Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

06-06-2016 | Original Paper

Validation of the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition in Adolescents with ASD: Fixation Duration and Pupil Dilation as Predictors of Performance

Auteurs: Nico Müller, Sarah Baumeister, Isabel Dziobek, Tobias Banaschewski, Luise Poustka

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 9/2016

Abstract

Impaired social cognition is one of the core characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Appropriate measures of social cognition for high-functioning adolescents with ASD are, however, lacking. The Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) uses dynamic social stimuli, ensuring ecological validity, and has proven to be a sensitive measure in adulthood. In the current study, 33 adolescents with ASD and 23 controls were administered the MASC, while concurrent eye tracking was used to relate gaze behavior to performance levels. The ASD group exhibited reduced MASC scores, with social cognition performance being explained by shorter fixation duration on eyes and decreased pupil dilation. These potential diagnostic markers are discussed as indicators of different processing of social information in ASD.

volgende artikel Video Modeling and Observational Learning to Teach Gaming Access to Students with ASD

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Adolphs, R. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 165–178.CrossRefPubMed

Anderson, C. J., & Colombo, J. (2009). Larger tonic pupil size in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Psychobiology, 51(2), 207–211.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Anderson, C. J., Colombo, J., & Jill Shaddy, D. (2006). Visual scanning and pupillary responses in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28(7), 1238–1256.CrossRefPubMed

Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 28, 403–450.CrossRefPubMed

Auyeung, B., Allison, C., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Brief report: Development of the adolescent empathy and systemizing quotients. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(10), 2225–2235.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in cognitive sciences, 6(6), 248–254.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., Bowen, D. C., Holt, R. J., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Lombardo, M. V., et al. (2015). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test: Complete absence of typical Sex difference in ~400 men and women with Autism. PLoS One, 10(8), e0136521.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 21(1), 37–46.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001a). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715.CrossRefPubMed

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Spong, A., Scahill, V., & Lawson, J. (2001b). Are intuitive physics and intuitive psychology independent? A test with children with Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders, 5(1), 47–78.

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.CrossRefPubMed

Beatty, J., & Lucero-Wagoner, B. (2000). The pupillary system. Handbook of Psychophysiology, 2, 142–162.

Blaser, E., Eglington, L., Carter, A. S., & Kaldy, Z. (2014). Pupillometry reveals a mechanism for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) advantage in visual tasks. Scientific Reports, 4, 4301.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: Cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Autism Research, 1(6), 354–363. doi:10.1002/aur.49.CrossRefPubMed

Bölte, S., Rühl, D., Schmötzer, G., & Poustka, F. (2006). Diagnostisches Interview für Autismus—Revidiert. Deutsche Fassung des Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised von Michael Rutter. Ann LeCouteur und Catherine Lord. Verlag Hans Huber: Bern.

Brent, E., Rios, P., Happé, F., & Charman, T. (2004). Performance of children with autism spectrum disorder on advanced theory of mind tasks. Autism, 8, 283–299. doi:10.1177/1362361304045217.CrossRefPubMed

Campbell, D. J., Shic, F., Macari, S., & Chawarska, K. (2014). Gaze response to dyadic bids at 2 years related to outcomes at 3 years in autism spectrum disorders: A subtyping analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 431–442. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1885-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2013). Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 74(3), 195–203.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chevallier, C., Kohls, G., Troiani, V., Brodkin, E. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2012). The social motivation theory of autism. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(4), 231–239.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chevallier, C., Parish-Morris, J., McVey, A., Rump, K. M., Sasson, N. J., Herrington, J. D., & Schultz, R. T. (2015). Measuring social attention and motivation in autism spectrum disorder using eye-tracking: Stimulus type matters. Autism Research, 8(5), 620–628. doi:10.1002/aur.1479.CrossRefPubMed

Chita-Tegmark, M. (2016). Social attention in ASD: A review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking studies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 48, 79–93. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.011.CrossRefPubMed

Chuleva, S., Clausen, H.-J., & Körner, J. (2009). Anwendung des MASC, eines neuen Instrumentes zur Erfassung sozialkognitiver Kompetenzen bei Jugendlichen. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 58(8), 635–654.CrossRefPubMed

Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2005). Social Responsiveness Scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2007). Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2) (Vol. 2). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H., & Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519–526.PubMedPubMedCentral

de Urabain, I. R. S., Johnson, M. H., & Smith, T. J. (2014). GraFIX: A semiautomatic approach for parsing low-and high-quality eye-tracking data. Behavior research methods, 47(1), 53–72.CrossRef

Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Rogers, K., Hassenstab, J., Brand, M., et al. (2006). Introducing MASC: A Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 623–636. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0107-0.CrossRefPubMed

Elison, J. T., Paterson, S. J., Wolff, J. J., Reznick, J. S., Sasson, N. J., Gu, H., et al. (2013). White matter microstructure and atypical visual orienting in 7-month-olds at risk for autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 899–908.CrossRefPubMed

Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Hudry, K., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H., & Team, B. (2013). The development of face orienting mechanisms in infants at-risk for autism. Behavioural Brain Research, 251, 147–154.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Falck-Ytter, T. (2008). Face inversion effects in autism: A combined looking time and pupillometric study. Autism Research, 1(5), 297–306.CrossRefPubMed

Falck-Ytter, T., Bölte, S., & Gredebäck, G. (2013a). Eye tracking in early autism research. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5(1), 28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Falck-Ytter, T., von Hofsten, C., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2013b). Visualization and analysis of eye movement data from children with typical and atypical development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2249–2258. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1776-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social cognition: From brains to culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef

Fleck, S., Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Mielke, R., Kalbe, E., & Kessler, J. (2006). Der MASC-MC, ein neues filmisches Verfahren zur Erfassung der “Theory of Mind”. Zeigen Patienten mit Asperger-Syndrom ein spezifisches Antwortmuster? Der Nervenarzt, 77, 343.CrossRef

Fletcher, T. D. (2010). Psychometric: Applied Psychometric Theory. R package version 2.2. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psychometric.

Fletcher, T. D. (2012). QuantPsyc: Quantitative Psychology Tools. R package version 1.5.

Fletcher-Watson, S., Leekam, S. R., Benson, V., Frank, M., & Findlay, J. (2009). Eye-movements reveal attention to social information in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 47(1), 248–257.CrossRefPubMed

Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2011). An R companion to applied regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Freeth, M., Chapman, P., Ropar, D., & Mitchell, P. (2010). Do gaze cues in complex scenes capture and direct the attention of high functioning adolescents with ASD? Evidence from eye-tracking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 534–547.CrossRefPubMed

Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2008). Implicit and explicit processes in social cognition. Neuron, 60(3), 503–510.CrossRefPubMed

Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586.CrossRefPubMed

Guillon, Q., Hadjikhani, N., Baduel, S., & Roge, B. (2014). Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder: Insights from eye tracking studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 42, 279–297. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.013.CrossRefPubMed

Hanley, M., McPhillips, M., Mulhern, G., & Riby, D. M. (2013). Spontaneous attention to faces in Asperger syndrome using ecologically valid static stimuli. Autism, 17(6), 754–761.CrossRefPubMed

Harms, M. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2010). Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychology Review, 20(3), 290–322.CrossRefPubMed

Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2001). Computational modelling of visual attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(3), 194–203. doi:10.1038/35058500.CrossRefPubMed

Jemel, B., Mottron, L., & Dawson, M. (2006). Impaired Face Processing in Autism: Fact or Artifact? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 91–106. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0050-5.CrossRefPubMed

Jones, W., Carr, K., & Klin, A. (2008). Absence of preferential looking to the eyes of approaching adults predicts level of social disability in 2-year-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(8), 946–954. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.8.946.CrossRefPubMed

Kliemann, D., Dziobek, I., Hatri, A., Steimke, R., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Atypical reflexive gaze patterns on emotional faces in autism spectrum disorders. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(37), 12281–12287.CrossRefPubMed

Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., & Volkmar, F. (2003). The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: Lessons from autism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 358(1430), 345–360. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1202.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809–816. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809.CrossRefPubMed

