Team (2010). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES–D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef

Reicherts, M., & Perrez, M. (1991). Stress and coping process questionnaire. In M. Perrez, & M. Reicherts (Eds.), Stress, coping, and health: A situation-behavior approach: Theory, methods, applications (pp. 207–225). Kirkland, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.

Revelle, W. (2010). Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research (Version 1.0–90 Edition) [Computer Software Module]. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University.

Revelle, W., & Wilt, J. (2013). The general factor of personality: A general critique. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(5), 493–504. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. (2009). Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: comments on sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74, 145–154. doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z.CrossRef

Robins, C., Bagby, R., Rector, N., Lynch, T., & Kennedy, S. (1997). Sociotropy, autonomy, and patterns of symptoms in patients with major depression: A comparison of dimensional and categorical approaches. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 285–300.CrossRef

Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bögels, S., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E. (2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 607–616. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.001.CrossRefPubMed

Scheier, M., Carver, C., & Bridges, M. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063.CrossRefPubMed

Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of categorical systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 216–269. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216.CrossRefPubMed

Stone, A. A., & Neale, J. M. (1984). New measure of daily coping: development and preliminary results. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 892–906. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.892.CrossRef

Strahan, R., & Gerbasi, K. C. (1972). Short, homogenous versions of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 191–193.CrossRef

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed., ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi:10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: the place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 149–159.CrossRef

Vandervoort, D. (2006). Hostility and health: mediating effects of belief systems and coping styles. Current Psychology, 25, 50–66. doi:10.1007/s12144-006-1016-2.CrossRef

Watson, D., David, J. P., & Suls, J. (1999). Personality, affectivity, & coping. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: the psychology of what works (pp. 119–140). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Zlomke, K., & Hahn, K. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: gender differences and associations to worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 408–413. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.007.CrossRef

Titel: Measuring Outcome Expectancies for Specific Coping Behaviors: the Coping Expectancies Scale (CES)
Auteurs: Dara G. Friedman-Wheeler
Jo Ellyn Pederson
Hilda M. Rizzo-Busack
David A. F. Haaga
Publicatiedatum: 16-02-2016
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 3/2016
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9539-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2016

Photographic Assessment of Change in Trichotillomania: Psychometric Properties and Variables Influencing Interpretation

Effects of Weight Cue Reactivity on Self-Report Measures of Body Dissatisfaction

The Validity of the Child Problematic Trait Inventory in 6–12 Year Old Italian Children: Further Support and Issues of Consistency Across Different Sources of Information and Different Samples

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): Validation and Replication in Adolescent and Adult Samples

The Expression of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Daily Life: A Review of Experience Sampling Methodology and Daily Diary Studies

Collateral Reports and Cross-Informant Agreement about Adult Psychopathology in 14 Societies