Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analyses Across 24 Societies

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Previous research supports the CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD scale (and its precursor, the DSM-PDP scale) as a Level 1 ASD screener. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with data from population samples in 24 societies (N = 19,850) indicated good measurement invariance across societies, especially for configural and metric invariance. Items 4. 25, 67, 80, and 98 may be especially good discriminators of ASD because they have tend to have low base rates, strong loadings on the ASD latent construct, and the best measurement invariance across societies. Further research is needed to test the discriminative power of these items in predicting ASD, but our strong measurement findings support the international psychometric robustness of the CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD scale.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (2014). DSM-Oriented guide for the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Burlington: Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, The University of Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • An, X., & Yung, Y-F. (2014). Item response theory: What it is and how you can use the IRT procedure to apply it. Cary: SAS Institute. Paper SAS364-2014.

  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2013). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: A 3-step approach using Mplus [Online web notes]. Retrieved from http://statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/AuxMixture_submitted_corrected_webnote.pdf

  • Baird, G., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Wheelwright, S., et al. (2001). Screening and surveillance for autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 84, 468–475.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, M. L., Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2012). Screening young children for autism spectrum disorders in primary practice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1343-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1047/0033-2909.107.2.238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernier, R., Mao, A., & Yen, J. (2010). Psychopathology, families, and culture: Autism. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 855–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capron, C., & Duyme, M. (2009) Behavioral and emotional problems reported by parents of French children ages 1;5-5. Unpublished raw data.

  • Chlebowski, C., Robins, D. L., Barton, M. L., & Fein, B. (2012). Large-scale use of the modified checklist for autism in low-risk toddlers. Pediatrics, 131(4), 1121–1127. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. L., Baio, J., Van Naarden, Braun K., et al. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged eight years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2012. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 65(No. SS-3), 1–23.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003). Autistic traits in the general population: A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(5), 524–530. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daley, T. C. (2004). From symptom recognition to diagnosis: Children with autism in urban India. Social Science and Medicine, 58, 1323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Pauw, S. S. W., Mervielde, I., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2009). How are traits related to problem behavior in preschool children? Similarities and contrasts in temperament and personality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 309–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dias, P., Machado, B. C., Lima, V. S., Xavier, M. R., Veríssimo, L., & Gonçalves, M. (2009). Assessment of psychopathology in children and adolescents: Validation of the ASEBA battery. Unpublished raw data.

  • Dobrean, A., Balazsi, R., Tataru, L. (2008). Behavioral and emotional problems in a national sample of Romanian preschool children. (Master Thesis, Babes-Bolyai University). Cluj Napoca

  • Eapen, V., Zoubeidi, T., Yunis, F., Gururaj, A. K., Sabri, S., & Ghubash, R. (2006). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of global developmental delay in 3-year-old children in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 321–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erol, N., Simsek, Z., Oner, O., & Munir, K. (2005). Behavioral and emotional problems among Turkish children at ages 2 to 3 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(1), 80–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esmaeili, E.M. (2010). Behavioral and emotional problems among Iranian children at ages 1.5-5. Unpublished raw data.

  • Ezpeleta, L., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., & Doménech, J.M. (2011). The diagnostic interview of children and adolescents for parents of preschool children: Psychometric properties in the general population. Psychiatric Research, 190, 137–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeth, M., Milne, E., Sheppard, E., & Ramachandran, R. (2013). Autism across cultures: Perspectives from non-western cultures and implications for research. In F. Volkmar, R. Paul, S. Rogers, & K. Pelphrey (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 997–1013). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frigerio, A., Cozzi, P., Pastore, V., Molteni, M., Borgatti, R., & Montirosso, R. (2006). La valutazione dei problemi emotivo comportamentali in un campione italiano di bambini in età prescolare attraverso la Child Behavior Checklist e il Caregiver Teacher Report Form. Infanzia e Adolescenza, 5(1), 24–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guðmundsson, H.S. and Bjarnadóttir, G. (2010). The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children in Iceland. A validation study. Unpublished raw data.