Klin, A., Lin, D. J., Gorrindo, P., Ramsay, G., & Jones, W. (2009). Two-year-olds with autism orient to non-social contingencies rather than biological motion. Nature, 459(7244), 257–261. doi:10.1038/nature07868.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Krach, S., Kamp-Becker, I., Einhäuser, W., Sommer, J., Frässle, S., Jansen, A., et al. (2015). Evidence from pupillometry and fMRI indicates reduced neural response during vicarious social pain but not physical pain in autism. Human Brain Mapping, 36(11), 4730–4744. doi:10.1002/hbm.22949.CrossRefPubMed

Laeng, B., Sirois, S., & Gredebäck, G. (2012). Pupillometry a window to the preconscious? Perspectives on psychological science, 7(1), 18–27.CrossRefPubMed

Lahera, G., Boada, L., Pousa, E., Mirapeix, I., Moron-Nozaleda, G., Marinas, L., et al. (2014). Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC): Spanish validation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1886–1896. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2061-6.CrossRefPubMed

Lord, F. M. (1952). The relation of the reliability of multiple-choice tests to the distribution of item difficulties. Psychometrika, 17(2), 181–194.CrossRef

Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H, Jr., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223.CrossRefPubMed

Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS-2. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Loth, E., Spooren, W., Ham, L. M., Isaac, M. B., Auriche-Benichou, C., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2016). Identification and validation of biomarkers for autism spectrum disorders. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 15(1), 70–73. doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.7.CrossRefPubMed

Martineau, J., Hernandez, N., Hiebel, L., Roché, L., Metzger, A., & Bonnet-Brilhault, F. (2011). Can pupil size and pupil responses during visual scanning contribute to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1077–1082.CrossRefPubMed

Montag, C., Ehrlich, A., Neuhaus, K., Dziobek, I., Heekeren, H. R., Heinz, A., & Gallinat, J. (2010). Theory of mind impairments in euthymic bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1), 264–269.CrossRefPubMed

Murphy, D., & Spooren, W. (2012). EU-AIMS: A boost to autism research. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 11(11), 815.CrossRefPubMed

Nuske, H. J., Vivanti, G., Hudry, K., & Dissanayake, C. (2014). Pupillometry reveals reduced unconscious emotional reactivity in autism. Biological Psychology, 101, 24–35.CrossRefPubMed

Petermann, U., & Petermann, F. (2011). WISC-IV: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-: Deutschsprachige Adaptation nach D Wechsler. Amsterdam: Pearson Assessment and Information.

Pierce, K., Conant, D., Hazin, R., Stoner, R., & Desmond, J. (2011). Preference for geometric patterns early in life as a risk factor for autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(1), 101–109. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.113.CrossRefPubMed

Poustka, L., Rehm, A., Holtmann, M., Bock, M., Böhmert, C., & Dziobek, I. (2010). Dissoziation von kognitiver und affektiver Empathie bei Jugendlichen mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen. Kindheit und Entwicklung., 19, 177–183.CrossRef

Preißler, S., Dziobek, I., Ritter, K., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2010). Social cognition in borderline personality disorder: Evidence for disturbed recognition of the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 4(182), 1–8.

Prifitera, A., Saklofske, D. H., & Weiss, L. G. (2005). WISC-4 clinical use and interpretation. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.

R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html.

Raiford, S., Weiss, L., Rolfhus, E., & Coalson, D. (2005). WISC-IV technical report# 4: General Ability Index. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.

Revelle, W. (2015). Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University.

Rice, K., Moriuchi, J. M., Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2012). Parsing heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: Visual scanning of dynamic social scenes in school-aged children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(3), 238–248.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Risko, E. F., Laidlaw, K. E., Freeth, M., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. (2012). Social attention with real versus reel stimuli: Toward an empirical approach to concerns about ecological validity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 143.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ritter, K., Dziobek, I., Preißler, S., Rüter, A., Vater, A., Fydrich, T., et al. (2011). Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 187(1), 241–247.CrossRefPubMed

Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J. C., & Müller, M. (2011). pROC: An open-source package for R and S + to analyze and compare ROC curves. (Vol. 12).

Rühl, D., Bölte, S., Feineis-Matthews, S., & Poustka, F. (2004). Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala für Autistische Störungen (ADOS). Bern: Verlag Hans Huber.

Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., Lord, C., & Faggioli, R. (2005). ADI-R: Autism diagnostic interview–revised: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Samson, A. C., & Huber, O. W. (2010). Short German versions of empathizing and systemizing self-assessment scales. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 69, 239–244. doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000028.CrossRef

Samuels, E., & Szabadi, E. (2008). Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: Its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: Principles of functional organisation. Current Neuropharmacology, 6(3), 235.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Senju, A. (2013). Atypical development of spontaneous social cognition in autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 35(2), 96–101.CrossRefPubMed

Senju, A., Southgate, V., White, S., & Frit, U. (2009). Mindblind eyes: An absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome. Science, 325, 883–885. doi:10.1126/science.1176170.CrossRefPubMed

Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., McMahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007). Face processing in children with autism: Effects of stimulus contents and type. Autism, 11(3), 265–277. doi:10.1177/1362361307076925.CrossRefPubMed

Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247.CrossRefPubMed

Symeonidou, I., Dumontheil, I., Chow, W.-Y., & Breheny, R. (2015). Development of online use of theory of mind during adolescence: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.11.007.PubMed

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Thompson, B. (2007). Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and confidence intervals for effect sizes. Psychology in the Schools, 44(5), 423–432.CrossRef

Tobii Technology. (2012). User manual–Tobii Studio. Manual Version 3.2 Rev A. 11/2012: Tobii Technology AB.

Torchiano, M. (2015). Effsize: Efficient Effect Size Computation. R package version 0.5.4.

Tseng, P.-H., Cameron, I. G., Pari, G., Reynolds, J. N., Munoz, D. P., & Itti, L. (2013). High-throughput classification of clinical populations from natural viewing eye movements. Journal of Neurology, 260(1), 275–284.CrossRefPubMed

van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(5), 669–678. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00055.CrossRefPubMed

Wang, S., Jiang, M., Duchesne, Xavier M., Laugeson, Elizabeth A., Kennedy, Daniel P., Adolphs, R., et al. (2015). Atypical visual saliency in autism spectrum disorder quantified through model-based eye tracking. Neuron, 88(3), 604–616. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.042.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wass, S. V., Jones, E. J., Gliga, T., Smith, T. J., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2015). Shorter spontaneous fixation durations in infants with later emerging autism. Scientific Reports, 5, 8284.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Watson, A. C., Nixon, C. L., Wilson, A., & Capage, L. (1999). Social interaction skills and theory of mind in young children. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 386–391. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.386.CrossRefPubMed

Wechsler, D. (2004). The Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition. London: Pearson Assessment.

Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: the truth about false belief. Child Development, 72(3), 655–684.CrossRefPubMed

Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103–128. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5.CrossRefPubMed

Woerner, W., Becker, A., Friedrich, C., Rothenberger, A., Klasen, H., & Goodman, R. (2002). Normierung und Evaluation der deutschen Elternversion des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Felderhebung. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 30(2), 105–112. doi:10.1024//1422-4917.30.2.105.CrossRefPubMed

Yi, L., Fan, Y., Quinn, P. C., Feng, C., Huang, D., Li, J., & Lee, K. (2013). Abnormality in face scanning by children with autism spectrum disorder is limited to the eye region: Evidence from multi-method analyses of eye tracking data. Journal of vision, 13(10), 5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yu, C., Yurovsky, D., & Xu, T. (2012). Visual data mining: An exploratory approach to analyzing temporal patterns of eye movements. Infancy, 17(1), 33–60. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00095.x.CrossRef

Titel: Validation of the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition in Adolescents with ASD: Fixation Duration and Pupil Dilation as Predictors of Performance
Auteurs: Nico Müller
Sarah Baumeister
Isabel Dziobek
Tobias Banaschewski
Luise Poustka
Publicatiedatum: 06-06-2016
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 9/2016
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2828-z

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 9/2016

Aspects of Sexuality in Adolescents and Adults Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Childhood

Exploratory Factor Analysis of SRS-2 Teacher Ratings for Youth with ASD

Association of Autism Spectrum Disorder with Obsessive-Compulsive and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Traits and Response Inhibition in a Community Sample

Video Modeling and Observational Learning to Teach Gaming Access to Students with ASD

Embedded Figures Test Performance in the Broader Autism Phenotype: A Meta-analysis

A Meta-Analytic Review of the Efficacy of Physical Exercise Interventions on Cognition in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD