Top

Gepubliceerd in:

27-11-2015 | Original Paper

Family Expressiveness Mediates the Relation Between Cumulative Family Risks and Children’s Emotion Regulation in a Chinese Sample

Auteurs: Mengyu Gao, Zhuo Rachel Han

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 5/2016

Abstract

Family expressiveness, a reflection of a family’s emotional environment, has been identified as a critical factor that influences children’s emotion regulation, yet research on this topic is limited, especially in varying cultural contexts. The present study addresses this research gap and expands on the extant literature by examining the influence of family expressiveness on children’s emotional development in the context of cumulative risks (e.g., low annual household income, parental psychological distress, parents’ education level, marital dissatisfaction and the family’s housing situation). Our final sample included one hundred and seventy-eight school-aged children (84 boys and 94 girls) and their biological parents. Results showed that higher scores on the familial risk index were related to increased emotion dysregulation and decreased adaptive emotion regulation, through the mediated effects of positive family expressiveness. Negative expressiveness, however, did not mediate the aforementioned links. Reasons for the different findings regarding positive expressiveness and negative expressiveness were discussed. These findings highlight the importance of cumulative risk on children’s emotional development in the Chinese cultural context and offer potential avenues to promote adaptive emotional development in the context of cumulative risks.

vorige artikel Reasons for the “after-school pressure cooker” in Affluent Communities: It’s Not How Much Time, but Why

volgende artikel Families of Youth Who Have Sexually Offended: Understanding Shared Experiences and Moving Towards a Typology

Ackerman, B. P., Brown, E. D., & Izard, C. E. (2004). The relations between contextual risk, earned income, and the school adjustment of children from economically disadvantaged families. Developmental Psychology, 40, 204–216.CrossRefPubMed

Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Sroufe, L. A. (2005). When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 235–245.CrossRefPubMed

Bolger, K., & Patterson, C. (1995). Psychosocial adjustment among children experiencing persistent and intermittent family economic hardship. Child Development, 66, 1107–1129.CrossRef

Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2000). Gender, emotion, and expression. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 338–349). New York: Guilford.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 993–1028). New York: Wiley.

Burrowes, B., & Halberstadt, A. (1987). Self-and family-expressiveness styles in the experience and expression of anger. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 254–268.CrossRef

Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 228–249.CrossRefPubMed

Chamon, M. D., & Prasad, E. S. (2010). Why are saving rates of urban households in China rising? American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2, 93–130.

Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598–606.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cicchetti, D., & Aber, J. (1998). Contextualism and developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 137–141.CrossRefPubMed

Cole, P. M., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Smith, K. D. (1994). Expressive control during a disappointment: Variations related to preschooler’s behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 30, 835–845.CrossRef

Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1996). Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 123–139.CrossRef

Cummings, E. M., Keller, P. S., & Davies, P. T. (2005). Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depression: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 479–489.CrossRefPubMed

Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R): Administration scoring, and procedures manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.

Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25.CrossRefPubMed

Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. (1994). Economic deprivation and early child- hood development. Child Development, 65, 296–318.CrossRefPubMed

Dunsmore, J., & Halberstadt, A. (1997). How does family emotional expressiveness affect children’s schemas? In K. C. Barrett (Ed.), The communication of emotion: Current research from diverse perspectives (pp. 45–68). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241–273.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Eisenberg, N., Gershoff, E. T., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Losoya, S. H., et al. (2001a). Mothers’ emotional expressivity and children’s behavior problems and social competence: Mediation through children’s regulation. Developmental Psychology, 37, 475–490.CrossRefPubMed

Eisenberg, N., Hofer, C., Spinrad, T., Gershoff, E. T., Valiente, C., Zhou, Q. C., & Darling, N. (2008). Understanding parent-adolescent conflict discussions: Concurrent and across-time prediction from youths’ dispositions and parenting. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 73, 1–18.

Eisenberg, N., Pidada, S., & Liew, J. (2001b). The relations of regulation and negative emotionality to Indonesian children’s social functioning. Emotion, 1, 116–136.CrossRefPubMed

Ellis, B. H., Alisic, E., Reiss, A., Dishion, T., & Fisher, P. A. (2014). Emotion regulation among preschoolers on a continuum of risk: The role of maternal emotion coaching. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 965–974.CrossRef

Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subject well being in daily life. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.CrossRef

Evans, G. W., & English, K. (2002). The environment of poverty: Multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1238–1248.CrossRefPubMed

Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Sepanski Whipple, S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342–1396.CrossRefPubMed

Field, T. M., & Walden, T. A. (1982). Production and discrimination of facial expressions by preschool children. Child Development, 53, 1299–1311.CrossRefPubMed

Fosco, G. M., & Grych, J. H. (2012). Capturing the family context of emotion regulation: A family systems model comparison approach. Journal of Family Issues, 34, 557–578.CrossRef

Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Froyen, L. C., Skibbe, L. E., Bowles, R. P., Blow, A. J., & Gerde, H. K. (2013). Marital satisfaction, family emotional expressiveness, home learning environments, and children’s emergent literacy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 42–55.CrossRef

Garner, P. W. (1995). Toddlers’ emotion regulation behaviors: The roles of social context and family expressiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156, 417–430.CrossRefPubMed

Garside, R. B., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2002). Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles, 47, 115–128.CrossRef

Greenberg, M. T., Lengua, L. J., Coie, J. D., Pinderhughes, E. E., Bierman, K., Dodge, K. A., et al. (1999). Predicting developmental outcomes at school entry using a multiple-risk model: Four American communities. Developmental Psychology, 35, 403–417.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Halberstadt, A. G. (1986). Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 827–836.CrossRef

Halberstadt, A., Crisp, V., & Eaton, K. (1999). Family expressiveness: A retrospective and new directions for research. In P. Philippot, R. S. Feldman, & E. J. Coats (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 109–155). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Halberstadt, A. G., & Eaton, K. L. (2002). A meta-analysis of family expressiveness and children’s emotion expressiveness and understanding. Marriage and Family Review, 34, 35–62.CrossRef

Halberstadt, A. G., & Lozada, F. T. (2011). Emotion development in infancy through the lens of culture. Emotion Review, 3, 158–168.CrossRef

Kolak, A. M., & Volling, B. L. (2007). Parental expressiveness as a moderator of coparenting and marital relationship quality. Family Relations, 56, 467–478.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Laghezza, L., Delvecchio, E., Salcuni, S., Di Riso, D., Chessa, D., Lis, A., et al. (2011). Five-minute speech sample measure of expressed emotion among parents of typically developing Italian children: A pilot study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2, 382–392.CrossRef

Lengua, L. J., Honorado, El, & Bush, N. R. (2007). Contextual risk and parenting as predictors of effortful control and social competence in preschool children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 40–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liu, A., Wang, M., Zhang, J., & Xing, X. (2009). Relationship between family expressiveness and preschool children’s anxiety. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17, 465–467.

Lyons-Ruth, K., Lyubchik, A., Wolfe, R., & Bronfman, E. (2002). Parental depression and child attachment: Hostile and helpless profiles of parent and child behavior among families at risk. In S. H. Goodman & I. H. Gotlib (Eds.), Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment (pp. 89–120). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.CrossRef

Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.CrossRef

Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. E., Fontaine, J., Anguas-Wong, A. M., Arriola, M., Ataca, N., & Grossi, E. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39, 55–74.CrossRef

Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179–204.CrossRefPubMed

Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2012). Is national culture a meaningful concept? Cultural values delineate homogeneous national clusters of in-country regions. Cross-Cultural Research, 46, 133–159.CrossRef

Morelen, D., Jacob, M. L., Suveg, C., Jones, A., & Thomassin, K. (2013). Family emotion expressivity, emotion regulation, and the link to psychopathology: Examination across race. British Journal of Psychology, 104, 149–166.CrossRefPubMed

Morelen, D., & Thomassin, K. (2013). Emotion socialization and ethnicity: An examination of practices and outcomes in African American, Asian American, and Latin American families. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86, 168–178.PubMedPubMedCentral

Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361–388.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Painter, G., Yang, L., & Yu, Z. (2003). Heterogeneity in Asian American home-ownership: The impact of household endowments and immigrant Status. Urban Studies, 40, 505–530.CrossRef

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.CrossRefPubMed

Raikes, H., & Thompson, R. (2005). Links between risk and attachment security: Models of influence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 440–455.CrossRef

Ramsden, S. R., & Hubbard, J. A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching : Their role in children’ emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 657–667.CrossRefPubMed

Raval, V. V., Martini, T. S., & Raval, P. H. (2007). ‘Would others think it is okay to express my feelings?’ Regulation of anger, sadness and physical pain in Gujarati children in India. Social Development, 16, 79–105.CrossRef

Raver, C. C. (2004). Placing emotional self-regulation in sociocultural and socioeconomic contexts. Child Development, 75, 346–353.CrossRefPubMed

Sameroff, A. J. (2000). Dialectical processes in developmental psychopathology. In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 23–40). New York: Plenum.CrossRef

Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Barocas, R., Zax, M., & Greenspan, S. (1987). Intelligence quotient scores of 4-year-old children: Social-environmental risk factors. Pediatrics, 79, 343–350.PubMed

Schwartz, D., & Proctor, L. J. (2000). Community violence exposure and children’s social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 670–683.CrossRefPubMed

Shaffer, A., Suveg, C., Thomassin, K., & Bradbury, L. L. (2012). Emotion socialization in the context of family risks: Links to child emotion regulation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 917–924.CrossRef

Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73–82.CrossRef

Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906–916.CrossRefPubMed

Smith, C. L., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B. M., Popp, T. K., & Maxon, E. (2007). Maternal personality: Longitudinal associations to parenting behavior andmaternal emotional expressions toward toddlers. Parenting: Science and Practice, 7, 305–329.CrossRef

Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83–110.CrossRefPubMed

Suveg, C., Raley, J. N., Morelen, D., Wang, W., Han, R. Z., & Campion, S. (2013). Child and family emotional functioning: A cross-national examination of families from China and the United States. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1444–1454.CrossRef

Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 750–759.CrossRefPubMed

Suveg, C., Zeman, J., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Cassano, M. (2005). Emotion socialization in families of children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 145–155.CrossRefPubMed

Thompson, R. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of a definition. Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 59, 250–283.CrossRef

Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, S. (2007). Socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 249–269). New York: Guilford.

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press.

Tsai, J. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Cultural influences of emotional responding: Chinese American and European American dating couples during interpersonal conflict. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 600–625.CrossRef

Waldinger, R. J., Schulz, M. S., Hauser, S. T., Allen, J. P., & Crowell, J. A. (2004). Reading others’ emotions: The role of intuitive judgments in predicting marital satisfaction, quality, and stability. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 58–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wei, M., Su, J. C., Carrera, S., Lin, S. P., & Yi, F. (2013). Suppression and interpersonal harmony: A cross-cultural comparison between Chinese and European Americans. Journal of counseling psychology, 60, 625–633.CrossRefPubMed

Weinberg, M. K., & Tronick, E. Z. (1998). The impact of maternal psychiatric illness on infant development. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl. 2), 53–61.PubMed

Whyte, M. K. (2014). Soaring income gaps: China in comparative perspective. Daedalus, 143, 39–52.CrossRef

Williford, A., Calkins, S., & Keane, S. (2007). Predicting change in parenting stress across early childhood: Child and maternal factors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 251–263.CrossRefPubMed

Wu, C., & Chao, R. K. (2005). Intergenerational cultural conflicts in norms of parental warmth among Chinese American immigrants. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 516–523.CrossRef

Xu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2008). Distinguishing proactive and reactive aggression in Chinese children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 539–552.CrossRefPubMed

Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2007). Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clinical Child Family Psychological Review, 10, 180–196.CrossRef

Zhang, Z. J. (2005) Handbook of behavioral medical scales. Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science. Beijing: Chinese Medical Multimedia Press [in Chinese].

Titel: Family Expressiveness Mediates the Relation Between Cumulative Family Risks and Children’s Emotion Regulation in a Chinese Sample
Auteurs: Mengyu Gao
Zhuo Rachel Han
Publicatiedatum: 27-11-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 5/2016
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0335-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2016

Adolescents’ Disclosure and Secrecy About Peer Behavior: Links with Cyber Aggression, Relational Aggression, and Overt Aggression

Psychometric Properties of the Training Parenting Style Scale in a Malaysian Sample of Adolescents: Factor Analysis, Internal Consistency, and Measurement Invariance

Conceptualizing and Measuring Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships and Environments in Educational Settings

What’s so Bad About Competitive Coparenting? Family-Level Predictors of Children’s Externalizing Symptoms

Mindfulness and Parenting: A Correlational Study of Non-meditating Mothers of Preschool Children

Differential Effects of Racial Socialization Messages for African American Adolescents: Personal Versus Institutional Racial Discrimination