Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2/2021

10-06-2020 | Original Paper

Linking Child Autism to Parental Depression and Anxiety: The Mediating Roles of Enacted and Felt Stigma

Auteurs: Kevin Ka Shing Chan, Donald Chi Kin Leung

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 2/2021

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study examined whether child autistic symptoms would heighten parental affective symptoms through evoking enacted stigma from the community (i.e., public and courtesy stigma) and felt stigma within the parents (i.e., vicarious and self-stigma). Cross-sectional questionnaire data were collected from 441 parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Path analyses showed that social communication and interaction deficits and restricted and repetitive behaviors in child autism were positively associated with public and courtesy stigma. While public stigma was positively associated with parental vicarious stigma, courtesy stigma was positively associated with parental self-stigma. Both vicarious and self-stigma were positively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms among parents. Findings revealed how child autism could compromise parental well-being through exacerbating the family’s stigmatizing experiences.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef
go back to reference Broady, T. R., Stoyles, G. J., & Morse, C. (2017). Understanding carers’ lived experience of stigma: The voice of families with a child on the autism spectrum. Health and Social Care in the Community, 25, 224–233.PubMed Broady, T. R., Stoyles, G. J., & Morse, C. (2017). Understanding carers’ lived experience of stigma: The voice of families with a child on the autism spectrum. Health and Social Care in the Community, 25, 224–233.PubMed
go back to reference Cappadocia, M. C., Weiss, J. A., & Pepler, D. (2012). Bullying experiences among children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 266–277.PubMed Cappadocia, M. C., Weiss, J. A., & Pepler, D. (2012). Bullying experiences among children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 266–277.PubMed
go back to reference Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2016). Parental maltreatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: A developmental-ecological analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 32, 106–114. Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2016). Parental maltreatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: A developmental-ecological analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 32, 106–114.
go back to reference Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2017). Trait mindfulness attenuates the adverse psychological impact of stigma on parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 8, 984–994. Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2017). Trait mindfulness attenuates the adverse psychological impact of stigma on parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Mindfulness, 8, 984–994.
go back to reference Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2018). Self-stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 48, 44–52. Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2018). Self-stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 48, 44–52.
go back to reference Chan, K. K. S., Lam, C. B., Law, N. C. W., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2018a). From child autistic symptoms to parental affective symptoms: A family process model. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 75, 22–31.PubMed Chan, K. K. S., Lam, C. B., Law, N. C. W., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2018a). From child autistic symptoms to parental affective symptoms: A family process model. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 75, 22–31.PubMed
go back to reference Chan, K. K. S., Lee, C. W. L., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018b). Mindfulness model of stigma resistance among individuals with psychiatric disorders. Mindfulness, 9, 1433–1442. Chan, K. K. S., Lee, C. W. L., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018b). Mindfulness model of stigma resistance among individuals with psychiatric disorders. Mindfulness, 9, 1433–1442.
go back to reference Chen, K. L., Lin, C. H., Yu, T. Y., Huang, C. Y., & Chen, Y. D. (2018). Differences between the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the Social Responsiveness Scale in assessing symptoms of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 3191–3198.PubMed Chen, K. L., Lin, C. H., Yu, T. Y., Huang, C. Y., & Chen, Y. D. (2018). Differences between the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the Social Responsiveness Scale in assessing symptoms of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48, 3191–3198.PubMed
go back to reference Corrigan, P. W., & Miller, F. E. (2004). Shame, blame, and contamination: A review of the impact of mental illness stigma on family members. Journal of Mental Health, 13, 537–548. Corrigan, P. W., & Miller, F. E. (2004). Shame, blame, and contamination: A review of the impact of mental illness stigma on family members. Journal of Mental Health, 13, 537–548.
go back to reference Corrigan, P. W., Rafacz, J., & Rüsch, N. (2011). Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 189, 339–343.PubMedPubMedCentral Corrigan, P. W., Rafacz, J., & Rüsch, N. (2011). Examining a progressive model of self-stigma and its impact on people with serious mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 189, 339–343.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 35–53. Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 35–53.
go back to reference Da Paz, N. S., & Wallander, J. L. (2017). Interventions that target improvements in mental health for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A narrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 1–14.PubMed Da Paz, N. S., & Wallander, J. L. (2017). Interventions that target improvements in mental health for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A narrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 1–14.PubMed
go back to reference Eaton, K., Ohan, J. L., Stritzke, W. G. K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2016). Failing to meet the good parent ideal: Self-stigma in parents of children with mental health disorders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3109–3123. Eaton, K., Ohan, J. L., Stritzke, W. G. K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2016). Failing to meet the good parent ideal: Self-stigma in parents of children with mental health disorders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3109–3123.
go back to reference Elafros, M. A., Sakubita-Simasiku, C., Atadzhanov, M., Haworth, A., Chomba, E., & Birbeck, G. L. (2013). Stigma and psychiatric morbidity among mothers of children with epilepsy in Zambia. International Health, 5, 288–294.PubMedPubMedCentral Elafros, M. A., Sakubita-Simasiku, C., Atadzhanov, M., Haworth, A., Chomba, E., & Birbeck, G. L. (2013). Stigma and psychiatric morbidity among mothers of children with epilepsy in Zambia. International Health, 5, 288–294.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., et al. (2013). Parenting-related stress and psychological distress in mothers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 35, 133–138.PubMed Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., et al. (2013). Parenting-related stress and psychological distress in mothers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 35, 133–138.PubMed
go back to reference Farrugia, D. (2009). Exploring stigma: Medical knowledge and the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Sociology of Health and Illness, 31, 1011–1027.PubMed Farrugia, D. (2009). Exploring stigma: Medical knowledge and the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Sociology of Health and Illness, 31, 1011–1027.PubMed
go back to reference Firth, I., & Dryer, R. (2013). The predictors of distress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38, 163–171.PubMed Firth, I., & Dryer, R. (2013). The predictors of distress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38, 163–171.PubMed
go back to reference Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon and Schuster. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.
go back to reference Gray, D. E. (1993). Perceptions of stigma: The parents of autistic children. Sociology of Health and Illness, 15, 102–120. Gray, D. E. (1993). Perceptions of stigma: The parents of autistic children. Sociology of Health and Illness, 15, 102–120.
go back to reference Gray, D. E. (2002). ‘Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed’: Felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24, 734–749. Gray, D. E. (2002). ‘Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed’: Felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24, 734–749.
go back to reference Green, S. E. (2003). “What do you mean ‘what's wrong with her?’”: Stigma and the lives of families of children with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1361–1374.PubMed Green, S. E. (2003). “What do you mean ‘what's wrong with her?’”: Stigma and the lives of families of children with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine, 57, 1361–1374.PubMed
go back to reference Hansen, B., Szaflarski, M., Bebin, E. M., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2018). Affiliate stigma and caregiver burden in intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 85, 1–6.PubMed Hansen, B., Szaflarski, M., Bebin, E. M., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2018). Affiliate stigma and caregiver burden in intractable epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 85, 1–6.PubMed
go back to reference Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629–642.PubMed Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 629–642.PubMed
go back to reference Heijnders, M., & Van Der Meij, S. (2006). The fight against stigma: An overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 11, 353–363.PubMed Heijnders, M., & Van Der Meij, S. (2006). The fight against stigma: An overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 11, 353–363.PubMed
go back to reference Hinshaw, S. P., & Stier, A. (2008). Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 367–393.PubMed Hinshaw, S. P., & Stier, A. (2008). Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 367–393.PubMed
go back to reference Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
go back to reference Kinnear, S. H., Link, B. G., Ballan, M. S., & Fischbach, R. L. (2016). Understanding the experience of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and the role stigma plays in families’ lives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 942–953.PubMed Kinnear, S. H., Link, B. G., Ballan, M. S., & Fischbach, R. L. (2016). Understanding the experience of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and the role stigma plays in families’ lives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 942–953.PubMed
go back to reference Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.PubMedPubMedCentral Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Lam, C. S., Tsang, H. W. H., Corrigan, P. W., Lee, Y. T., Angell, B., Shi, K., et al. (2010). Chinese lay theory and mental illness stigma: Implications for research and practices. Journal of Rehabilitation, 76, 35–40. Lam, C. S., Tsang, H. W. H., Corrigan, P. W., Lee, Y. T., Angell, B., Shi, K., et al. (2010). Chinese lay theory and mental illness stigma: Implications for research and practices. Journal of Rehabilitation, 76, 35–40.
go back to reference Li, X., Lam, C. B., Chung, K. K. H., & Leung, C. (2019). Linking parents’ self-stigma to the adjustment of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89, 212–221. Li, X., Lam, C. B., Chung, K. K. H., & Leung, C. (2019). Linking parents’ self-stigma to the adjustment of children with disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89, 212–221.
go back to reference Liao, X., Lei, X., & Li, Y. (2019). Stigma among parents of children with autism: A literature review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 88–94.PubMed Liao, X., Lei, X., & Li, Y. (2019). Stigma among parents of children with autism: A literature review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 88–94.PubMed
go back to reference Ling, C. Y. M., Mak, W. W. S., & Cheng, J. N. S. (2010). Attribution model of stigma towards children with autism in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 237–249. Ling, C. Y. M., Mak, W. W. S., & Cheng, J. N. S. (2010). Attribution model of stigma towards children with autism in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23, 237–249.
go back to reference MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128.PubMedPubMedCentral MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Mak, W. W. S., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2008). Affiliate stigma among caregivers of people with intellectual disability or mental illness. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 532–545. Mak, W. W. S., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2008). Affiliate stigma among caregivers of people with intellectual disability or mental illness. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 532–545.
go back to reference Mak, W. W. S., & Kwok, Y. T. Y. (2010). Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 2045–2051.PubMed Mak, W. W. S., & Kwok, Y. T. Y. (2010). Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social Science and Medicine, 70, 2045–2051.PubMed
go back to reference McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18, 502–510.PubMed McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18, 502–510.PubMed
go back to reference Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1046–1056. Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1046–1056.
go back to reference Mickelson, K. D., Wroble, M., & Helgeson, V. S. (1999). “Why my child?”: Parental attributions for children’s special needs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1263–1292. Mickelson, K. D., Wroble, M., & Helgeson, V. S. (1999). “Why my child?”: Parental attributions for children’s special needs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 1263–1292.
go back to reference Morgan, S. B. (1988). The autistic child and family functioning: A developmental-family systems perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 263–280.PubMed Morgan, S. B. (1988). The autistic child and family functioning: A developmental-family systems perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 263–280.PubMed
go back to reference Neely-Barnes, S. L., Hall, H. R., Roberts, R. J., & Graff, J. C. (2011). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: Public perceptions and parental conceptualizations. Journal of Family Social Work, 14, 208–225. Neely-Barnes, S. L., Hall, H. R., Roberts, R. J., & Graff, J. C. (2011). Parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder: Public perceptions and parental conceptualizations. Journal of Family Social Work, 14, 208–225.
go back to reference Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6, 938–947. Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6, 938–947.
go back to reference Padden, C., & James, J. E. (2017). Stress among parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: A comparison involving physiological indicators and parent self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 29, 567–586.PubMedPubMedCentral Padden, C., & James, J. E. (2017). Stress among parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: A comparison involving physiological indicators and parent self-reports. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 29, 567–586.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Papadopoulos, C., Foster, J., & Caldwell, K. (2013). ‘Individualism-collectivism’ as an explanatory device for mental illness stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, 49, 270–280.PubMed Papadopoulos, C., Foster, J., & Caldwell, K. (2013). ‘Individualism-collectivism’ as an explanatory device for mental illness stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, 49, 270–280.PubMed
go back to reference Papadopoulos, C., Lodder, A., Constantinou, G., & Randhawa, G. (2019). Systematic review of the relationship between autism stigma and informal caregiver mental health. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 1665–1685.PubMed Papadopoulos, C., Lodder, A., Constantinou, G., & Randhawa, G. (2019). Systematic review of the relationship between autism stigma and informal caregiver mental health. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 1665–1685.PubMed
go back to reference Park, E. Y., & Kim, J. (2016). Factor structure of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale as per DSM-5. Pediatrics International, 58, 139–145.PubMed Park, E. Y., & Kim, J. (2016). Factor structure of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale as per DSM-5. Pediatrics International, 58, 139–145.PubMed
go back to reference Robinson, M. A., & Brewster, M. E. (2016). Understanding affiliate stigma faced by heterosexual family and friends of LGB people: A measurement development study. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 353–363.PubMed Robinson, M. A., & Brewster, M. E. (2016). Understanding affiliate stigma faced by heterosexual family and friends of LGB people: A measurement development study. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 353–363.PubMed
go back to reference Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 91–103.PubMed Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., DeVellis, R. F., & Daly, K. (1980). Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 10, 91–103.PubMed
go back to reference Schroeder, J. H., Cappadocia, M. C., Bebko, J. M., Pepler, D. J., & Weiss, J. A. (2014). Shedding light on a pervasive problem: A review of research on bullying experiences among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1520–1534.PubMed Schroeder, J. H., Cappadocia, M. C., Bebko, J. M., Pepler, D. J., & Weiss, J. A. (2014). Shedding light on a pervasive problem: A review of research on bullying experiences among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1520–1534.PubMed
go back to reference Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.PubMed Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445.PubMed
go back to reference Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.PubMed Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.PubMed
go back to reference Werner, S., & Shulman, C. (2015). Does type of disability make a difference in affiliate stigma among family caregivers of individuals with autism, intellectual disability or physical disability? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59, 272–283.PubMed Werner, S., & Shulman, C. (2015). Does type of disability make a difference in affiliate stigma among family caregivers of individuals with autism, intellectual disability or physical disability? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59, 272–283.PubMed
go back to reference Wong, C. C. Y., Mak, W. W. S., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2016). Self-compassion: A potential buffer against affiliate stigma experienced by parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Mindfulness, 7, 1385–1395. Wong, C. C. Y., Mak, W. W. S., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2016). Self-compassion: A potential buffer against affiliate stigma experienced by parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Mindfulness, 7, 1385–1395.
go back to reference Yirmiya, N., & Shaked, M. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 69–83.PubMed Yirmiya, N., & Shaked, M. (2005). Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 69–83.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Linking Child Autism to Parental Depression and Anxiety: The Mediating Roles of Enacted and Felt Stigma
Auteurs
Kevin Ka Shing Chan
Donald Chi Kin Leung
Publicatiedatum
10-06-2020
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 2/2021
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04557-6

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2021

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2/2021 Naar de uitgave