Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Behavior Problems in Childhood and Adolescence as Predictors of Early Adult Depression

  • Published:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Behavior and psychological problems assessed prospectively by teachers and parents and by youths’ self-reports through late childhood and adolescence were examined as possible predictors of early adult depression. Data were from 765 participants in the Seattle Social Development Project, a multiethnic and gender-balanced urban sample. Analyses examined 7 waves of data from ages 10 to 21, and included measures from the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and assessments of past-year depressive episode based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Self-reported conduct problems as early as age 10 (Mason et al. 2001) and throughout adolescence consistently predicted depression at age 21. Parent reports of conduct and other externalizing problems in adolescence also significantly predicted adult depression. None of the available teacher reports through age 14 were significant predictors. Results suggest that externalizing problems can be useful indicators of risk for adult depression. Prevention efforts that target externalizing problems in youth may hold promise for reducing later depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. A portion of the sample was exposed to a multicomponent preventive intervention in the elementary grades, consisting of teacher training, parenting classes, and social competence training for children (see Hawkins et al. 2005, for a description and analysis of the intervention and effects). While differences in prevalences and means have been observed between intervention and control groups, prior analyses have shown few differences in the covariance structures of the groups (Catalano et al. 1996; Huang et al. 2001; Kosterman et al. 2005). Similarly, analyses for this report were based on the full sample after examining possible differences in the covariances of the predictors with adult depression, comparing the control group and the group assigned to receive all of the intervention components (previous analyses have shown that this “full” intervention group was most likely to demonstrate significant intervention effects on the means; Hawkins et al. 1999; Hawkins et al. 2005). We conducted regressions identical to those composing the main analyses subsequently reported in Table 2, with the addition to each regression of a covariate representing the interaction of the childhood or adolescent predictor with the control-intervention variable. None of these interactions was statistically significant, indicating that the prediction of depression at age 21 for control and intervention participants did not statistically differ, and supporting a single-group analysis.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Rev) (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (1993). Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents - empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1779–1791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2001). The epidemiology of depression in children and adolescents. In I. M. Goodyer (Ed.), The depressed child and adolescent (pp. 143–178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 57–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angst, J. (1990). Recurrent brief depression: a new concept of depression. Pharmacopsychiatry, 23, 63–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auger, R. W. (2004). The accuracy of teacher reports in the identification of middle school students with depressive symptomatology. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 379–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardone, A. M., Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., & Dickson, N. (1996). Adult mental health and social outcomes of adolescent girls with depression and conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 811–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchaine, T. P. (2003). Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 501–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., & Schwab-Stone, M. (1996). Discrepancies among mother, child, and teacher reports: examining the contributions of maternal depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 749–765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broadhead, W. E., Blazer, D. G., George, L. K., & Tse, C. K. (1990). Depression, disability days and days lost from work in a prospective epidemiological survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2524–2528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, D. M. (1991). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: I. Familial factors and general adjustment at grade 6. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 277–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, D. M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, D. M., & Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: III. Prediction to young-adult adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 59–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Newcomb, M. D., & Abbott, R. D. (1996). Modeling the etiology of adolescent substance use: a test of the social development model. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 429–455.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerda, M., Sagdeo, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Comorbid forms of psychopathology: key patterns and future research directions. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30, 155–177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L.-S., Eaton, W. W., Gallo, J. J., Nestadt, G., & Crum, R. M. (2000). Empirical examination of current depression categories in a population-based study: symptoms, course, and risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 573–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L., Henderson, A., & Harwell, J. (1998). Validation of depression and anxiety measures in white and black youths: multitrait-multimethod analyses. Psychological Assessment, 10, 261–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., Martin, J. M., Powers, B., & Truglio, R. (1996). Modeling causal relations between academic and social competence and depression: a multitrait-multimethod longitudinal study of children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 105, 258–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., Truglio, R., & Peeke, L. (1997). Relation between symptoms of anxiety and depression in children: a multitrait-multimethod-multigroup assessment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 110–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compass, B. E., Connor, J. K., & Hinden, B. R. (1998). New perspectives on depression during adolescence. In R. Jessor (Ed.), New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 319–362). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Coster, S., & Heimer, K. (2001). The relationship between law violation and depression: an interactionist analysis. Criminology, 39, 799–836.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, W. W., Anthony, J. C., Gallo, J., Cai, G., Tien, A., Romanoski, A., et al. (1997). Natural history of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-IV major depression: the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 993–999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edelbrock, C., Costello, A. J., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R., & Conover, N. C. (1985). Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child. Child Development, 56, 265–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Pianta, R., & Ogawa, J. (1996). Early behavior problems: pathways to mental disorders in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 735–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellickson, P. L., & Bell, R. M. (1990). Drug prevention in junior high: a multi-site longitudinal test. Science, 247, 1299–1305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., Knowles, B. A., & Canter, R. J. (1981). The National Youth Survey Project report No. 14, Vol. 1. Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epkins, C. C. (1993). A preliminary comparison of teacher ratings and child self-report of depression, anxiety, and aggression in inpatient and elementary-school samples. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 649–661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epkins, C. C. (1995). Peer ratings of internalizing and externalizing problems in inpatient and elementary school children: correspondence with parallel child self-report and teacher ratings. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 3, 203–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epkins, C. C., & Meyers, A. W. (1994). Assessment of childhood depression, anxiety, and aggression: convergent and discriminant validity of self-report, parent-report, teacher-report, and peer-report measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 364–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D. P. (1986). Age and crime. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 7, pp. 189–250). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gater, R., Tansella, M., Korten, A., Tiemens, B., Mavreas, V. G., & Olatawura, M. O. (1998). Sex differences in the prevalence and detection of depressive and anxiety disorders in general health care settings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 405–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., & Craney, J. L. (2001). Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 125–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Paradis, A. D., Hauf, A. M. C., & Stashwick, C. K. (2001). Major depression and drug disorders in adolescence: general and specific impairments in early adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1426–1433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. W., & Hofer, S. M. (2000). Multiple imputation in multivariate research. In T. D. Little, K. U. Schnabel & J. Baumert (Eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multi-group data: Practical issues, applied approaches, and specific examples (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 269-281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. W., Hofer, S. M., Donaldson, S. I., MacKinnon, D. P., & Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis with missing data in prevention research. In K. J. Bryant, M. T. Windle & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (1st ed., pp. 325–366). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. W., & Schafer, J. L. (1999). On the performance of multiple imputation for multivariate data with small sample size. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Statistical strategies for small sample research (pp. 1–29). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R., Bredenkamp, D., Groothues, C., Rutter, M., Fudge, H., & Pickles, A. (1994). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. III. Links with suicidal behaviours. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 1309–1319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, R., Rutter, M., & Fombonne, E. (1996). Developmental pathways in depression: multiple meanings, antecedents, and endpoints. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 601–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 226–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hill, K. G., & Abbott, R. D. (2005). Promoting positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood: long-term effects from the Seattle Social Development Project. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 25–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hechtman, L., Weiss, G., Perlman, T., & Tuck, D. (1981). Hyperactives as young adults: various clinical outcomes. Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 295–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, B., Kosterman, R., Catalano, R. F., Hawkins, J. D., & Abbott, R. D. (2001). Modeling mediation in the etiology of violent behavior and adolescence: a test of the social development model. Criminology, 39, 75–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C. W., Preskorn, S. H., Weller, E., Weller, R., Hassanein, R., & Tucker, S. (1990). The effect of concomitant disorders in childhood depression on predicting treatment response. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 235–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ines, T. M., & Sacco, W. P. (1992). Factors related to correspondence between teacher ratings of elementary student depression and student self-ratings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 140–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002). Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 215–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, C., & Short, K. H. (1993). Depressive symptoms and perceptions of child behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 164–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemper, T. S., Gerhardstein, R., Repper, K. K., & Kistner, J. A. (2003). Mother-child agreement on reports of internalizing symptoms among children referred for evaluation of ADHD. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25, 239–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinard, E. M. (1995). Mother and teacher assessments of behavior problems in abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1043–1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, M., McCrone, P., Fombonne, E., Beecham, J., & Wostear, G. (2002). The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 3. Impact of comorbid conduct disorder on service use and costs in adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 19–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., Hill, K. G., Herrenkohl, T. I., & Catalano, R. F. (2005). Measures of positive adult behavior and their relationship to crime and substance use. Prevention Science, 6, 21–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, P. J. (1982). Incidence of shyness in elementary school age children. Psychological Reports, 51, 904–906.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leaf, P. J., Myers, J. K., & McEvoy, L. T. (1991). Procedures used in the epidemiological catchment area study. In L. N. Robins & D. A. Reiger (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America (pp. 11–32). New York: Free.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J., & Sadowski, C. A. (2001). Assessing the child psychopathology beast: a reply to Achenbach and Dumenci's (2001) commentary. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 703–705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J., Sadowski, C. A., Friedrich, W. N., & Fisher, J. (2001). Rationally and empirically derived dimensions of children's symptomatology: Expert ratings and confirmatory factor analyses of the CBCL. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 683–698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Klein, D. N., & Seeley, J. R. (1999). Continuity into young adulthood. (Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder, part 1). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 56–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 510–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmorstein, N. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2001). An investigation of female adolescent twins with both major depression and conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 299–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmorstein, N. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2003). Major depression and conduct disorder in a twin sample: gender, functioning, and risk for future psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 225–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmorstein, N. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2004). Major depression and conduct disorder in youth: associations with parental psychopathology and parent-child conflict. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 377–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, W. A., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Lengua, L. J., & McCauley, E. (2004). Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 307–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., Roisman, G. I., Long, J. D., Burt, K. B., Obradovic, J., Riley, J. R., et al. (2005). Developmental cascades: linking academic achievement and externalizing and internalizing symptoms over 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 41, 733–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, E., Pavlidis, K., & Kendall, K. (2001). Developmental precursors of depression: The child and the social environment. In I. M. Goodyer (Ed.), The depressed child and adolescent (pp. 46–78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken, J. T., Cantwell, D. P., & Hanna, G. L. (1993). Conduct disorder and depression. In H. S. Koplewicz & E. Klass (Eds.), Monographs in clinical pediatrics: Depression in children and adolescents (Vol. 6, pp. 121–132). New York: Harwood Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGee, R., Feehan, M., Williams, S., Partridge, F., Silva, P. A., & Kelly, J. (1990). DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 611–619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mesman, J., & Koot, H. M. (2000). Child-reported depression and anxiety in preadolescence: I. Associations with parent- and teacher-reported problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1371–1378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Caspi, A., Kim-Cohen, J., Goldberg, D., Gregory, A. M., et al. (2007). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder - cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 651–660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, C. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1998). The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from disease, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Boston: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, D. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Magdol, L., Silva, P. A., & Stanton, W. R. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 552–562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puura, K., Almqvist, F., Tamminen, T., Piha, J., Kumpulainen, K., Rasanen, E., et al. (1998). Children with symptoms of depression–what do the adults see? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 577–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randazzo, K. V., Landsverk, J., & Ganger, W. (2003). Three informants' reports of child behavior: parents, teachers, and foster parents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1343–1350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Carmola Hauf, A. M., Wasserman, M. S., & Paradis, A. D. (2000). General and specific childhood risk factors for depression and drug disorders by early adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 223–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. (1993). Childhood conduct problems, adult psychopathology, and crime. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 173–193). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J., Williams, J. B. W., & Spitzer, R. L. (1981). NIMH Diagnostic interview schedule: Version III (May 1981). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., & Price, R. K. (1991). Adult disorders predicted by childhood conduct problems: results from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area project. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 54, 116–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohde, P., Clarke, G. N., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Kaufman, N. K. (2001). Impact of comorbidity on a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 795–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. L. (1997). Analysis of incomplete multivariate data, monographs on statistics and applied probability, 72 (1st ed.). London: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998). Multiple imputation for multivariate missing-data problems: a data analyst's perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33, 545–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: The Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanger, C., & Lewis, M. (1993). Agreement among parents, teachers, and children on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 107–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Head, J., Ferrie, J., & Shipley, M. (1997). Work and psychiatric disorder in the Whitehall II study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43, 73–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., & Farnworth, M. (1990). The role of delinquent peers in the initiation of delinquent behavior. (Working Paper Series, No. 6). Albany: University at Albany Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, K. B., Sturm, R., Sherbourne, C. D., & Meredith, L. S. (1996). Caring for depression. Boston: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, M., & Windle, M. (2006). Young adult substance use and depression as a consequence of delinquency trajectories during middle adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 239–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, J. C., & Ollendick, T. H. (2006). The comorbidity of conduct problems and depression in childhood and adolescence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 201–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccolillo, M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct disorder and its adult outcomes with depressive and anxiety disorders: a review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 547–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, 9725 3rd Avenue N. E., Suite 401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA

    Rick Kosterman, J. David Hawkins & Todd I. Herrenkohl

  2. National Research Institute, Boys Town, NE, USA

    W. Alex Mason

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Liliana J. Lengua

  4. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Elizabeth McCauley

Authors
  1. Rick Kosterman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. David Hawkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Alex Mason
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Todd I. Herrenkohl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Liliana J. Lengua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Elizabeth McCauley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rick Kosterman.

Additional information

The project described was supported by grants #R24MH56587-06 from the National Institute of Mental Health, #1R01DA09679-11 and #9R01DA021426-08 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and #21548 from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of these funders.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J.D., Mason, W.A. et al. Assessment of Behavior Problems in Childhood and Adolescence as Predictors of Early Adult Depression. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 32, 118–127 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9138-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9138-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation