Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

01-12-2006

Cigarette Smoking, Anxiety, and Depression

Auteurs: Holly E. R. Morrell, Lee M. Cohen

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 4/2006

Abstract

This review provides a detailed analysis of anxiety and depression as they relate to each stage of the cigarette smoking cycle: initiation, maintenance, and cessation with an emphasis on nicotine withdrawal. An analysis of the literature confirms that cigarette smoking is highly comorbid with anxiety disorders and clinical depression, and that this relationship appears to be moderated by factors such as age of the smoker, type of disorder, and level of nicotine dependence. Studies also offer evidence to suggest a relationship between smoking and both subclinical anxiety and depression. Research findings have not revealed whether common factors influence the development of anxiety, depression, and smoking, whether anxiety and depression lead to smoking, or whether the reverse is true. Nevertheless, a current understanding of the links among smoking, anxiety, and depression confirms current prevention and cessation techniques, as well as suggests new directions for research and clinical practice.

vorige artikel Transitioning Out of Peer Victimization in School Children: Gender and Behavioral Characteristics

volgende artikel Relapse Prevention: Viable, Versatile, and Reconceptualized

Abrams, D. B., Niaura, R., Brown, R. A., Emmons, K. M., Goldstein, M. G., & Monti, P. M. (2003). The tobacco dependence treatment handbook. New York: Guilford Press.

American Psychiatric Association (1987). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association (2000). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

Amering, M., Bankier, B., Berger, P., Griengl, H., Windhaber, J., & Katschnig, H. (1999). Panic disorder and cigarette smoking behavior. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 40(1), 35–38.CrossRefPubMed

Anda, R. F., Williamson, D. F., Escobedo, L. G., Mast, E. E., Giovino, G. A., & Remington, P. L. (1990). Depression and the dynamics of smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 1541–1545.CrossRefPubMed

Becoña, E., Vázquez, F. L., & Míguez, M. (2002). Smoking cessation and anxiety in a clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 489–494.CrossRef

Brandon, T. H. (1994). Negative affect as motivation to smoke. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3, 33–37.CrossRef

Breslau, N. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence. Behavior Genetics, 25, 95–101.CrossRefPubMed

Breslau, N., Kilbey, M. M., & Andreski, P. (1991). Nicotine dependence, major depression, and anxiety in young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1069–1074.PubMed

Breslau, N., Kilbey, M. M., & Andreski, P. (1994). DSM-III-R nicotine dependence in young adults: Prevalence, correlates, and associated psychiatric disorders. Addiction, 89, 743–754.CrossRefPubMed

Breslau, N., & Klein, D. F. (1999). Smoking and panic attacks: An epidemiologic investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 1141–1147.CrossRefPubMed

Breslau, N., Novak, S. P., & Kessler, R. C. (2004). Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biological Psychiatry, 55(1), 69–76.CrossRefPubMed

Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R., Chilcoat, H. D., & Andreski, P. (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking: A longitudinal investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 161–166.CrossRefPubMed

Britt, D. M., Cohen, L. M., Collins, F. L., & Cohen, M. L. (2001). Cigarette smoking and chewing gum: Response to a laboratory-induced stressor. Health Psychology, 20(5), 361–368.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, R. A., Kahler, C. W., Niaura, R. A., Abrams, D. B., Sales, S. D., Ramsey, S. E., et al. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 471–480.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, R. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Wagner, E. F. (1996). Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1602–1610.CrossRefPubMed

Burgess, E. S., Brown, R. A., Kahler, C. W., Niaura, R., Abrams, D. B., Goldstein, M. G., et al. (2002). Pattern of change in depressive symptoms during smoking cessation: Who's at risk for relapse? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 356–361.CrossRefPubMed

Carmody, T. P. (1992). Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24(2), 111–122.PubMed

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2001). Youth tobacco surveillance: United States, 2000. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(4), 1–84.

Choi, W. S., Patten, C. A., Gillin, J. C., Kaplan, R. M., & Pierce, J. P. (1997). Cigarette smoking predicts development of depressive symptoms among US adolescents. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 42–50.PubMedCrossRef

Cinciripini, P. J., Lapitzky, L., Seay, S., Wallfisch, A., Meyer, W. J., & Van Vunakis, H. (1995). A placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of buspirone on smoking cessation: Differences between high-and low-anxiety smokers. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 182–191.CrossRefPubMed

Cinciripini, P. M., Wetter, D. W., Fouladi, R. T., Blalock, J. A., Carter, B. L., Cinciripini, L. G., et al. (2003). The effects of depressed mood on smoking cessation: Mediation by postcessation self-efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 292–301.CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, L. M., McCarthy, D. M., Brown, S. A., & Myers, M. G. (2002). Negative affect combines with smoking outcome expectancies to predict smoking behavior over time. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(2), 91–97.CrossRefPubMed

Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., Federman, E., & Angold, A. (1999). Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents: Effects of timing and sex. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 298–311.CrossRefPubMed

Covey, L. S. (1999). Nicotine dependence and its associations with psychiatric disorders: Research evidence and treatment implications. In D. F. Seidman & L. S. Covey (Eds.), Helping the hard-core smoker: A clinician's guide (pp. 23–50). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Covey, L. S., Glassman, A. H., & Stetner, F. (1997). Depression and depressive symptoms in smoking cessation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 350–354.

David, S. P., Niaura, R., Papandonatos, G. D., Shadel, W. G., Burkholder, G. J., Britt, D. M., et al. (2003). Does the DRD2-Taq1 A polymorphism influence treatment response to bupropion hydrochloride for reduction of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome?Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(6), 935–942.CrossRefPubMed

Degenhardt, L., Hall, W., & Lynsky, M. (2001). Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: A comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Addiction, 96(11), 1603–1614.CrossRefPubMed

Dierker, L. C., Avenevoli, S., Merikangas, K. R., Flaherty, B. T., & Stolar, M. (2001). Association between psychiatric disorders and the progression of tobacco use behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1159–1167.CrossRefPubMed

Epping-Jordan, M. P., Watkins, S. S., Koob, G. F., & Markou, A. (1998). Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature, 393, 76–79.PubMed

Epstein, L. H., Ossip, D. J., Coleman, D., Hughes, J., & Whist, W. (1981). Measurement of smoking topography during withdrawal or deprivation. Behavior Therapy, 12, 507–519.

Escobedo, L. G., Reddy, M., & Giovino, G. A. (1998). The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents. Addiction, 93, 433–440.CrossRefPubMed

Fergusson, D. M., Lynsky, M. T., & Horwood, J. (1996). Comorbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16-year-olds. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1043–1047.PubMed

Flay, B. R. (1993). Youth tobacco use: Risks, patterns, and control. In J. Slade & C. T. Orleans (Eds.), Nicotine addiction: Principles and management (pp. 365–384). New York: Oxford University Press.

Fleming, S. E., & Lombardo, T. W. (1987). Effects of cigarette smoking on phobic anxiety. Addictive Behaviors, 12, 195–198.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, D. G. (1979). Paradoxical tranquilizing and emotion-reducing effects of nicotine. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 643–661.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J., Rabinovich, N. E., Plath, L. C., Jensen, R. A., & Meliska, C. J. (1998a). Effects of smoking abstinence on mood and craving in men: Influences of negative-affect-related personality traits, habitual nicotine intake and repeated measurements. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 399–423.CrossRef

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J., Rabinovich, N. E., Plath, L. C., Masson, C. L., Anderson, A. E., et al. (1998b). Mood disturbance fails to resolve across 31 days of cigarette abstinence in women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 142–152.CrossRef

Gilbert, D. G., Robinson, J. H., Chamberlin, C. L., & Spielberger, D. C. (1989). Effects of smoking/nicotine on anxiety, heart rate, and lateralization of EEG during a stressful movie. Psychophysiology, 26, 311–320.PubMed

Gilbert, D. G., & Spielberger, C. D. (1987). Effects of smoking on heart rate, anxiety, and feelings of success during social interaction. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 629–638.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, D. G., & Wesler, R. (1989). Emotion, anxiety, and smoking. In T. Ney & A. Gale (Eds.), Smoking and human behavior (pp. 171–196). New York: Wiley.

Glassman, A. H. (1993). Cigarette smoking: Implications for psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 546–553.PubMed

Glassman, A. H., Helzer, J. E., Covey, L. S., Cottler, L. B., Stetner, R., Tipp, J. E., et al. (1990). Smoking, smoking cessation and major depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 1546–1549.CrossRefPubMed

Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, S. P., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004a). Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1107–1115.CrossRefPubMed

Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., et al. (2004b). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 807–816.CrossRefPubMed

Gwaltney, C. J., Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., Liu, K. S., Kassel, J. D., Gnys, M., et al. (2002). Using self-efficacy judgments to predict characteristics of lapses to smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(5), 1140–1149.CrossRefPubMed

Haas, A. L., Muñoz, R. F., Humfleet, G. L., Reus, V. I., & Hall, S. M. (2004). Influences of mood, depression history, and treatment modality on outcomes in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 563–570.CrossRefPubMed

Hall, S. M., Muñoz, R. F., & Reus, V. I. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral intervention increases abstinence rates for depressive-history smokers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 141–146.CrossRefPubMed

Hall, S. M., Muñoz, R. F., Reus, V. I., & Sees, K. I. (1993). Nicotine, negative affect, and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 761–767.CrossRefPubMed

Hatch, J. P., Bierner, S. M., & Fisher, J. G. (1982). The effects of smoking and cigarette nicotine content on smokers’ preparation and performance of a psychologically stressful task. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6(2), 207–216.CrossRef

Herbert, M., Foulds, J., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2001). No effect of cigarette smoking on attention or mood in non-depressed smokers. Addiction, 96, 1349–1356.CrossRefPubMed

Himle, J., Thyer, B. A., & Fischer, D. J. (1988). Prevalence of smoking among anxious outpatients. Phobia Practice and Research Journal, 1, 25–31.

Hitsman, B., Borrelli, B., McChargue, D. E., Spring, B., & Niaura, R. (2003). History of depression and smoking cessation outcome: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 657–663.CrossRefPubMed

Hughes, J. R. (1992). Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 689–697.CrossRefPubMed

Hughes, J. R. (1993). Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: Unvalidated assumptions, anomalies, and suggestions for future research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 751–760.CrossRefPubMed

Hughes, J. R., Gust, S. W., Skoog, K., Keenan, R. M., & Fenwick, J. W. (1991). Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 52–59.PubMed

Hughes, J. R., & Hatsukami, D. K. (1986). Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 289–294.PubMed

Hughes, J. R., Hatsukami, D. K., Mitchell, J. E., & Dahlgren, L. A. (1986). Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 993–997.PubMed

Hughes, J. R., Higgins, S. T., & Hatsukami, D. K. (1990). Effects of abstinence from tobacco: A critical review. In L. T. Kozlowski, H. M. Annis, H. D. Cappell, F. B. Glaser, M. S. Goodstat, Y. Israel, et al. (Eds.), Research advances in alcohol and drug problems (Vol. 10, pp. 317–398). New York: Plenum.

Jarvik, M. E., Caskey, N. H., Rose, J. E., Herskovic, J. E., & Sadeghpour, M. (1989). Anxiolytic effects of smoking associated with four stressors. Addictive Behaviors, 14, 379–386.CrossRefPubMed

John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H.-J., & Hapke, U. (2004). Smoking, nicotine dependence, and psychiatric comorbidity—A population-based study including smoking cessation after three years. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 287–295.CrossRefPubMed

Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Pine, D. S., Klein, D. F., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2000). Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2348–2351.CrossRefPubMed

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1998). Smoking among American teens declines some. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan News and Information Services [online]. Retrieved from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/press.html

Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1986). Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 255–262.PubMed

Kandel, D. B., Huang, F.-Y., & Davies, M. (2001). Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(2), 233–241.CrossRefPubMed

Kassel, J. D., & Shiffman, S. (1997). Attentional mediation of cigarette smoking's effect on anxiety. Health Psychology, 16, 359–368.CrossRefPubMed

Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003). Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 270–304.CrossRefPubMed

Kassel, D., & Unrod, M. (2000). Smoking, anxiety, and attention: Support for the role of nicotine in attentionally mediated anxiolysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 161–166.CrossRefPubMed

Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., MacLean, C. J., Heath, A. C., Eaves, L. J., & Kessler, R. C. (1993). Smoking and major depression: A causal analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 231–244.

Kenford, S. L., Smith, S. S., Wetter, D. W., Jorenby, D. E., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2002). Predicting relapse back to smoking: Contrasting affective and physical models of dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 216–227.CrossRefPubMed

Killen, J. D., Fortmann, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Varady, A. N., Davis, L., & Newman, B. (1996). Interactive effects of depression symptoms, nicotine dependence, and weight change on late smoking relapse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1060–1067.CrossRefPubMed

Leventhal, H., & Cleary, P. D. (1980). The smoking problem: A review of research and theory in behavioral risk modification. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 370–405.CrossRefPubMed

McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., & Bosse, R. (1978). Anxiety, extraversion, and smoking. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 269–273.PubMed

McNair, D., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. (1971). Manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (2001). Research report: Nicotine addiction (NIH Publication No. 01-4342, pp. 1–8). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Niaura, R., Britt, D. M., Borrelli, B., Shadel, W. M., Abrams, D. B., & Goldstein, M. G. (1999). History and symptoms of depression among smokers during a self-initiated quit attempt. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 1, 251–257.CrossRefPubMed

Office on Smoking and Health (2002). Smoking prevalence among U.S. adults. Retrieved September 7, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/adults_prev/prevali.htm

Orlando, M., Ellickson, P. L., & Jinnett, K. (2001). The temporal relationship between emotional distress and cigarette smoking during adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 959–970.CrossRefPubMed

Pérez-Stable, E. J., Marín, G., Marín, B. V., & Katz, M. H. (1990). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among Latinos in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 1500–1502.PubMed

Pohl, R., Yeragani, V. K., Balon, R., Lycaki, H., & McBride, R. (1992). Smoking in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 43, 253–262.CrossRefPubMed

Pomerleau, O. F., & Pomerleau, C. S. (1984). Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking: Toward a biobehavioral explanation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 8, 503–513.CrossRefPubMed

Pomerleau, O. F., & Pomerleau, C. S. (1988). Nicotine replacement: A critical evaluation. New York: Alan R. Liss.

Pomerleau, O. F., Turk, D. C., & Fertig, J. B. (1984). The effects of cigarette smoking on pain and anxiety. Addictive Behaviors, 9, 265–271.CrossRefPubMed

Robinson, M. D., Anastasio, G. D., Little, J. M., Sigmon, J. L., Menscer, D., Pettice, Y. J., et al. (1995). Ritalin for nicotine withdrawal: Nesbitt's Paradox revisited. Addictive Behaviors, 20(4), 481–490.CrossRefPubMed

Rohde, P., Kahler, C. W., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Brown, R. A. (2004). Psychiatric disorders, familial factors, and cigarette smoking: III. Associations with cessation by young adulthood among daily smokers. Nicotine and Tobaccco Research, 6, 509–522.CrossRef

Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Brown, R. A., Gau, J. M., & Kahler, C. W. (2003). Psychiatric disorders, familial factors, and cigarette smoking: I. Associations with smoking initiation. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5, 85–98.PubMed

Rose, J. E., Ananda, S., & Jarvik, M. E. (1983). Cigarette smoking during anxiety-provoking and monotonous tasks. Addictive Behaviors, 8, 353–359.CrossRefPubMed

Russell, M. A. H., Peto, J., & Patel, V. A. (1974). The classification of smoking by a factorial of motives. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 137, 313–346.

Schneider, N. G., & Houston, J. P. (1970). Smoking and anxiety. Psychological Reports, 26, 941–942.PubMed

Shiffman, S. M., & Waters, A. J. (2004). Negative affect and smoking lapses: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 192–201.CrossRefPubMed

Sonntag, H., Wittchen, H. U., Hofler, M., Kessler, R. C., & Stein, M. B. (2000). Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxiety disorder associated with smoking and nicotine dependence in adolescents and young adults? European Psychiatry, 15, 67–74.CrossRefPubMed

Spielberger, C., Gorsuch, R., & Lushene, N. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Takemura, Y., Akanuma, M., Kikuchi, S., & Inaba, Y. (1999). Cross-sectional study on the relationship between smoking or smoking cessation and trait anxiety. Preventive Medicine, 9, 496–500.CrossRef

Tercyak, K. P., Goldman, P., Smith, A., & Audrain, J. (2002). Interacting effects of depression and tobacco advertising receptivity on adolescent smoking. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(27), 145–154.CrossRefPubMed

Wang, M. Q., Fitzhugh, E. C., & Green, B. L. (1996). Smoking trends among African-American and White adolescents in the United States. Journal of Health Education, 26, 61–62.

Warburton, D. M., Revell, A., & Thompson, D. H. (1991). Smokers of the future. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 621–625.CrossRefPubMed

West, R. J. (1984). Psychology and pharmacology in cigarette withdrawal. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 28(5), 379–386.CrossRefPubMed

West, R., & Hajek, P. (1997). What happens to anxiety levels on giving up smoking? American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1589–1592.PubMed

Williams, S. G., Hudson, A., & Redd, C. (1982). Cigarette smoking, manifest anxiety and somatic symptoms. Addictive Behaviors, 7, 427–428.CrossRefPubMed

Windle, M., & Windle, R. (2001). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among middle adolescents: Prospective associations and intrapersonal and interpersonal influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 215–226.CrossRefPubMed

Wiseman, E. J. (1999). Smoking cessation and anxiety [Letter to the editor]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(2), 336.PubMed

Wu, L. T., & Anthony, J. C. (1999). Tobacco smoking and depressed mood in late childhood and early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1837–1840.PubMedCrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2004). Nonclinical panic attack history and smoking cessation: An initial examination. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 825–830.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Cigarette Smoking, Anxiety, and Depression
Auteurs: Holly E. R. Morrell
Lee M. Cohen
Publicatiedatum: 01-12-2006
Uitgeverij: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 4/2006
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-9011-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2006

New Factor Structure of the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory with University Students

Relapse Prevention: Viable, Versatile, and Reconceptualized

A Comparison of Stress Measures in Children and Adolescents: A Self-Report Checklist Versus an Objectively Rated Interview

Cognitive Insight in Inpatients with Psychotic, Bipolar, and Major Depressive Disorders

Sexual Attitudes and Instructional Set Affect Estimates of Risk and Response Effectiveness

The Mediating Role of Executive Functioning in the Relation Between Difficult Temperament and Physical Aggression