Abstract
Emotional intimacy has long been known to influence marital adjustment. However, little is known about whether emotional intimacy experienced and developed during early adulthood predicts marital adjustment at a later time. Using longitudinal data from a sample of recent university graduates (N = 144) at five data points over a period of 25 years, it was found that higher levels of earlier emotional intimacy with a closest other and change in emotional intimacy over the first 8 years predicted Wave 5 marital adjustment. On average, women reported greater emotional intimacy than men at Wave 1. Neither change in marital status nor gender moderated the associations between emotional intimacy intercept and slope with marital adjustment at Wave 5. These as well as cluster analytic findings are discussed in light of Erikson’s developmental theory and applied to the idea that emotional intimacy may be a skill that can be developed and potentially modified.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acock, A. (2005). Working with missing values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1012–1028.
Alcorn, L. M., & Torney, D. J. (1982). Counselor cognitive complexity of self-reported emotional experience as a predictor of accurate empathic understanding. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 534–537.
Allen, J. P., & Land, D. (1999). Attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical application (pp. 319–335). New York: Guilford Press.
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Arnett, J. J. (1997). Young people’s conception of the transition to adulthood. Youth & Society, 29, 1–23.
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood. New York: Oxford University Press.
Birchler, G. R., Weiss, R. L., & Vincent, J. P. (1975). Multimethod analysis of social reinforcement exchange between martially distressed and nondistressed spouse and stranger dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 349–360.
Bodenmann, G., Ledermann, T., & Bradbury, T. N. (2007). Stress, sex, and satisfaction in marriage. Personal Relationships, 13, 551–569.
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 447–460). New York: Guilford Press.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Byrne, B. M. (1994). Testing for factorial validity, replication, and invariance of a measuring instrument: A paradigmatic application based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 29, 289–311.
Cancian, F. (1986). Gender politics: Love and power in the private and public spheres. In A. Skolnick & J. Skolnick (Eds.), Family in transition (pp. 193–204). Boston: Little Brown.
Collins, W. A., Gleason, T., & Sesma, A. (1997). Internalization, autonomy, and relationships: Development during adolescence. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 78–99). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Coontz, S. (1992). The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. New York: Basic Books.
Cordova, J. V., Gee, C. B., & Warren, L. Z. (2005). Emotional skillfulness in marriage: Intimacy as a mediator of the relationship between emotional skillfulness and marital satisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 218–235.
Dakin, J., & Wampler, R. (2008). Money doesn’t buy happiness, but it helps: Marital satisfaction, psychological distress, and demographic differences between low- and middle-income clinic couples. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 300–311.
DePaulo, B. (2006). Singled out: How singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored, and still live happily ever after. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Doss, B. D., Simpson, L. E., & Christensen, A. (2004). Why do couples seek marital therapy? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 608–614.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: Horton.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Horton.
Feldman, S. S., Gowen, L. K., & Fisher, L. (1998). Family relationships and gender as predictors of romantic intimacy in young adults: A longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 263–286.
Fischer, J. L., & Narus, L. R. (1981). Sex roles and intimacy in same sex and other sex relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 444–455.
Furstenberg, F. (2000). The sociology of adolescence and youth in the 1990s: A critical commentary. In R. M. Milardo (Ed.), Understanding families into the new millennium: A decade review (pp. 115–129). Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family Relations.
Goldscheider, F., & Goldscheider, C. (1993). Leaving home before marriage. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Greeff, A. P., & Malherbe, H. L. (2001). Intimacy and marital satisfaction in spouses. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, 247–257.
Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355–370.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Hudson, W. W., & Murphy, G. J. (1980). The non-linear relationship between marital satisfaction and stages of the family life cycle: An artifact of Type 1 errors? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 263–267.
Huston, T. L., Caughlin, J. P., Houts, R. M., Smith, S. E., & George, L. J. (2001). The connubial crucible: Newlywed years as predictors of marital delight, distress, and divorce. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 237–252.
Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy: Creating connections (2nd ed.). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Jose, O., & Alfons, V. (2007). Do demographics affect marital satisfaction? Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 33, 73–85.
Kaufman, K. L., Brown, R. T., Graves, K., Henderson, P., & Revolinski, M. (1993). What, me worry? A survey of adolescents’ concerns. Clinical Pediatrics, 32, 8–13.
Lang-Takac, E., & Osterweil, Z. (1992). Separateness and connectedness: Differences between the genders. Sex Roles, 27, 573–582.
Larsen, A. S., & Olson, D. H. (1989). Predicting marital satisfaction using PREPARE: A replication study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 15, 311–322.
Laurenceau, J., Rivera, L. M., Schaffer, A. R., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (2004). Intimacy as an interpersonal process: Current status and future direction. In D. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 61–78). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Laurenceau, J., Barrett, L. F., & Feldman, M. J. (2005). The interpersonal process model of intimacy in marriage: A daily-diary and multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 314–323.
Lippert, T., & Prager, K. J. (2001). Daily experiences of intimacy: A study of couples. Personal Relationships, 8, 283–298.
Locke, H. J., & Wallace, K. M. (1959). Short marital adjustment prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.
Locke, H. J., & Wallace, K. M. (1987). Locke-Wallace marital adjustment test. In K. Corcoran & J. Fischer (Eds.), Measures for clinical practice (pp. 451–453). London: Collier Macmillan.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82.
Mirgain, S. A., & Cordova, J. V. (2007). Emotion skills and marital health: The association between observed and self-reported emotion skills, intimacy, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 983–1009.
Mitchell, A. E., Castellani, A. M., Harrington, R. L., Joseph, J. I., Doss, B. D., & Snyder, D. K. (2008). Predictors of intimacy in couples’ discussion of relationship injuries: An observational study. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 21–29.
Mulsow, M., Caldera, Y. M., Pursley, M., Reifman, A., & Huston, A. C. (2002). Multilevel factors influencing maternal stress during the first three years. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 944–956.
Nielsen, A., Pinsof, W., Rampage, C., Goldstein, S., & Solomon, A. (2004). Marriage 101: An integrated academic and experiential undergraduate marriage education course. Family Relations, 53, 485–494.
Olson, D. H., & Olson, A. K. (2000). Empowering couples: Building on your strengths. Minneapolis, MN: Life Innovations.
Orlofsky, J. L., Marcia, J. E., & Lesser, I. M. (1973). Ego identity status and the intimacy versus isolation crisis of young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 211–219.
Paul, E. L., & White, K. M. (1990). The development of intimate relationships in late adolescence. Adolescence, 25, 375–401.
Philpot, C., Brooks, G., Lusterman, D. D., & Nutt, R. (1997). Bridging separate gender worlds: Why men and women clash and how therapists can bring them together. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Prager, K. J. (1995). The psychology of intimacy. Guilford, CT: Guilford.
Rapkin, B. D., & Luke, D. A. (1993). Cluster analysis in community research: Epistemology and practice. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 247–277.
Reis, H. T. (1998). Gender differences in intimacy and related behaviors: Context and process. In D. J. Canary & K. Dindia (Eds.), Sex differences and similarities in communication: Critical essays and empirical investigations of sex and gender in interaction (pp. 203–231). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Reis, H. T., & Patrick, B. C. (1996). Attachment and intimacy: Component processes. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 523–563). New York: Guilford Press.
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (pp. 239–256). New York: John Wiley.
Ridley, J. (1993). Gender and couples: Do women and men seek different kinds of intimacy? Sexual and Marital Therapy, 8, 243–253.
Roberts, L. J. (2000). Fire and ice in marital communication: Hostile and distancing behaviors as predictors of marital distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 693–707.
Sabatelli, R. M. (1988). Measurement issues in marital research: A review and critique of contemporary survey instruments. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 891–915.
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147–177.
Schlegel, A., & Barry, H., I. I. I. (1991). Adolescence: An anthropological inquiry. New York: Free Press.
Schumm, W. R., & Bugaighis, M. A. (1986). Marital quality over the marital career: Alternative explanation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 165–178.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: W. W. Norton.
Tannen, D. (1986). That’s not what I meant! How conversational style makes or breaks relationships. New York: Ballantine Books.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantine Books.
Twohey, D., & Ewing, M. (1995). The male voice of emotional intimacy. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 17, 54–62.
Waite, L. J., & Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage. New York: Random House.
Wood, J., & Inman, C. (1993). In a different mode: Masculine styles of communicating closeness. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 297–319.
Zeni, B. (1993). Dating and interpersonal relationship in adolescents. In S. Jackson, & H. Rodriquez-Tome (Eds.), Adolescence and its social worlds (pp. 95–120). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boden, J.S., Fischer, J.L. & Niehuis, S. Predicting Marital Adjustment from Young Adults’ Initial Levels and Changes in Emotional Intimacy over Time: A 25-Year Longitudinal Study. J Adult Dev 17, 121–134 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9078-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9078-7