Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1/2009

01-01-2009 | Original Paper

Cortical Serotonin Type-2 Receptor Density in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Auteurs: Jeremy Goldberg, George M. Anderson, Lonnie Zwaigenbaum, Geoffrey B. C. Hall, Claude Nahmias, Ann Thompson, Peter Szatmari

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 1/2009

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Parents (N = 19) of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and adult controls (N = 17) underwent positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]setoperone to image cortical serotonin type-2 (5-HT2) receptors. The 5-HT2 binding potentials (BPs) were calculated by ratioing [18F]setoperone intensity in regions of interest (ROI) to cerebellar intensity. Cortical 5-HT2 BPs were significantly lower in parents compared to controls and platelet 5-HT levels were significantly negatively correlated with cortical 5-HT2 BP in parents. Lower cortical 5-HT2 receptor density in parents of children with ASD is consistent with reports of diminished 5-HT2 expression and functioning in individuals with ASD. Further research should examine the relationship of reduced 5-HT2 receptor expression to underlying causation and to clinical and neurochemical correlates of autistic behavior.
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Press. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Press. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolten, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., et al. (1995). Autism is a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine, 25, 63–77.PubMedCrossRef Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolten, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., et al. (1995). Autism is a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine, 25, 63–77.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bhagwagar, Z., Hinz, R., Taylor, M., Fancy, S., Cowen, P., & Grasby, P. (2006). Increased 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in euthymic, medication-free patients recovered from depression: A positron emission study with [(11)C]MDL 100, 907. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1580–1587. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. 163.9.1580.PubMedCrossRef Bhagwagar, Z., Hinz, R., Taylor, M., Fancy, S., Cowen, P., & Grasby, P. (2006). Increased 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in euthymic, medication-free patients recovered from depression: A positron emission study with [(11)C]MDL 100, 907. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1580–1587. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ajp.​ 163.​9.​1580.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Blin, J., Sette, G., Fiorelli, M., Bletry, O., Elghozi, J. L., et al. (1990). A method for the in vivo investigation of the serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors in the human cerebral cortex using positron emission tomography and 18F-labeled setoperone. Journal of Neurochemistry, 54, 1744–1754. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01229.x.PubMedCrossRef Blin, J., Sette, G., Fiorelli, M., Bletry, O., Elghozi, J. L., et al. (1990). A method for the in vivo investigation of the serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors in the human cerebral cortex using positron emission tomography and 18F-labeled setoperone. Journal of Neurochemistry, 54, 1744–1754. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1471-4159.​1990.​tb01229.​x.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bonnin, A., Torii, M., Wang, L., Rakic, P., & Levitt, P. (2007). Serotonin modulates the response of embryonic thalamocortical axons to netrin-1. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 588–597. doi:10.1038/nn1896.PubMedCrossRef Bonnin, A., Torii, M., Wang, L., Rakic, P., & Levitt, P. (2007). Serotonin modulates the response of embryonic thalamocortical axons to netrin-1. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 588–597. doi:10.​1038/​nn1896.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Burnet, P. W., Eastwood, S. L., & Harrison, P. J. (1996). 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mRNAs and binding densities are differentially altered in schizophrenia. Neuropsychophamacology, 15, 422–455. Burnet, P. W., Eastwood, S. L., & Harrison, P. J. (1996). 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mRNAs and binding densities are differentially altered in schizophrenia. Neuropsychophamacology, 15, 422–455.
go back to reference Chandana, S. R., Behen, M. E., Juhasz, C., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R. D., Mangner, T. J., et al. (2005). Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 171–182. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.08.002.PubMedCrossRef Chandana, S. R., Behen, M. E., Juhasz, C., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R. D., Mangner, T. J., et al. (2005). Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 171–182. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijdevneu.​2004.​08.​002.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cho, I. H., Yoo, H. J., Park, M., Lee, Y. S., & Kim, S. A. (2008). Family-based association study of 5-HTTLPR and the 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder in Korean trios. Brain Research, 1139, 34–41. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.002.CrossRef Cho, I. H., Yoo, H. J., Park, M., Lee, Y. S., & Kim, S. A. (2008). Family-based association study of 5-HTTLPR and the 5-HT2A receptor gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder in Korean trios. Brain Research, 1139, 34–41. doi:10.​1016/​j.​brainres.​2007.​01.​002.CrossRef
go back to reference Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., et al. (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 427–433. doi:10.1023/A:1025014929212.PubMedCrossRef Constantino, J. N., Davis, S. A., et al. (2003). Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: Comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 427–433. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1025014929212.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cook, E. H., Jr, Arora, R. C., Anderson, G. M., Berry-Kravis, E. M., Yan, S. Y., Yeoh, H. C., et al. (1993). Platelet serotonin studies in hyperserotonemic relatives of children with autistic disorder. Life Sciences, 52, 2005–2015. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(93)90685-V.PubMedCrossRef Cook, E. H., Jr, Arora, R. C., Anderson, G. M., Berry-Kravis, E. M., Yan, S. Y., Yeoh, H. C., et al. (1993). Platelet serotonin studies in hyperserotonemic relatives of children with autistic disorder. Life Sciences, 52, 2005–2015. doi:10.​1016/​0024-3205(93)90685-V.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Crouzel, C., Venet, M., Irie, G., Sanz, G., & Boullais, C. (1988). Labeling of a serotonergic ligand with 18-F Setoperone. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, 25, 403–414. doi:10.1002/jlcr.2580250407.CrossRef Crouzel, C., Venet, M., Irie, G., Sanz, G., & Boullais, C. (1988). Labeling of a serotonergic ligand with 18-F Setoperone. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals, 25, 403–414. doi:10.​1002/​jlcr.​2580250407.CrossRef
go back to reference Danaceau, J. P., Anderson, G. M., McMahon, W. M., & Crouch, D. J. (2003). A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of serotonin and related indoles in human whole blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27, 440–444.PubMed Danaceau, J. P., Anderson, G. M., McMahon, W. M., & Crouch, D. J. (2003). A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of serotonin and related indoles in human whole blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27, 440–444.PubMed
go back to reference Epperson, C. N., Czarkowski, K. A., Ward-O’Brien, D., Weiss, E., Gueorguieva, R., Jatlow, P., et al. (2001). Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1631–1637. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. 158.10.1631.PubMedCrossRef Epperson, C. N., Czarkowski, K. A., Ward-O’Brien, D., Weiss, E., Gueorguieva, R., Jatlow, P., et al. (2001). Maternal sertraline treatment and serotonin transport in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1631–1637. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ajp.​ 158.​10.​1631.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Folstein, S. & Rutter, M. (1991). Family history interview for developmental disorders of cognition and social functioning (available from authors). Folstein, S. & Rutter, M. (1991). Family history interview for developmental disorders of cognition and social functioning (available from authors).
go back to reference Folstein, S. E., Santangelo, S. L., Gilman, S. E., Piven, J., Landa, R., Lainhart, J., et al. (1999). Predictors of cognitive test patterns in autism families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40, 1117–1128. doi:10.1017/S0021963099004461.PubMedCrossRef Folstein, S. E., Santangelo, S. L., Gilman, S. E., Piven, J., Landa, R., Lainhart, J., et al. (1999). Predictors of cognitive test patterns in autism families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 40, 1117–1128. doi:10.​1017/​S002196309900446​1.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 613–627. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1.PubMedCrossRef Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 613–627. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-006-0280-1.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Happe, F., Briskman, J., & Frith, U. (2001). Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: Weak “central coherence” in parents and siblings of children with autism: I. Experimental tests. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 299–307. doi:10.1017/S0021963001006916.PubMedCrossRef Happe, F., Briskman, J., & Frith, U. (2001). Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: Weak “central coherence” in parents and siblings of children with autism: I. Experimental tests. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 299–307. doi:10.​1017/​S002196300100691​6.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jakab, R. L., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998). 5-Hydroxytryptamine serotonin receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: Possible site of action of hallucinogenic and antipsychotic drugs in the pyramidal cell apical dendrites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 735–740. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.2.735.PubMedCrossRef Jakab, R. L., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998). 5-Hydroxytryptamine serotonin receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: Possible site of action of hallucinogenic and antipsychotic drugs in the pyramidal cell apical dendrites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 735–740. doi:10.​1073/​pnas.​95.​2.​735.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kolevzon, A., Mathewson, K. A., & Hollander, E. (2006). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism: A review of efficacy and tolerability. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 407–414.PubMedCrossRef Kolevzon, A., Mathewson, K. A., & Hollander, E. (2006). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism: A review of efficacy and tolerability. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 407–414.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kugaya, A., Epperson, C. N., Zoghbi, S., van Dyck, C. H., Hou, Y., Fujita, M., et al. (2003). Increase in prefrontal cortex serotonin2A receptors following estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 522–524. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. 160.8.1522.CrossRef Kugaya, A., Epperson, C. N., Zoghbi, S., van Dyck, C. H., Hou, Y., Fujita, M., et al. (2003). Increase in prefrontal cortex serotonin2A receptors following estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 522–524. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ajp.​ 160.​8.​1522.CrossRef
go back to reference Lainhart, J. E., Ozonoff, S., Coon, H., Krasny, L., Dinh, E., Nice, J., et al. (2002). Autism, regression, and the broader autism phenotype. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 113, 231–237. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10615.PubMedCrossRef Lainhart, J. E., Ozonoff, S., Coon, H., Krasny, L., Dinh, E., Nice, J., et al. (2002). Autism, regression, and the broader autism phenotype. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 113, 231–237. doi:10.​1002/​ajmg.​10615.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., Casanova, M. F., Toti, R., Weinberger, D., & Kleinman, J. (1993). Selective abnormalities of prefrontal serotonergic receptors in schizophrenia: A postmortem study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 810–818.PubMed Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., Casanova, M. F., Toti, R., Weinberger, D., & Kleinman, J. (1993). Selective abnormalities of prefrontal serotonergic receptors in schizophrenia: A postmortem study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 810–818.PubMed
go back to reference Levine, M. (1986). Leiter international performance scale: A handbook. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Levine, M. (1986). Leiter international performance scale: A handbook. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Lewis, R., Kapur, S., Jones, C., DaSilva, J., Brown, G., Wilson, A., et al. (1999). Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptors in Schizophrenia: A PET study using [18 F] setoperone in neuroleptic-naive patients and normal subjects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 72–78.PubMed Lewis, R., Kapur, S., Jones, C., DaSilva, J., Brown, G., Wilson, A., et al. (1999). Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptors in Schizophrenia: A PET study using [18 F] setoperone in neuroleptic-naive patients and normal subjects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 72–78.PubMed
go back to reference Lopez-Figueroa, A. L., Norton, C. S., Lopez-Figueroa, M. O., Armellini-Dodel, D., Burke, S., Akil, H., et al. (2004). Serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression in subjects with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 225–233. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.017.PubMedCrossRef Lopez-Figueroa, A. L., Norton, C. S., Lopez-Figueroa, M. O., Armellini-Dodel, D., Burke, S., Akil, H., et al. (2004). Serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression in subjects with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 225–233. doi:10.​1016/​j.​biopsych.​2003.​09.​017.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685. doi:10.1007/BF02172145.PubMedCrossRef Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685. doi:10.​1007/​BF02172145.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference MacLean, J. E., Szatmari, P., Jones, M. B., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., Bartolucci, G., et al. (1999). Familial factors influence level of functioning in pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 746–753. doi:10.1097/00004583-199906000-00023.PubMedCrossRef MacLean, J. E., Szatmari, P., Jones, M. B., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., Bartolucci, G., et al. (1999). Familial factors influence level of functioning in pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 746–753. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-199906000-00023.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McBride, P. A., Anderson, G. M., Herzig, M., Sweeney, J., Kream, J., Cohen, D. J., et al. (1989). Serotonergic responsivity in male young adults with autistic disorder: Results of a pilot study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 213–221.PubMed McBride, P. A., Anderson, G. M., Herzig, M., Sweeney, J., Kream, J., Cohen, D. J., et al. (1989). Serotonergic responsivity in male young adults with autistic disorder: Results of a pilot study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 213–221.PubMed
go back to reference McBride, P. A., Anderson, G. M., & Shapiro, T. (1996). Autism research: Bringing together approaches to pull apart the disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 980–983.PubMed McBride, P. A., Anderson, G. M., & Shapiro, T. (1996). Autism research: Bringing together approaches to pull apart the disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 980–983.PubMed
go back to reference Meltzer, C. C., Price, J. C., Mathis, C. A., Greer, P. J., Cantwell, M. N., Houck, P. R., et al. (1999). PET imaging of serotonin type 2A receptors in late life neuropsychiatric disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1871–1878.PubMed Meltzer, C. C., Price, J. C., Mathis, C. A., Greer, P. J., Cantwell, M. N., Houck, P. R., et al. (1999). PET imaging of serotonin type 2A receptors in late life neuropsychiatric disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1871–1878.PubMed
go back to reference Meyer, J., Kapur, S., Houle, S., DaSilva, J., Owczarek, B., Brown, G., et al. (1999). Prefrontal cortex 5-HT2 receptors in depression: An [18F] setoperone PET imaging study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1029–1034.PubMed Meyer, J., Kapur, S., Houle, S., DaSilva, J., Owczarek, B., Brown, G., et al. (1999). Prefrontal cortex 5-HT2 receptors in depression: An [18F] setoperone PET imaging study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1029–1034.PubMed
go back to reference Minton, M. A., Sheline, Y. I., Moerlein, S. M., Vlassenk, A. G., Huang, Y., & Snyder, A. Z. (2003). Decreased hippocampal 5-HT2a receptor binding in major depression: In vivo measurement with [18F]altanserin positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 217–224. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.015.CrossRef Minton, M. A., Sheline, Y. I., Moerlein, S. M., Vlassenk, A. G., Huang, Y., & Snyder, A. Z. (2003). Decreased hippocampal 5-HT2a receptor binding in major depression: In vivo measurement with [18F]altanserin positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 217–224. doi:10.​1016/​j.​biopsych.​2003.​08.​015.CrossRef
go back to reference Mulder, E. J., Anderson, G. M., Kema, I. P., de Bildt, A., van Lang, N. D. J., den Boer, J. A., et al. (2004). Platelet serotonin in pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation: Diagnostic group differences, within-group distribution and behavioral correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 491–499. doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00016.PubMedCrossRef Mulder, E. J., Anderson, G. M., Kema, I. P., de Bildt, A., van Lang, N. D. J., den Boer, J. A., et al. (2004). Platelet serotonin in pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation: Diagnostic group differences, within-group distribution and behavioral correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 491–499. doi:10.​1097/​00004583-200404000-00016.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Murphy, D. G., Schmitz, N., Toal, F., Murphy, K., Daly, E., Erlandsson, K., et al. (2006). Cortical 5-HT2A receptor binding and social communication in adults with Asperger’s syndrome: An in vivo SPECT study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 934–936. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. 163.5.934.PubMedCrossRef Murphy, D. G., Schmitz, N., Toal, F., Murphy, K., Daly, E., Erlandsson, K., et al. (2006). Cortical 5-HT2A receptor binding and social communication in adults with Asperger’s syndrome: An in vivo SPECT study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 934–936. doi:10.​1176/​appi.​ajp.​ 163.​5.​934.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Palmen, S. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Kemner, C., Schnack, H. G., Sitskoorn, M. M., Appels, M. C., et al. (2005). Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: A MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1411–1420. doi:10.1017/S0033291705005015.PubMedCrossRef Palmen, S. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Kemner, C., Schnack, H. G., Sitskoorn, M. M., Appels, M. C., et al. (2005). Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: A MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1411–1420. doi:10.​1017/​S003329170500501​5.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pazos, A., Probst, A., & Palacio, J. M. (1987). Serotonin receptors in the human brain—iv. autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-2 receptors. NeuroImage, 21, 123–139. Pazos, A., Probst, A., & Palacio, J. M. (1987). Serotonin receptors in the human brain—iv. autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-2 receptors. NeuroImage, 21, 123–139.
go back to reference Petit-Tabou, M. C., Landeau, B., Osmont, A., Tillet, I., Barre, L., & Baron, J. C. (1996). Estimation of neo-cortical serotonin-2 receptor binding potential by single dose fluorine-18-Setoperone kinetic PET data analysis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 37, 95–104. Petit-Tabou, M. C., Landeau, B., Osmont, A., Tillet, I., Barre, L., & Baron, J. C. (1996). Estimation of neo-cortical serotonin-2 receptor binding potential by single dose fluorine-18-Setoperone kinetic PET data analysis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 37, 95–104.