  • Havdahl, K. A., von Tetzchner, S., Huerta, M., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2016). Utility of the child behavior checklist as a screener for autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 9(1), 33–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Guo, J., Althoff, R. R., Kan, K., et al. (2018). Testing syndromes of psychopathology in parent and youth ratings across societies. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1405352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Harder, V. S., Ang, R. P., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2010). Preschool psychopathology reported by parents in 23 societies: Testing the seven-syndrome model of the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1.5-5. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1215–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jang, S., Kim, E. S., Cao, C., Allen, T. D., Cooper, C. L., Lapierre, L. M., et al. (2017). Measurement invariance of the satisfaction with life scale across 26 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(4), 560–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117697844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jusienė, R., Raižienė, S., Barkauskienė, R., Bieliauskaitė, R., & Dervinytė, Bongarzoni A. (2007). Ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų emocinių ir elgesio sunkumų rizikos veiksniai. Visuomenės sveikata, 4(39), 46–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, E. S., Cao, C., Wang, Y., & Nguyen, D. T. (2017). Measurement invariance testing with many groups: A comparison of five approaches. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 24(4), 524–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1304822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. U. (2012). Autism across cultures: Rethinking autism. Disability & Society, 27(4), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.659463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. A., Lee, J., Moon, S.J., Kim, Y.J., & Oh, K.J.(2009). Standardization study for the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5. The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 117-136. 

  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen, S., Henriksen, T.B., & Bilenberg, N. (2010). The Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL/1(1/2)-5): Assessment and analysis of parent- and caregiver-reported problems in a population-based sample of Danish preschool children. Nord J Psychiatry. 2010 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]

  • Lecannelier, F. (2010). Validation of the CBCL/1.5-5 in Chile. Unpublished raw data.

  • Levy, S. E., Rescorla, L. A., Chittams, J. L., Kral, T. J., Moody, E. J., Pandey, J., et al. (2019). ASD screening with the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5 in the Study to Explore Early Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03895-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Limberg, K., Gruber, K., & Noterdaeme, M. (2017). The German version of the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 to identify children with a risk of autism spectrum disorde. Autism, 21(3), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316645932.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J., McCauley, L. A., Zhao, Y., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2010). Cohort Profile: The China Jintan Child Cohort Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 668–674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lung, F., Shu, B., Chiang, T., & Lin, S. J. (2008). Efficient developmental screening instrument for 6- and 18-month-old children in the Taiwan Birth Cohort Pilot Study. Acta Paediatrica, 97, 1093–1098.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnússon, P., & Sæmundsen, E. (2001). Prevalence of autism in Iceland. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 153–163.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Matheis, M., Burns, C. O., Esposito, G., Venuti, P., Pisula, E., et al. (2017). Examining cross-cultural differences in autism spectrum disorder: A multinational comparison from Greece, Italy, Japan, Poland, and the United States. European Psychiatry, 42, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.10.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Worley, J. A., Fodstad, J. C., Chung, K. M., Suh, D., Jhin, H. K., et al. (2011). A multinational study examining the cross cultural differences in reported symptoms of autism spectrum disorders: Israel, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 1598–1604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.03.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, E. M. (1995). Mullen scales of early learning. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muratori, F., Narzisi, A., Tancredi, R., Cosenza, A., Calugi, S., Saviozzi, I., et al. (2011). The CBCL 1.5-5 and the identification of preschoolers with autism in Italy. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/s204579601100045x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2014). IRT studies of many groups: the alignment method. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(978), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998a). Language addendum of Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998b). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, C. L., Gross, A. D., & McReynolds, B. M. (2014). Broadband behavior rating scales as screeners for autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1403–1413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-2004-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narzisi, A., Calderoni, S., Maestro, S., Calugi, S., Mottes, E., & Muratori, F. (2013). Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 as a tool to identify toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: A case–control study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1179–1189. https://doi.org/10.10116/j.ridd.2012.12.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, K.J. & Kim Y.A.(2009). Manual of CBCL/1.5.5. Seoul, Korea: HUNO Consulting Inc.

  • Ooi, Y.P., Woo, B.S.C., Ang, R. P., & Fung, D. S. S. (2010). Emotional and Behavioural Problems Reported by Parents of Children Ages 1.5 to 5 years: Findings from the Singapore Context. Paper presented at the 19th World Congress of the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, 2 – 6 June, Beijing, China.

