Top

Gepubliceerd in:

22-05-2020 | Original Paper

The Impact of Peer and Family Functioning on Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children’s Mental Health

Auteurs: Cat Munroe, Elise M. Clerkin, Katherine A. Kuvalanka

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 7/2020

Abstract

Although high levels of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology have been documented among transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth, contextual factors influencing the development of psychopathology among TGD children are relatively understudied. The current study tested the interaction between two relational factors, children’s caregiver-reported peer relations and family functioning, on TGD children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The sample consisted of 49 primary caregivers of TGD children, who were age 6–12 at baseline. A cross-sectional path analysis was run to test the relations between peer relations, family functioning, and their interaction on internalizing and externalizing symptoms. A longitudinal path analysis was run to test the relations between variables over time. In the cross-sectional model, among families with adequate family functioning, peer problems were associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Among families that were functioning poorly, there was not a significant relationship between peer problems and internalizing symptoms. Further, among children who did not experience peer problems, poorer family functioning was associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Peer problems, but not family functioning or the interaction term, was associated with externalizing symptoms. Longitudinal analyses did not support the hypothesis of an interaction between peer relations and family functioning. The current research indicated that poor peer relations and poor family functioning each confer risk for internalizing symptoms among TGD children, and poor peer relations carries risk for externalizing symptoms among TGD youth.

vorige artikel Indirect Effects of Family Functioning on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Risky Drinking: The Roles of Emotion Reactivity and Emotion Regulation

Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1981). Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46, 1–81.CrossRef

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: an integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Burlington, VT: ASEBA.

Aitken, M., VanderLaan, D. P., Wasserman, L., Stojanovski, S., & Zucker, K. J. (2016). Self-harm and suicidality in children referred for gender dysphoria. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.001.CrossRef

Bauer, G. R., Scheim, A. I., Pyne, J., Travers, R., & Hammond, R. (2015). Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: a respondent driven sampling study in Ontario, Canada. BMC Public Health, 15, 525–540. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1867-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Owen, A., Kaijser, V. G., Bradley, S. J., & Zucker, K. J. (2003). Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 41–53.CrossRef

Davey, A., Bouman, W. P., Arcelus, J., & Meyer, C. (2014). Social support and psychological well-being in gender dysphoria: a comparison of patients with matched controls. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 2976–2985. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12681.CrossRefPubMed

de Vries, A. L. C., Steensma, T. D., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., VanderLaan, D. P., & Zucker, K. J. (2016). Poor peer relations predict parent- and self-reported behavioral and emotional problems of adolescents with gender dysphoria: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0764-7.CrossRef

Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x.CrossRef

Hill, D. B., Menvielle, E., Sica, K. M., & Johnson, A. (2010). An affirmative intervention for families with gender variant children: parental ratings of child mental health and gender. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 36, 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.547362.CrossRef

Hughes, A. A., Hedtke, K. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Family functioning in families of children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 325–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.325.CrossRefPubMed

James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.

Kuvalanka, K. A., Weiner, J. L., Munroe, C., Goldberg, A. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Trans and gender-nonconforming children and their caregivers: gender presentations, peer relations, and well-being at baseline. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(7), 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000338.CrossRefPubMed

Ma, X., Yao, Y., & Zhao, X. (2013). Prevalence of behavioral problems and related family functioning among middle school students in an eastern city of China. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5, E1–E8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00211.x.CrossRefPubMed

Millikan, E., Wamboldt, M. Z., & Bihun, J. T. (2002). Perceptions of the family, personality characteristics, and adolescent internalizing symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1486–1494. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200212000-00021.CrossRefPubMed

Olson, J., Schrager, S. M., Belzer, M., Simons, L. K., & Clark, L. F. (2015). Baseline physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of transgender youth seeking care for gender dysphoria. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57, 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.027.CrossRefPubMed

Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics, 137, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3223.CrossRef

Perez-Brumer, A., Day, J. K., Russell, S. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among transgender youth in California: Findings from a representative, population-based sample of high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAC.2016.06.010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rafferty, J. (2018). Ensuring comprehensive care and support for transgender and gender-diverse children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 142, e20182162 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2162.CrossRefPubMed

Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., Leclerc, M., Zaslow, S., Wolfrum, S., Shumer, D., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2015). Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: a matched retrospective cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264.CrossRefPubMed

Riley, E. A., Clemson, L., Sitharthan, G., & Diamond, M. (2013). Surviving a gender-variant childhood: the views of transgender adults on the needs of gender-variant children and their parents. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39, 241–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.628439.CrossRef

Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Slopen, N., Calzo, J. P., & Austin, S. B. (2013). Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: an 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.11.006.CrossRefPubMed

Steensma, T. D., Zucker, K. J., Kreukels, B. P. C., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. (2014). Behavioral and emotional problems on the teacher’s report form: A cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis of gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 635–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9804-2.CrossRefPubMed

Stein, D., Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., & Ryan, N. D. (2000). Parent-child bonding and family functioning in depressed children and children at high risk and low risk for future depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1387–1395. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200011000-00013.CrossRefPubMed

Turkheimer, E. (2004). Spinach and ice cream: Why social science is so difficult. Behavior Genetics Principles: Perspectives in Development, Personality, and Psychopathology, Ed. LF DiLalla. American Psychological Association.[rMDG]. Retrieved from http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/papers2/Spinach_IceCream_small.pdf.

Wallien, M. S. C., Swaab, H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(10), 1307–1314. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e3181373848.CrossRefPubMed

Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., Owen-Anderson, A., Kibblewhite, S. J., Wood, H., Singh, D., & Choi, K. (2012). Demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 38(2), 151–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.611219.CrossRef

Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Sanikhani, M. (1997). Sex differences in referral rates of children with gender identity disorder: some hypotheses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(3), 217–227.CrossRef

Zucker, K. J., Owen, A., Bradley, S. J., & Ameeriar, L. (2002). Gender-dysphoric children and adolescents: a comparative analysis of demographic characteristics and behavioral problems. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 398–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003007.CrossRef

Titel: The Impact of Peer and Family Functioning on Transgender and Gender-Diverse Children’s Mental Health
Auteurs: Cat Munroe
Elise M. Clerkin
Katherine A. Kuvalanka
Publicatiedatum: 22-05-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 7/2020
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01729-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2020

(In)Congruent Parent–Child Reports of Parental Behaviors and Later Child Outcomes

Defining Dropout From Children’s Mental Health Services: A Novel Need-based Definition

Adaptation of Group-Based Suicide Intervention for Latinx Youth in a Community Mental Health Center

Relationships among Tic Symptoms, Expressed Emotions, and Quality of Life in Tic Disorder Patients

Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors of Behavioral Trajectories from Age 3 to 15: A Longitudinal Mixed Effects Approach

The Protective Effect of Emotion Regulation on Child and Adolescent Wellbeing