go back to reference Piven, J., Palmer, P., Jacobi, D., Childress, D., & Arndt, S. (1997). Broader autism phenotype: Evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 185–190.PubMed Piven, J., Palmer, P., Jacobi, D., Childress, D., & Arndt, S. (1997). Broader autism phenotype: Evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 185–190.PubMed
go back to reference Ruser, T. F., Arin, D., Dowd, M., Putnam, S., Winklosky, B., Rosen-Sheidley, B., et al. (2008). Communicative competence in parents of children with autism and parents of children with specific language impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1323–1336. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0274-z.CrossRef Ruser, T. F., Arin, D., Dowd, M., Putnam, S., Winklosky, B., Rosen-Sheidley, B., et al. (2008). Communicative competence in parents of children with autism and parents of children with specific language impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1323–1336. doi:10.​1007/​s10803-006-0274-z.CrossRef
go back to reference Sparrow, S., Bala, D., & Cichetti, D. (1984). Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (Survey Form). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. Sparrow, S., Bala, D., & Cichetti, D. (1984). Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (Survey Form). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
go back to reference Stone, W. L., McMahon, C. R., Yoder, P. J., & Walden, T. A. (2008). Early social-communicative and cognitive development of younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 384–390. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.384.CrossRef Stone, W. L., McMahon, C. R., Yoder, P. J., & Walden, T. A. (2008). Early social-communicative and cognitive development of younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 384–390. doi:10.​1001/​archpedi.​161.​4.​384.CrossRef
go back to reference Szatmari, P., Maziade, M., Zwaigenbaum, L., Merette, C., Roy, M. A., Joober, R., et al. (2007). Informative phenotypes for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, 144, 581–588.CrossRef Szatmari, P., Maziade, M., Zwaigenbaum, L., Merette, C., Roy, M. A., Joober, R., et al. (2007). Informative phenotypes for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, 144, 581–588.CrossRef
go back to reference Veenstra-Vander-Weele, J., Kim, S., Lord, C., Courchesne, R., Akshoomoff, N., Levinthal, B. L., et al. (2002). Transmission disequillibrium studies of the serotonin 5ht2a receptor gene (htr2a) in autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 277–283. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10192.CrossRef Veenstra-Vander-Weele, J., Kim, S., Lord, C., Courchesne, R., Akshoomoff, N., Levinthal, B. L., et al. (2002). Transmission disequillibrium studies of the serotonin 5ht2a receptor gene (htr2a) in autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 277–283. doi:10.​1002/​ajmg.​10192.CrossRef
go back to reference Yatham, L. N., Liddle, P. F., Dennie, J., Shiah, I. S., Adam, M. J., Lane, C. J., et al. (1999). Decrease in brain serotonin 2 receptor binding in patients with major depression following desipramine treatment: A positron emission tomography study with F18-labeled setoperone. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 705–711. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.8.705.PubMedCrossRef Yatham, L. N., Liddle, P. F., Dennie, J., Shiah, I. S., Adam, M. J., Lane, C. J., et al. (1999). Decrease in brain serotonin 2 receptor binding in patients with major depression following desipramine treatment: A positron emission tomography study with F18-labeled setoperone. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 705–711. doi:10.​1001/​archpsyc.​56.​8.​705.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Young, S. N., Leyton, M., & Benkelfat, C. (1999). PET studies of serotonin synthesis in the human brain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 467, 11–18.PubMed Young, S. N., Leyton, M., & Benkelfat, C. (1999). PET studies of serotonin synthesis in the human brain. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 467, 11–18.PubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
Cortical Serotonin Type-2 Receptor Density in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Auteurs
Jeremy Goldberg
George M. Anderson
Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
Geoffrey B. C. Hall
Claude Nahmias
Ann Thompson
Peter Szatmari
Publicatiedatum
01-01-2009
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 1/2009
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0604-4

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2009

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1/2009 Naar de uitgave