  • Pandey, J., Verbalis, A., Robins, D. L., Boorstein, H., Klin, A., Babitz, T., et al. (2008). Screening for autism in older and younger toddlers with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Autism, 12, 513–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361308094503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plueck, J., Beiling, M., Kuschel, A., Heinrichs, N., Schmeck, K. & Doepfner, M. (2010). Die Erfassung von Verhaltnesauffölligkeiten im Vorschulalter mit dem Elternfragebogen für Klein- und Vorschulkinder (CBCL/1 1/2-5). Submitted for publication in Diagnostica.

  • Pomalima, R., & Valverde, J. (2007). Estudio epidemiológico de niños y adolescentes en Lima Metropolitana y el Callao. Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental “Honorio Delgado-Hideyo Noguchi.” Unpublished raw data.

  • Predescu, E., Sipos, R., Dobrean, A., & Miclutia, I. (2013). The discriminative power of the CBCL 1.5-5 between autism spectrum disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13(1), 75–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L., Achenbach, T. M., Ivanova, M. Y., Harder, V. S., Otten, L., Bilenberg, N., et al. (2011). International comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: Parents’ reports from 24 societies. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(3), 456–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L., Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Begovac, I., Chahed, M., Drugli, M. B., et al. (2012). International epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology II: integration and applications of dimensional findings from 44 societies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 1273–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L., Kim, Y. A., & Oh, K. J. (2015). Screening for ASD with the Korean CBCL/1.5-5. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 4039–4050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2255-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L. A., Given, G., Glynn, S., Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. A., & the International ASEBA Consortium. (2019). International comparisons of autism spectrum disorder behaviors in preschoolers rated by parents and caregivers/teachers. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319839151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, L. A., Winder-Patel, B. M., Paterson, S. J., Pandey, J., Wolff, J. J., Schultz, R. T., et al. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder screening with the young children at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613117718482.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, D. L., Casagrande, K., Barton, M., Chen, C. A., Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2014). Validation of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers, revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F). Pediatrics, 133(1), 37–45.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001). The modified checklist for autism in toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 131–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, E. B., Munir, K., Munafò, M. R., Hughes, M., McCormick, M., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Stability of autistic traits in the general populations: Further evidence for a continuum of impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(4), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schuberth, F., Henseler, J., & Dijkstra, T. K. (2018). Confirmatory composite analysis. Frontiers Psychology, 9, 2541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahini, M., Jetishi, P., & Ahmeti, A. (2009). Emotional and behavioral problems in young children, 2–5 years in Kosovo. Unpublished raw data.

  • Sikora, D. M., Hall, T. A., Hartley, S. L., Gerrard-Morris, A. E., & Cagle, S. (2008). Does parent report of behavior differ across ADOS-G classifications: Analysis of scores from the CBCL and GARS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 440–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0407-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sourander, A. (2001). Emotional and behavioral problems in a sample of Finnish three-year-olds. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10(2), 98–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tick, N. T., Van Der Ende, J., Koot, H. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (2007). 14-year changes in emotional and behavioral problems of very young Dutch children. Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1333–1340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Leeuwen, K., Bourgonjon, L., Huijsman, L., Van Meenen, M., & De Pauw, S. (2009, April). Temper tantrums in young children: relations with child temperament, child problem behavior and parenting. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, CO.

  • Wu, A. D., Li, Z., & Zumbo, B. D. (2007). Decoding the meaning of factorial invariance and updating the practice of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis: A demonstration with TIMSS data. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(3), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Y.T., Hsieh, W.S., Chen, P.C., Chen, W.J., Liao, H.F., Su, Y.N., & Jeng SF. (2009). Behavioral and emotional problems in 2- to 3-year-old Taiwanese children. International ASEBA Conference on Empirically Based Mental Health Knowledge, Burlington, VT, June 21–24, 2009.

  • Yu, C. Y., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). Evaluation of model fit indices for latent variable models with categorical and continuous outcomes (technical report). Los Angeles: Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, UCL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zubrick, S. R., Taylor, C. L., Rice, M. L., & Slegers, D. W. (2007). Late language emergence at 24 months: An epidemiological study of prevalence, predictors, and covariates. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1562–1592.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Members of the International ASEBA Consortium: Niels Bilenberg—University of Southern Denmark; Gudrun Bjarnadottir—Glaesibaer Health Clinic, Iceland; Christiane Capron—University of Montpellier, France; Sarah De Pauw—Ghent University, Belgium; Pedro Dias—Portuguese Catholic University; Anca Dobrean—Babes-Bolyai University, Romania; Manfred Döpfner—University of Cologne, Germany; Michel Duyme—University of Montpellier, France; Valsamma Eapen—University of New South Wales, Australia; Nese Erol—Ankara University, Turkey; Elaheh Esmaeili—Tehran Institute for Exceptional Children, Iran; Lourdes Ezpeleta—Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Alessandra Frigerio—Scientific Institute E. Medea, Italy; Daniel S.S. Fung—Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; Miguel Gonçalves—University of Minho, Portugal; Halldór Guðmundsson—University of Iceland; Suh-Fang Jeng—National Taiwan University; Roma Jusiene—Vilnius University; Young-Ah Kim –Huno Consulting, Korea; Solveig Kristensen—University of Southern Denmark; Jianghong Liu—University of Pennsylvania; Felipe Lecannelier—Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile; Patrick Leung—Chinese University of Hong Kong; Bárbara César Machado—Portuguese Catholic University; Rosario Montirosso—Scientific Institute E. Medea, Italy; Kyung-Ja Oh—Yonsei University, Korea; Yoon Phaik Ooi—Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; Julia Plück—University of Cologne, Germany; Rolando Pomalima—Peruvian National Institute of Mental Health,; Jetishi Pranvera—University of Dardania; Mimoza Shahini—University Clinical Center of Kosovo; Jaime Silva -Universidad de la Frontera; Zeynep Simsek—Harran University; Andre Sourander—Turku University and Turku University Hospital; José Valverde—Peruvian National Institute of Mental Health,; Jan van der Ende—Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia’s Children’s Hospital; Karla Van Leeuwen—Leuven University; Yen-Tzu Wu—National Taiwan University; Sema Yurdusen—Middle East Technical University; Stephen R. Zubrick—Curtin Centre for Developmental Research, Curtin University of Technology; Frank C. Verhulst—Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia’s Children’s Hospital.

Funding

No external funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, 101 N. Merion Avenue, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA

    Leslie A. Rescorla & Allison Adams

  2. University of Vermont, 1 S. Prospect Street, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA

    Masha Y. Ivanova

Authors
  1. Leslie A. Rescorla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Allison Adams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Masha Y. Ivanova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

the International ASEBA Consortium

  • Niels Bilenberg
  • , Gudrun Bjarnadottir
  • , Christiane Capron
  • , Sarah De Pauw
  • , Pedro Dias
  • , Anca Dobrean
  • , Manfred Döpfner
  • , Michel Duyme
  • , Valsamma Eapen
  • , Nese Erol
  • , Elaheh Esmaeili
  • , Lourdes Ezpeleta
  • , Alessandra Frigerio
  • , Daniel S. S. Fung
  • , Miguel Gonçalves
  • , Halldór Guðmundsson
  • , Suh-Fang Jeng
  • , Roma Jusiene
  • , Young-Ah Kim
  • , Solveig Kristensen
  • , Jianghong Liu
  • , Felipe Lecannelier
  • , Patrick Leung
  • , Bárbara César Machado
  • , Rosario Montirosso
  • , Kyung-Ja Oh
  • , Yoon Phaik Ooi
  • , Julia Plück
  • , Rolando Pomalima
  • , Jetishi Pranvera
  • , Mimoza Shahini
  • , Jaime Silva
  • , Zeynep Simsek
  • , Andre Sourander
  • , José Valverde
  • , Jan van der van der
  • , Karla Van Leeuwen
  • , Yen-Tzu Wu
  • , Sema Yurdusen
  • , Stephen R. Zubrick
  •  & Frank C. Verhulst

Contributions

LAR conceived and planned the research and supervised the data analysis, which was conducted by AA for her senior thesis at Bryn Mawr College; MYI consulted on designing and interpreting the CFAs; LAR was the primary author but all three authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript. The members of the International ASEBA Consortium contributed the data that were analyzed for the study.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie A. Rescorla.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The first and third authors receive compensation from the non-profit University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, which publishes the CBCL/1½–5. The second author declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No animals were used in this research. All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The members of the International ASEBA Consortium are listed in the acknowledgements.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rescorla, L.A., Adams, A., Ivanova, M.Y. et al. The CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analyses Across 24 Societies. J Autism Dev Disord 50, 3326–3340 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04189-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04189-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation